List of countries by GDP (PPP)

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Not to be confused with List of countries by GDP (nominal).
For countries by GDP per capita, see List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita.

Largest economies in the world by PPP GDP in 2022
according to International Monetary Fund estimates[1]
GDP (PPP) by country in 2022 according to the IMF

GDP (PPP) means gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity. This article includes a list of countries by their forecast estimated GDP (PPP).[2] Countries are sorted by GDP (PPP) forecast estimates from financial and statistical institutions that calculate using market or government official exchange rates. The data given on this page are based on the international dollar, a standardized unit used by economists. Certain regions that are not widely considered countries such as the European Union and Hong Kong also show up in the list if they are distinct jurisdiction areas or economic entities.

GDP comparisons using PPP are arguably more useful than those using nominal GDP when assessing the domestic market of a state because PPP takes into account the relative cost of local goods, services and inflation rates of the country, rather than using international market exchange rates, which may distort the real differences in per capita income.[3] It is however limited when measuring financial flows between countries and when comparing the quality of same goods among countries.[4] PPP is often used to gauge global poverty thresholds and is used by the United Nations in constructing the human development index.[3] These surveys such as the International Comparison Program include both tradable and non-tradable goods in an attempt to estimate a representative basket of all goods.[3]

The first table includes estimates for the year 2020 made for each economy of the 194 countries and areas (including Hong Kong and Taiwan) covered by the International Monetary Fund (IMF)'s International Financial Statistics (IFS) database. The data is in millions of international dollars and was calculated and published by the IMF in April 2020. The second table includes data, mostly for the year 2018, for 180 of the 193 current United Nations member states as well as Hong Kong and Macau (the two Chinese Special Administrative Regions). Data are in millions of international dollars; they were compiled by the World Bank. The third table is a tabulation of the CIA World Factbook GDP (PPP) data update of 2019. The data for GDP at purchasing power parity has also been rebased using the new International Comparison Program price surveys and extrapolated to 2007. Non-sovereign entities (the world, continents, and some dependent territories) and states with limited recognition (such as Kosovo, Palestine and Taiwan) are included in the list in cases in which they appear in the sources. These economies are not ranked in the charts here, but are listed in sequence by GDP for comparison. In addition, non-sovereign entities are marked in italics.

The European Union shares a common market with Iceland, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and Norway in the European Single Market, which guarantees the free movement of goods, capital, services, and labour (the "four freedoms") between its member states. The Union is also involved in international trade negotiations – and might also appear in some lists. Depending on the methodology, the EU could be inserted above or below the United States. For instance, the World Bank estimates the European Union's GDP (PPP) as $20.78 trillion in 2019.

Table

The table is initially ranked by the average of the available estimates for each country or territory, and can be reranked by either of the sources.

The links in the "Country/Territory" row of the following table link to the article on the GDP or the economy of the respective country or territory.

GDP (PPP, US$ million) by country or territory
Country (or territory) Region IMF[1] World Bank[5] CIA[6]
Estimate Year Estimate Year Estimate Year
 China Asia 30,074,380 2022 24,273,360 2020 23,009,780 2020
 United States Americas 25,035,164 2022 20,936,600 2020 19,846,720 2020
 India Asia 11,665,486 2022 9,907,028 2020 8,443,360 2020
 Japan Asia 6,109,961 2022 5,328,033 2019 5,224,850 2019
 Germany Europe 5,316,933 2022 4,469,546 2020 4,238,800 2020
 Russia Europe 4,649,674 2022 4,133,084 2020 3,875,690 2020
 Indonesia Asia 4,023,501 2022 3,302,377 2020 3,130,470 2020
 Brazil Americas 3,782,763 2022 3,153,597 2020 2,989,430 2020
 United Kingdom Europe 3,776,044 2022 3,019,057 2020 2,797,980 2020
 France Europe 3,688,323 2022 3,115,307 2020 2,832,170 2020
 Turkey Asia 3,320,994 2022 2,371,568 2020 2,393,960 2020
 Italy Europe 3,022,162 2022 2,491,740 2020 2,322,140 2020
 Mexico Americas 2,919,875 2022 2,428,201 2020 2,306,320 2020
 South Korea Asia 2,765,834 2022 2,233,001 2020 2,187,800 2020
 Canada Americas 2,240,390 2022 1,827,010 2020 1,742,790 2020
 Spain Europe 2,215,992 2022 1,815,204 2020 1,714,860 2020
 Saudi Arabia Asia 2,018,260 2022 1,627,982 2020 1,543,240 2020
 Egypt Africa 1,661,955 2022 1,290,208 2020 1,223,040 2020
 Taiwan Asia 1,621,702 2022 — 1,143,277 2019
 Australia Oceania 1,615,286 2022 1,349,040 2020 1,250,900 2020
 Iran Asia 1,599,249 2022 1,101,658 2020 1,044,310 2020
 Poland Europe 1,599,020 2022 1,300,375 2020 1,223,460 2020
 Pakistan Asia 1,512,476 2022 1,077,210 2020 945,480 2020
 Thailand Asia 1,479,644 2022 1,272,885 2020 1,206,620 2020
 Bangladesh Asia 1,345,646 2022 837,064 2020 793,490 2020
 Vietnam Asia 1,299,690 2022 842,042 2020 798,210 2020
 Nigeria Africa 1,275,297 2022 1,069,189 2020 1,013,530 2020
 Netherlands Europe 1,226,656 2022 1,033,018 2020 945,480 2020
 Argentina Americas 1,207,228 2022 942,367 2020 893,310 2020
 Philippines Asia 1,154,875 2022 919,424 2020 871,560 2020
 Malaysia Asia 1,096,507 2022 902,586 2020 855,600 2020
 Colombia Americas 964,743 2022 741,128 2020 683,940 2020
 South Africa Africa 949,846 2022 717,389 2020 680,040 2020
 United Arab Emirates Asia 814,733 2022 683,523 2019 655,790 2019
 Switzerland Europe 737,838 2022 616,263 2020 590,710 2020
 Romania Europe 731,466 2022 616,110 2020 556,070 2020
 Belgium Europe 723,090 2022 600,544 2020 557,110 2020
 Singapore Asia 700,980 2022 560,200 2020 531,040 2020
 Sweden Europe 684,458 2022 564,916 2020 524,750 2020
 Ireland Europe 666,309 2022 467,567 2020 447,970 2020
 Algeria Africa 600,668 2022 494,125 2020 468,400 2020
 Austria Europe 599,470 2022 491,315 2020 463,120 2020
 Kazakhstan Asia 596,666 2022 501,279 2020 475,180 2020
 Chile Americas 575,516 2022 479,199 2020 445,880 2020
 Ukraine Europe — 545,057 2020 516,680 2020
 Iraq Asia 524,210 2022 392,713 2020 372,270 2020
 Peru Americas 521,841 2022 391,680 2020 371,290 2020
 Hong Kong Asia 518,743 2022 443,204 2020 420,130 2020
 Czech Republic Europe 514,732 2022 446,544 2020 409,970 2020
 Israel Asia 496,841 2022 385,773 2020 353,390 2020
 Portugal Europe 432,063 2022 355,500 2020 331,640 2020
 Norway Europe 425,612 2022 339,972 2020 342,060 2020
 Denmark Europe 411,039 2022 352,208 2020 326,200 2020
 Hungary Europe 409,834 2022 322,562 2020 302,320 2020
 Greece Europe 387,801 2022 305,005 2020 292,400 2020
 Morocco Africa 359,671 2022 273,663 2020 259,420 2020
 Ethiopia Africa 347,847 2022 278,552 2020 264,050 2020
 Uzbekistan Asia 334,318 2022 252,573 2020 235,021 2019
 Finland Europe 324,829 2022 282,563 2020 261,390 2020
 Sri Lanka Asia 318,690 2022 289,888 2020 274,800 2020
 Kenya Africa 311,753 2022 239,401 2020 227,638 2019
 Qatar Asia 303,596 2022 259,147 2020 255,010 2019
 New Zealand Oceania 261,039 2022 224,989 2020 210,877 2019
 Myanmar Asia 260,274 2022 260,816 2020 277,909 2019
 Dominican Republic Americas 256,446 2022 194,576 2020 197,735 2019
 Kuwait Asia 248,113 2022 218,608 2019 209,738 2019
 Angola Africa 245,442 2022 214,895 2020 212,285 2019
 Ecuador Americas 229,815 2022 192,246 2020 197,631 2019
 Ghana Africa 217,525 2022 173,894 2020 164,640 2019
 Slovakia Europe 211,118 2022 173,768 2020 178,513 2019
 Sudan Africa 207,713 2022 186,087 2020 168,280 2019
 Tanzania Africa 207,550 2022 161,177 2020 149,785 2019
 Belarus Europe 201,967 2022 189,854 2020 181,286 2019
 Bulgaria Europe 198,349 2022 168,799 2020 161,654 2019
 Venezuela Americas 191,329 2022 506,339 2011 269,068 2018
 Oman Asia 190,475 2022 141,533 2019 135,814 2019
 Guatemala Americas 185,849 2022 149,267 2020 143,416 2019
 Ivory Coast Africa 181,533 2022 143,979 2020 134,048 2019
 Azerbaijan Asia 178,679 2022 146,111 2020 138,510 2020
 Serbia Europe 164,835 2022 132,850 2020 116,339 2019
 Panama Americas 159,863 2022 115,531 2020 133,587 2019
 Tunisia Africa 151,495 2022 121,279 2020 125,783 2019
 Croatia Europe 150,433 2022 115,361 2020 126,625 2019
 Nepal Asia 141,161 2022 116,802 2020 97,749 2019
 Cuba Americas — — 137,000 2017
 Puerto Rico Americas 135,277 2022 112,683 2020 110,238 2019
 Uganda Africa 132,010 2022 105,075 2020 96,838 2019
 Lithuania Europe 130,670 2022 108,252 2020 103,756 2019
 Costa Rica Americas 129,950 2022 107,138 2020 99,146 2019
 DR Congo Africa 128,535 2022 101,302 2020 95,291 2019
 Libya Africa 128,389 2022 74,532 2020 102,842 2019
 Jordan Asia 123,351 2022 105,660 2020 101,738 2019
 Cameroon Africa 123,341 2022 100,151 2020 94,248 2019
 Bolivia Americas 118,802 2022 97,672 2020 100,445 2019
 Turkmenistan Asia 117,787 2022 96,235 2019 86,858 2018
 Paraguay Americas 108,290 2022 92,815 2020 89,362 2019
 Slovenia Europe 105,450 2022 83,151 2020 81,614 2019
 Uruguay Americas 96,810 2022 79,184 2020 74,638 2019
 Luxembourg Europe 91,107 2022 74,836 2020 70,966 2019
 Cambodia Asia 89,289 2022 73,932 2020 72,356 2019
 Bahrain Asia 87,905 2022 73,476 2020 73,870 2019
 Lebanon Asia — 83,876 2020 99,761 2019
 Afghanistan Asia — 81,268 2020 78,557 2019
 Zambia Africa 76,325 2022 63,417 2020 61,985 2019
 Georgia Europe 73,579 2022 55,201 2020 55,776 2019
 Senegal Africa 72,703 2022 58,291 2020 55,324 2019
 Latvia Europe 72,033 2022 60,886 2020 59,102 2019
 Honduras Americas 69,684 2022 53,689 2020 55,825 2019
 El Salvador Americas 69,285 2022 55,126 2020 56,636 2019
 Laos Asia 68,573 2022 59,910 2020 56,110 2019
 Yemen Asia 67,454 2022 92,756 2013 73,630 2017
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 62,165 2022 51,219 2020 49,224 2019
 Estonia Europe 61,389 2022 51,106 2020 48,987 2019
 Burkina Faso Africa 58,812 2022 47,642 2020 44,266 2019
 Mali Africa 56,051 2022 47,357 2020 45,637 2019
 Benin Africa 53,699 2022 42,500 2020 38,794 2019
 Madagascar Africa 51,849 2022 44,114 2020 44,419 2019
 Albania Europe 51,189 2022 39,211 2020 39,859 2019
 Syria Asia — — 50,280 2015
 Armenia Asia 49,767 2022 39,364 2020 40,384 2019
 Mozambique Africa 48,040 2022 40,536 2020 38,420 2020
 Nicaragua Americas 47,273 2022 36,899 2020 35,392 2019
 Tajikistan Asia 47,241 2022 36,800 2020 31,502 2019
 Mongolia Asia 47,115 2022 39,669 2020 39,723 2019
 Botswana Africa 47,046 2022 39,791 2020 40,928 2019
 Cyprus Europe 44,762 2022 34,385 2020 35,353 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 43,922 2022 37,002 2020 32,720 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 42,136 2022 35,031 2020 36,514 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe 41,882 2022 34,036 2020 34,680 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe 40,927 2022 35,265 2020 34,333 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 40,408 2022 43,034 2020 41,533 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia 40,369 2022 37,537 2020 79,392 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia — — 40,000 2015
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia 39,214 2022 32,728 2020 33,918 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 39,093 2022 33,810 2020 32,480 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 39,083 2022 38,709 2020 38,218 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 38,198 2022 33,357 2020 32,724 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 37,648 2022 30,563 2020 28,544 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 37,586 2022 28,676 2020 28,118 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 35,078 2022 30,004 2020 19,741 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia 33,996 2022 27,332 2020 21,220 2014
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 33,761 2022 15,500 2020 10,240 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 32,818 2022 27,307 2020 28,779 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 32,013 2022 25,997 2020 28,947 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia 31,904 2022 28,726 2020 26,906 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 30,013 2022 24,443 2020 23,520 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 29,927 2022 26,337 2020 25,190 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe 29,367 2022 22,398 2020 22,133 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 29,117 2022 25,172 2020 25,164 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 28,021 2022 23,839 2020 24,040 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe 25,362 2022 20,182 2020 20,396 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe 24,888 2022 20,233 2020 20,187 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 23,031 2022 20,078 2020 19,763 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 22,781 2022 18,409 2020 12,904 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 20,642 2022 13,909 2020 20,440 2017
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 16,386 2022 13,868 2020 13,425 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe 16,195 2022 12,787 2020 13,357 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 15,661 2022 12,762 2020 14,450 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 13,633 2022 13,231 2015 20,010 2017
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 12,725 2022 10,272 2020 9,898 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 12,685 2022 10,400 2020 12,178 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia 12,071 2022 7,441 2020 10,370 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania — — 11,110 2017
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 10,898 2022 9,170 2020 8,667 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 10,707 2022 9,982 2020 9,606 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia 9,937 2022 8,880 2020 9,029 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 8,841 2022 7,223 2020 7,049 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe — — 7,672 2015
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 7,611 2022 5,224 2011 9,702 2017
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe — — 6,792 2015
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 6,776 2022 5,505 2020 5,218 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 6,619 2022 5,713 2020 5,388 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 6,395 2022 5,152 2020 5,747 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania — — 5,793 2016
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe — — 5,569 2016
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania — — 5,490 2017
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 5,460 2022 4,731 2020 4,483 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — 5,449 2019 5,228 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 5,406 2022 3,835 2020 3,821 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia 5,347 2022 4,424 2020 4,593 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe 5,301 2022 — 3,327 2015
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 5,066 2022 4,098 2017 4,158 2017
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 5,010 2022 3,902 2020 4,488 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — 4,985 2019 4,591 2018
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe — — 4,978 2014
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 4,823 2022 3,546 2020 3,944 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 4,224 2022 2,567 2020 2,734 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — 4,020 2019 3,856 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — — 3,872 2016
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 3,725 2022 2,530 2020 2,852 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe — — 3,465 2015
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 3,214 2022 2,881 2020 2,603 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 3,008 2022 2,377 2020 2,823 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe 2,452 2022 2,148 2019 2,008 2018
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — — 2,413 2015
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 2,224 2022 1,855 2020 2,127 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 2,098 2022 1,788 2020 1,908 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe — — 2,044 2014
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe — — 2,001 2014
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 1,751 2022 1,417 2020 1,380 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 1,671 2022 1,799 2020 1,783 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 1,619 2022 1,305 2020 1,396 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — 1,471 2018 1,436 2018
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania — — 1,242 2016
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 1,183 2022 1,336 2019 1,285 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 1,069 2022 937 2020 853 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 966 2022 751 2020 855 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 922 2022 895 2020 945 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — 863 2020 1,117 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 666 2022 695 2019 667 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania — — 658 2016
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — — 562 2005
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — — 500 2017
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 386 2022 411 2019 390 2018
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania — — 300 2016
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 268 2022 289 2020 267 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — — 261 2015
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 245 2022 247 2019 227 2018
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 236 2022 330 2019 316 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — — 206 2015
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — — 175 2009
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — — 167 2011
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 145 2022 152 2019 145 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 63 2022 55 2020 49 2019
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania — — 60 2004
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa — — 31 2009
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania — — 10 2003
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania — — 8 2017

See also

Notes

  • ^2 IMF estimate.
  • ^3 Data excludes French Polynesia.
  • ^a China's PPP is based on prices for 11 administrative regions, extrapolated to the full country, and an urban/rural breakdown. China's entry does not include the two special administrative regions, namely Hong Kong and Macau. These are listed separately.

References

  1. ^ a b "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022 Edition". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  2. ^ "What is GDP and why is it so important?". Investopedia. IAC/InterActiveCorp. 26 February 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  3. ^ a b c "Part 4. Applications and Limitations of ICP Data" (PDF). Retrieved 20 May 2014.
  4. ^ PPP Versus the Market: Which Weight Matters?, imf.org, March 2007, Volume 44, Number 1
  5. ^ "GDP, PPP (current international $) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  6. ^ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity)". CIA. Retrieved 2 November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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