List of countries by GDP (nominal)

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For countries by GDP based on purchasing power parity, see List of countries by GDP (PPP).
For countries by GDP per capita, see List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita.

Largest economies in the world by GDP (nominal) in 2022
according to International Monetary Fund estimates[n 1][1]
Countries by nominal GDP in 2019[n 2]
  > $20 trillion
  $10–20 trillion
  $5–10 trillion
  $1–5 trillion
  $750 billion – $1 trillion
  $500–750 billion
  $250–500 billion
  $100–250 billion
  $50–100 billion
  $25–50 billion
  $5–25 billion
  < $5 billion

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year.[2] Countries are sorted by nominal GDP estimates from financial and statistical institutions, which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates. Nominal GDP does not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency.[3] Such fluctuations may change a country's ranking from one year to the next, even though they often make little or no difference in the standard of living of its population.[4]

Comparisons of national wealth are also frequently made on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP), to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries. Other metrics, nominal GDP per capita and a corresponding GDP (PPP) per capita are used for comparing national standard of living. On the whole, PPP per capita figures are less spread than nominal GDP per capita figures.[5]

The rankings of national economies have changed considerably over time, the United States surpassed the British Empire's output around 1916,[6] which in turn had surpassed the Qing dynasty in aggregate output decades earlier.[7][8] Since China's transition to a market-based economy through controlled privatisation and deregulation,[9][10] the country has seen its ranking increase from ninth in 1978, to second in 2010; China's economic growth accelerated during this period and its share of global nominal GDP surged from 2% in 1980 to 18% in 2021.[8][1][11] Among others, India has also experienced an economic boom since the implementation of economic liberalisation in the early 1990s.[12]

The first list includes estimates compiled by the International Monetary Fund's World Economic Outlook, the second list shows the World Bank's data, and the third list includes data compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division. The IMF definitive data for the past year and estimates for the current year are published twice a year in April and October. Non-sovereign entities (the world, continents, and some dependent territories) and states with limited international recognition (such as Kosovo and Taiwan) are included in the list where they appear in the sources.

Table

The table initially ranks each country or territory with their latest available estimates, and can be reranked by either of the sources

The links in the "Country/Territory" row of the following table link to the article on the GDP or the economy of the respective country or territory.


GDP (US$ million) by country
Country/Territory UN Region IMF[1] World Bank[13] United Nations[14]
Estimate Year Estimate Year Estimate Year
 World — 103,496,115 2022 96,100,091 2021 87,461,674 2020
 United States Americas 25,035,164 2022 22,996,100 2021 20,893,746 2020
 China Asia 18,321,197 [n 1]2022 17,734,063 [n 3]2021 14,722,801 [n 3]2020
 Japan Asia 4,300,621 2022 4,937,422 2021 5,057,759 2020
 Germany Europe 4,031,149 2022 4,223,116 2021 3,846,414 2020
 India Asia 3,468,566 2022 3,173,398 2021 2,664,749 2020
 United Kingdom Europe 3,198,470 2022 3,186,860 2021 2,764,198 2020
 France Europe 2,778,090 2022 2,937,473 2021 2,630,318 2020
 Canada Americas 2,200,352 2022 1,990,762 2021 1,644,037 2020
 Russia Europe 2,133,092 2022 1,775,800 2021 1,483,498 2020
 Italy Europe 1,996,934 2022 2,099,880 2021 1,888,709 2020
 Iran Asia [n 4]1,973,738 2022 231,548 2020 939,316 2020
 Brazil Americas 1,894,708 2022 1,608,981 2021 1,444,733 2020
 South Korea Asia 1,734,207 2022 1,798,534 2021 1,637,896 2020
 Australia Oceania 1,724,787 2022 1,542,660 2021 1,423,473 2020
 Mexico Americas 1,424,533 2022 1,293,038 2021 1,073,439 2020
 Spain Europe 1,389,927 2022 1,425,277 2021 1,281,485 2020
 Indonesia Asia 1,289,429 2022 1,186,093 2021 1,058,424 2020
 Saudi Arabia Asia 1,010,588 2022 833,541 2021 700,118 2020
 Netherlands Europe 990,583 2022 1,018,007 2021 913,865 2020
 Turkey Asia 853,487 2022 815,272 2021 720,098 2020
 Taiwan Asia 828,659 [n 5]2022 — 669,324 [15]2020
 Switzerland Europe 807,418 2022 812,867 2021 752,248 2020
 Poland Europe 716,305 2022 674,048 2021 596,618 2020
 Argentina Americas 630,698 2022 491,493 2021 383,067 2020
 Sweden Europe 603,922 2022 627,438 2021 541,064 2020
 Belgium Europe 589,491 2022 599,879 2021 521,861 2020
 Thailand Asia 534,758 2022 505,982 2021 501,795 2020
 Israel Asia 527,179 2022 481,591 2021 407,101 2020
 Ireland Europe 519,776 2022 498,560 2021 425,889 2020
 Norway Europe 504,703 2022 482,437 2021 362,522 2020
 Nigeria Africa 504,203 2022 440,777 2021 429,899 2020
 United Arab Emirates Asia 503,913 2022 358,869 2021 358,869 2020
 Egypt Africa 469,094 2022 404,143 2021 369,309 2020
 Austria Europe 468,046 2022 477,083 2021 433,258 2020
 Bangladesh Asia 460,751 2022 416,265 2021 329,484 2020
 Malaysia Asia 434,059 2022 372,701 2021 336,664 2020
 Singapore Asia 423,632 2022 396,987 2021 339,988 2020
 Vietnam Asia 413,808 2022 362,638 2021 271,158 2020
 South Africa Africa 411,480 2022 419,946 2021 302,141 2020
 Philippines Asia 401,662 2022 394,086 2021 361,489 2020
 Denmark Europe 386,724 2022 397,104 2021 356,085 2020
 Pakistan Asia 376,493 2021 346,343 2021 257,829 2020
 Hong Kong Asia 368,373 [n 6]2022 368,139 2021 349,445 2020
 Colombia Americas 342,919 2022 314,323 2021 271,347 2020
 Chile Americas 310,866 2022 317,059 2021 252,940 2020
 Romania Europe 299,885 2022 284,088 2021 248,716 2020
 Czech Republic Europe 295,618 2022 282,341 2021 245,349 2020
 Iraq Asia 282,876 2022 207,889 2021 166,757 2020
 Finland Europe 281,411 2022 299,155 2021 269,751 2020
 Portugal Europe 255,854 2022 249,887 2021 228,539 2020
 New Zealand Oceania 242,700 2022 249,992 2021 212,044 2020
 Peru Americas 239,333 2022 223,250 2021 203,196 2020
 Kazakhstan Asia 224,338 2022 190,814 2021 171,082 2020
 Greece Europe 222,008 2022 216,241 2021 188,835 2020
 Qatar Asia 221,369 2022 179,571 2021 146,401 2020
 Ukraine Europe 199,719 [n 7]2021 200,086 [n 7]2021 155,582 [n 7]2020
 Algeria Africa 187,155 2022 167,983 2021 147,689 2020
 Hungary Europe 184,651 2022 182,281 2021 155,808 2020
 Kuwait Asia 183,568 2022 105,960 2020 105,949 2020
 Morocco Africa 142,874 2022 132,725 2021 114,724 [n 8]2020
 Angola Africa 124,794 2022 72,547 2021 62,307 2020
 Puerto Rico Americas 118,677 2022 103,138 2020 103,138 2020
 Ecuador Americas 115,469 2022 106,166 2021 98,808 2020
 Kenya Africa 114,858 2022 110,347 2021 101,014 2020
 Slovakia Europe 112,418 2022 114,871 2021 105,173 2020
 Dominican Republic Americas 112,417 2022 94,244 2021 78,845 2020
 Ethiopia Africa 111,181 2022 111,271 2021 96,611 2020
 Oman Asia 108,969 2022 85,869 2021 63,368 2020
 Cuba Americas — 107,352 2020 107,352 2020
 Guatemala Americas 91,318 2022 85,986 2021 77,605 2020
 Bulgaria Europe 85,008 2022 80,271 2021 69,888 2020
 Luxembourg Europe 82,154 2022 86,711 2021 73,353 2020
 Venezuela Americas 82,145 2022 482,359 2014 106,359 2020
 Belarus Europe 79,704 2022 68,219 2021 60,259 2020
 Uzbekistan Asia 79,117 2022 69,239 2021 57,707 2020
 Tanzania Africa 76,582 2022 67,775 2021 64,740 [n 9]2020
 Ghana Africa 75,996 2022 77,594 2021 68,532 2020
 Turkmenistan Asia 74,439 2022 45,231 2019 42,845 2020
 Sri Lanka Asia 73,739 2022 84,519 2021 80,677 2020
 Uruguay Americas 71,161 2022 59,320 2021 53,629 2020
 Panama Americas 71,085 2022 63,605 2021 52,938 2020
 Azerbaijan Asia 70,066 2022 54,622 2021 42,607 2020
 Croatia Europe 69,380 2022 67,838 2021 57,204 2020
 Ivory Coast Africa 68,630 2022 69,765 2021 61,143 2020
 Costa Rica Americas 68,489 2022 64,282 2021 61,521 2020
 Lithuania Europe 68,031 2022 65,504 2021 56,547 2020
 DR Congo Africa 63,909 2022 53,959 2021 45,308 2020
 Serbia Europe 62,721 2022 63,068 2021 53,335 2020
 Slovenia Europe 62,191 2022 61,526 2021 53,590 2020
 Myanmar Asia 59,530 2022 65,068 2021 70,284 2020
 Uganda Africa 48,352 2022 40,435 2021 38,702 2020
 Jordan Asia 48,066 2022 45,244 2021 43,697 2020
 Tunisia Africa 46,282 2022 46,840 2021 39,218 2020
 Cameroon Africa 44,212 2022 45,239 2021 39,881 2020
 Bahrain Asia 43,544 2022 38,869 2021 33,904 2020
 Bolivia Americas 43,431 2022 40,408 2021 36,573 2020
 Sudan Africa 42,762 2022 34,326 2021 62,057 2020
 Paraguay Americas 41,855 2022 38,987 2021 35,304 2020
 Libya Africa 40,836 2022 41,880 2021 29,153 2020
 Latvia Europe 40,588 2022 38,873 2021 33,707 2020
 Estonia Europe 39,054 2022 36,263 2021 30,650 2020
 Nepal Asia 39,028 2022 36,289 2021 33,079 2020
 Zimbabwe Africa 38,280 2022 26,218 2021 21,787 2020
 El Salvador Americas 31,989 2022 28,737 2021 24,639 2020
 Papua New Guinea Oceania 31,362 2022 26,594 2021 23,619 2020
 Honduras Americas 30,568 2022 28,489 2021 23,828 2020
 Trinidad and Tobago Americas 29,337 2022 21,392 2021 21,393 2020
 Cambodia Asia 28,330 2022 26,961 2021 25,291 2020
 Iceland Europe 27,702 2022 25,459 2021 21,718 2020
 Yemen Asia 27,594 2022 21,062 2021 27,958 2020
 Senegal Africa 27,542 2022 27,625 2021 24,412 2020
 Zambia Africa 27,025 2022 21,203 2021 18,111 2020
 Cyprus Asia 26,705 2022 27,719 2021 24,612 [n 10]2020
 Georgia Europe 25,172 2022 18,700 [n 11]2021 15,892 2020
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 23,681 2022 22,572 2021 19,801 2020
 Macau Asia 23,420 [n 12]2022 29,905 2021 24,333 2020
 Gabon Africa 22,221 2022 18,269 2021 15,111 2020
 Haiti Americas 20,182 2022 20,944 2021 15,505 2020
 Afghanistan Asia 20,136 2020 20,116 2020 19,793 2020
 Guinea Africa 19,745 2022 15,851 2021 15,490 2020
 Palestine Asia 19,698 [n 13]2022 18,037 [n 13]2021 15,561 [n 13]2020
 Brunei Asia 18,464 2022 14,007 2021 12,003 2020
 Mali Africa 18,434 2022 19,144 2021 17,332 2020
 Burkina Faso Africa 18,268 2022 19,738 2021 17,369 2020
 Albania Europe 18,256 2022 18,260 2021 14,910 2020
 Lebanon Asia 24,494 2020 18,077 2021 63,546 2020
 Botswana Africa 18,005 2022 17,614 2021 15,782 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 17,873 2022 16,096 2021 14,029 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia 17,693 2022 13,861 2021 12,641 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 17,547 2022 17,786 2021 15,205 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe 17,156 2022 17,190 2021 14,911 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 16,877 2022 12,269 2021 10,022 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia 16,250 2022 18,827 2021 19,082 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 16,104 2022 13,638 2021 13,812 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia — — 15,847 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia 15,720 2022 15,098 2021 13,137 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 15,695 2022 14,013 2021 12,621 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia — 21,446 2018 15,572 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 15,106 2022 14,637 2021 13,008 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 14,839 2022 7,409 2021 5,471 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 14,639 2022 14,951 2021 13,741 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 14,486 2022 12,524 2021 10,100 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe 14,101 2022 13,879 2021 12,264 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe 14,048 [n 14]2022 13,679 [n 14]2021 11,914 [n 14]2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 12,945 2022 11,780 2021 11,154 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 12,693 2022 11,209 2021 9,908 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 12,488 2022 12,236 2021 10,710 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 12,098 2022 11,070 2021 10,332 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 11,554 2022 12,627 2021 11,762 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 11,497 2022 11,157 2021 10,921 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 10,091 2022 8,228 2021 7,916 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia 9,983 2022 8,746 2021 7,997 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia 9,750 2022 8,543 2021 7,736 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania — 9,436 2020 9,709 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe 9,242 2022 9,007 2021 7,734 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 8,416 2022 7,293 2021 1,873 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 8,359 2022 8,413 2021 7,146 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — 7,081 2021 7,719 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe — 6,427 2019 6,872 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe — 6,816 2020 6,816 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — 5,609 2020 6,256 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe 6,127 2022 5,809 2021 4,789 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia 5,900 2022 4,890 2021 3,743 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania — 5,844 2020 —
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 5,788 2022 4,901 2021 4,440 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania — 5,669 2020 5,817 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 4,859 2022 4,592 2021 4,494 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 4,784 2022 11,998 2015 15,903 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 4,669 2022 4,941 2021 3,835 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 4,101 2022 4,200 2021 3,787 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 3,900 2022 3,487 2021 2,481 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 3,725 2022 3,371 2021 3,423 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 3,686 2022 2,902 2021 3,399 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 3,499 2022 2,497 2020 2,497 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe 3,302 2022 3,330 2021 2,864 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — 3,076 2020 3,130 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 3,011 2022 2,862 2021 4,120 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia 2,707 2022 2,315 2020 2,483 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 2,676 2022 1,790 2021 1,586 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 2,507 2022 2,519 2021 2,273 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — 2,496 2020 2,596 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 2,488 2022 2,517 2021 2,323 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Asia 2,455 2022 1,959 2021 1,902 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 2,369 2022 2,065 2011 2,084 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 2,172 2022 2,078 2021 1,830 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 2,053 2022 1,936 2021 1,704 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 2,005 2022 1,320 2021 1,059 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 1,972 2022 1,765 2021 1,617 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa — — 1,724 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 1,692 2022 1,471 2021 1,370 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 1,624 2022 1,639 2021 1,315 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Europe 1,623 2022 1,545 2020 1,555 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 1,601 2022 1,645 2021 1,546 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — — 1,492 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 1,242 2022 1,328 2021 1,235 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 1,192 2022 1,122 2021 1,043 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania — 1,182 2019 —
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 1,115 2022 976 2021 927 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 984 2022 984 2021 855 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 948 2022 890 2021 810 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — 943 2021 925 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — 1,186 2018 857 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 830 2022 788 2021 772 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania — 709 2020 —
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas 599 2022 546 2021 507 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Africa 506 2022 547 2021 476 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 501 2022 489 2020 491 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 428 2022 404 2021 403 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania — — 283 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 271 2022 249 2021 244 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — — 258 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 226 2022 258 2020 264 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 207 2022 181 2020 181 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 134 2022 133 2021 135 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Americas — — 68 2020
Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 209: too many expensive function calls. Oceania 64 2022 63 2021 55 2020

Problems with GDP data

Manipulation of data

A peer-reviewed study published in the Journal of Political Economy in October 2022 found signs of manipulation of economic growth statistics in the majority of countries.[16] According to the study, this mainly applied to countries that were governed semi-authoritarian/authoritarian or did not have a functioning separation of powers. The study took the annual growth in brightness of lights at night, as measured by satellites, and compared it to officially reported economic growth. Authoritarian states had consistently higher reported growth in GDP than their growth in night lights would suggest. An effect that also cannot be explained by different economic structures, sector composition or other factors. Incorrect growth statistics can also falsify indicators such as GDP or GDP per capita.[17]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Figures for China exclude Taiwan, and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
  2. ^ Based on IMF data. If no data is available for a country from the IMF, then data from the United Nations is used.
  3. ^ a b Figures exclude the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
  4. ^ Note the IMF converts Iran's nominal GDP using the official exchange rate of the rial. Kazemzadeh, Masoud (9 May 2022). The Iran National Front and the Struggle for Democracy: 1949–Present. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 134–140. ISBN 9783110782158. Retrieved 27 June 2022. Looking at the market exchange rate of Iran's national currency, the rial, would be a better way to capture the decline of Iran's economy.
  5. ^ The name used in IMF's report is "Taiwan Province of China".
  6. ^ The name used in the IMF's report is "Hong Kong SAR".
  7. ^ a b c Figures exclude the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol.
  8. ^ Includes Western Sahara.
  9. ^ The UN figure excludes the autonomous region of Zanzibar.
  10. ^ Data are for the area controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
  11. ^ Excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
  12. ^ The name used in the IMF's report is "Macao SAR".
  13. ^ a b c The name used in the IMF's and the World Bank's report is "West Bank and Gaza".
  14. ^ a b c Excludes data for Transnistria.

References

  1. ^ a b c "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 11 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  2. ^ "What is GDP and why is it so important?". Investopedia. IAC/InterActiveCorp. 26 February 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  3. ^ Moffatt, Mike. "A Beginner's Guide to Purchasing Power Parity Theory". About.com. IAC/InterActiveCorp. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  4. ^ Ito, Takatoshi; Isard, Peter; Symansky, Steven (January 1999). "Economic Growth and Real Exchange Rate: An Overview of the Balassa-Samuelson Hypothesis in Asia" (PDF). Changes in Exchange Rates in Rapidly Development Countries: Theory, Practice, and Policy Issues. National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  5. ^ Callen, Tim (28 March 2012). "Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All". Finance & Development. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  6. ^ Frum, David (24 December 2014). "The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower". The Atlantic. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  7. ^ Matthews, Chris (5 October 2014). "5 Most Powerful Economic Empires of All Time". Fortune. Time, Inc. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  8. ^ a b Kroeber, Arthur R. (2016). China's Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York, United States: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190239053.
  9. ^ Kau, Michael Ying-mao (30 September 1993). China in the Era of Deng Xiaoping: A Decade of Reform. Studies on Contemporary China. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781563242786. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  10. ^ Hu, Zuliu; Khan, Mohsin S. (April 1997). "Why Is China Growing So Fast?" (PDF). Economic Issues. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  11. ^ "China GDP growth slows as population crisis, Covid-19 cloud economic outlook". South China Morning Post. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  12. ^ Rodrik, Dani; et al. (March 2004). "From "Hindu Growth" to Productivity Surge: The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition" (PDF). National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  13. ^ "GDP (current US$) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  14. ^ "United Nations Statistics Division - National Accounts". unstats.un.org.
  15. ^ "GDP: Preliminary Estimate for 2021 Q3, and outlook for 2021-22" (PDF). eng.stat.gov.tw. Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  16. ^ "A study of lights at night suggests dictators lie about economic growth". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  17. ^ Martínez, Luis R. (1 October 2022). "How Much Should We Trust the Dictator's GDP Growth Estimates?". Journal of Political Economy. 130 (10): 2731–2769. doi:10.1086/720458. ISSN 0022-3808.
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