2022 monkeypox outbreak in Asia

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2022 monkeypox outbreak in Asia
Spread of 2022 monkeypox outbreak in Asia.png
Spread of disease in Asia as of 29 July 2022
  Confirmed cases reported
DiseaseMonkeypox
Virus strainMonkeypox virus (West African clade)
Index caseIchilov General Hospital, Tel Aviv, Israel
Date20 May 2022 – ongoing (2 years, 2 months, and 14 days)
Confirmed cases162
Suspected cases‡4
Deaths
1
Territories
14[a]
‡Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.

The 2022 monkeypox outbreak in Asia is a part of the ongoing outbreak of human monkeypox caused by the West African clade of the monkeypox virus. The outbreak was reported in Asia on 20 May 2022 when Israel reported a suspected case of Monkeypox, which was confirmed on 21 May. As of 10 August 2022, seven West Asian, three Southeast Asian, three East Asian and one South Asian country, along with Russia, have reported confirmed cases.

As of 10 August 2022, a total of 162 cases were confirmed. Most of them were concentrated in the region of West Asia, with 141 of the total 156 cases (≈90.38%) being reported in the region. Israel alone has reported 114 cases (≈73.07%). Israel reported the first community transmission of the disease on 21 June 2022.

Background

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Monkeypox and 2022 monkeypox outbreak.

Monkeypox is an infectious viral disease that can occur in humans and some other animals.[1] Symptoms include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a rash that forms blisters and then crusts over.[1] The time from exposure to onset of symptoms ranges from five to twenty-one days.[2][3] The duration of symptoms is typically two to four weeks.[3] There may be mild symptoms, and it may occur without any symptoms being known.[2][4] The classic presentation of fever and muscle pains, followed by swollen glands, with lesions all at the same stage, has not been found to be common to all outbreaks.[1][5] Cases may be severe, especially in children, pregnant women or people with suppressed immune systems.[6]

The disease is caused by the monkeypox virus, a zoonotic virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus.[7] The variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is also in this genus.[8] Of the two types in humans, clade II (formerly West African clade)[9] causes a less severe disease than the Central African (Congo basin) type.[10] It may spread from infected animals by handling infected meat or via bites or scratches.[11] Human-to-human transmission can occur through exposure to infected body fluids or contaminated objects, by small droplets, and possibly through the airborne route.[1][11] People can spread the virus from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and fallen off; with some evidence of spread for more than a week after lesions have crusted.[10] Diagnosis can be confirmed by testing a lesion for the virus's DNA.[12]

There is no known cure.[13] A study in 1988 found that the smallpox vaccine was around 85% protective in preventing infection in close contacts and in lessening the severity of the disease.[14] A newer smallpox and monkeypox vaccine based on modified vaccinia Ankara has been approved, but with limited availability.[2] Other measures include regular hand washing and avoiding sick people and animals.[15] Antiviral drugs, cidofovir and tecovirimat, vaccinia immune globulin and the smallpox vaccine may be used during outbreaks.[16][17] The illness is usually mild and most of those infected will recover within a few weeks without treatment.[17] Estimates of the risk of death vary from 1% to 10%, although few deaths as a consequence of monkeypox have been recorded since 2017.[18]

An ongoing outbreak of monkeypox, a viral disease, was confirmed in May 2022.[19] The initial cluster of cases was found in the United Kingdom,[20] where the first case was detected in London on 6 May 2022[21] in a patient with a recent travel history from Nigeria (where the disease is endemic).[22] On 16 May, the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) confirmed 4 new cases with no link to travel to a country where monkeypox is endemic. All four cases appeared to have been infected in London.[23] From 18 May onwards, cases were reported from an increasing number of countries and regions, predominantly in Europe but also in North and South America, in Asia, in Africa, and in Oceania.[30] The outbreak marks the first time monkeypox has spread widely outside Central and West Africa.

On 23 July, the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO), Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).[31] As of 15 October, there had been a total of 73,087 confirmed cases in over 109 countries.[32][33]

Transmission

Stages of lesion development.

A large portion of those infected were believed to have not recently traveled to areas of Africa where monkeypox is normally found, such as Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo as well as central and western Africa. It is believed to be transmitted by close contact with sick people, with extra caution for those individuals with lesions on their skin or genitals, along with their bedding and clothing. The CDC has also stated that individuals should avoid contact and consumption of dead animals such as rats, squirrels, monkeys and apes along with wild game or lotions derived from animals in Africa.[34]

In addition to more common symptoms, such as fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and rashes or lesions, some patients have also experienced proctitis, an inflammation of the rectum lining. CDC has also warned clinicians to not rule out monkeypox in patients with sexually transmitted infections since there have been reports of co-infections with syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and herpes.[35]

History

Imported cases before the outbreak

According to the World Health Organization, imported cases of Monkeypox from Nigeria was detected in Israel and Singapore in September 2018 and May 2019, respectively.[36]

In 2018, an imported case was detected in Israel. A 38-year-old man came from Rivers State, Nigeria in late September. He showed the symptoms of the disease on that month. Later on October the patient sought medical attention at Shaare-Zedek Medical Center in Jerusalem. He was confirmed to be infected with the West African Clade of Monkeypox virus that month. All of the patient's contacts were traced and followed up but no virus transmission were detected.[37]

Arrival

Ichilov General Hospital (in the middle) in Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, where the first case was isolated

As the outbreak was spreading in Europe in the middle of May 2022, the Israeli Health Ministry reported a suspected monkeypox case in the country on 20 May. The case was confirmed by testing on 21 May, becoming the first case in Israel during the outbreak, which also became the first in Asia.

The 30-year-old man returned from Western Europe and contracted the disease from there. The ministry reported that he was in isolation in the Ichilov General Hospital in Tel Aviv.[38][39]

Cases transited through Asia

In May and June 2022, two Australians tested positive for monkeypox in Australia, but before that they stayed in transit in airports for some hours in Southeast Asia.

On 30 May, Thai health authorities confirmed that an Australian who stayed in transit in Suvarnabhumi Airport for two hours that week had tested positive for monkeypox in Australia.[40]

On 6 June, the Singaporean Ministry of Health announced that a monkeypox-positive case in New South Wales in Australia stayed in transit in Singapore on 2 June. 13 people who had casual contact were isolated.[41]

Wastewater surveillance

A study from the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand lead by Dr Dhammika Leshan Wannigama reported Multiple traces of monkeypox were detected in non-sewered wastewater with sparse sampling collected from both the Bangkok, Thailand with increasing concentrations from June to August 2022.[42] This is the first dataset related to Monkeypox viral DNA in wastewater in Bangkok. Monkeypox viral DNA was first detected in wastewater in the second week of June 2022.[42] From the first week of July, the number of viral DNA copies increased.[42] Sanger sequencing confirmed the identification of the monkeypox virus and its relation to the 2022 monkeypox outbreak.[42]


Timeline of cases by country

Timeline of first confirmed cases by country or territory

First confirmed monkeypox cases by country or territory
Date Countries / Territories
21 May 2022  Israel
24 May 2022  United Arab Emirates
15 June 2022  Georgia
20 June 2022  Lebanon •  Singapore
22 June 2022  South Korea
24 June 2022  Taiwan
30 June 2022  Turkey
12 July 2022  Russia
14 July 2022  India[43] •  Saudi Arabia
20 July 2022  Qatar
21 July 2022  Thailand
25 July 2022  Japan
29 July 2022  Philippines
2 August 2022  Cyprus
16 August 2022  Iran
20 August 2022  Indonesia


Timeline of suspected cases by country or territory

Countries listed below had only suspected cases at the time of reporting. Some countries reported confirmed cases after reporting suspected cases (i.e. Turkey). Countries listed several times reported suspected cases again after they discarded suspected cases before.

Timeline of suspected monkeypox cases by country or territory
Date Countries / Territories
20 May 2022  Israel (confirmed on 21 May)
27 May 2022  Iran (discounted on 4 June)
28 May 2022  Malaysia (discounted on 31 May)
29 May 2022  Afghanistan (discounted between 30 May and 5 June)
1 June 2022  Cambodia (discounted on 2 June)
3 June 2022  India (discounted on 7 June)
4 June 2022  Turkey (discounted on 5 June)
5 June 2022  Georgia (confirmed on 15 June)[44]
7 June 2022  Bangladesh (discounted on 9 June)
9 June 2022  Bangladesh (discounted on 12 June)
16 June 2022    Nepal (discounted on 17 June)[45]
21 June 2022  South Korea (confirmed on 22 June)
8 July 2022  India (discounted on 9 July)
14 July 2022  India (confirmed on 14 July)[43]

Responses

Several countries have responded to the outbreak. The responses of some of them are listed below.

  •  Bangladesh: On 22 May, the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) issued warnings at every port in the country to prevent the spread of monkeypox. The Directorate spokesperson Nazmul Islam said that the DGHS has asked all air, land and sea ports to be alert. Suspected cases are instructed to be sent to an infectious disease hospital and kept in isolation.[46][47]
  •  China: On 2 June, the Chinese CDC issued a notice quoting the WHO's document with a translation of the original, "Stigmatising people because of a disease is never okay. Anyone can get or pass on monkeypox, regardless of their sexuality."[48]
  •  Indonesia: Indonesian health authorities were put on alert when cases of monkeypox were reported in Australia in May 2022. Mohammad Syahril, ministry spokesperson, urged medical personnel and the country's population to be alert and aware of the symptoms of the disease.[50]
  •  Malaysia: On 27 May 2022, the Malaysian Ministry of Health reactivated the MySejahtera app to provide information and surveillance on monkeypox.[51]
  •  Philippines: Health Secretary Francisco Duque III said that the Philippines was intensifying its border control measures amid the threat of the monkeypox virus.[52] The health department stated it is exploring potential sources of monkeypox vaccines and antivirals.[53][54]
  •  Saudi Arabia: On May 21, the Saudi Ministry of Health stated that they are ready to monitor and investigate cases of monkeypox, if any occurs. They added that it also has an integrated preventive plan to deal with such cases if they appear, including identifying suspected and confirmed cases.[55]
  •  Taiwan: On 30 May, the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control officially listed monkeypox as a notifiable infectious disease, and on June 23, monkeypox was officially upgraded to a second-class notifiable infectious disease, which means that confirmed cases must be notified within 24 hours, and if necessary, isolation treatment may be implemented in designated isolation treatment institutions.[56]
  •  Thailand: On 24 May 2022, the Department of Disease Control (DDC) started screening all overseas passengers from Central African countries and other outbreak countries at international airports.[57] On 26 May 2022, the DDC set up an emergency operations center to monitor the outbreak situation and plan for a possible outbreak in the kingdom.[58] Anutin Charnvirakul, Minister of Public Health, said that the government is seeking a smallpox vaccine from the WHO to bolster the public's immunity in case of a viral outbreak.[59] On 30 May 2022, The local news reported the first case of monkeypox in the country.[40] The patient was a passenger who was transiting from Europe to Australia via Bangkok. However, the patient's symptoms developed and were diagnosed in Australia. There have been no local cases discovered as of yet.[60]
  •  Vietnam: On May 24, 2022, Vietnam's Ministry of Health asked border localities to increase surveillance to detect possible cases of monkeypox.[61]

Outbreak by regions and countries

Western Asia

Georgia

Georgia was the first Caucasian and the third Asian and West Asian country to report confirmed cases of monkeypox. The first case was reported by the Ministry of Health on 15 June 2022.[62]

Israel

Main article: 2022 monkeypox outbreak in Israel

Israel was the first in both Asia and West Asia to report a case.

On 20 May, Israel reported a suspected monkeypox infected patient who was in isolation in Ichilov Hospital and tested positive on 21 May.[38] On the same day, another suspected case was reported but the case was ruled out the next day, on 22 May.[63]

Israel reported a single case each on 28 May and 7, 9, 15 and 16 June until the authorities reported three cases on 20 June. In a press statement released on 21 June, the ministry stated that one of them was infected locally, confirming community transmission of the disease in Israel. The total reached 9 on that day.[64]

The case figure was updated regularly and press releases were released on the ministry's website whenever cases where reported. But after 21 June, the ministry started to release weekly report of the situation on the website.

On 15 July, Health Minister Nitzan Horowitz announced that 2,000 monkeypox vaccines will arrive in Israel, adding that he spoke with biotech company Bavarian Nordic CEO Paul Chaplin. He also said that a total of 90 cases were registered till then, and none of them needed hospitalisation.[65]

As of 17 July 2022, 96 confirmed cases were reported in Israel.[66][65]

Lebanon

On 20 June, the first case of monkeypox in Lebanon was reported by the National News Agency (NNA) stating the Ministry of Health,[67] thus Lebanon became the fourth country in both Asia and West Asia and the third in the Middle East to report a monkeypox case.

Saudi Arabia

On 14 July, the first monkeypox case was detected in the capital city of Riyadh. The person came from abroad.[68]

Turkey

United Arab Emirates

South Asia

Afghanistan

Afghanistan provinces in red reported suspected cases of monkeypox, but cases later tested negative, as of 5 June 2022

On 29 May, the Islamic Republic News Agency and other news agencies reported two suspected cases of monkeypox who came back from Iran in Nimruz Province citing local newspapers and the Ministry of Health and provincial health authorities.[69][70]

On 30 May, one case was reported in Herat Province.[71]

On 31 May, ministry spokesperson Javid Hazhir denied reports of confirmed cases and stated that suspected cases in Nimruz and Kabul provinces tested negative. He also said that Afghanistan has the capability to test monkeypox cases.[72]

On 5 June, it was reported that the WHO will give test kits to the Taliban-controlled Ministry of Public Health, as they were lacking kits.[73] Ministry spokesperson stated that suspected cases in Herat, Maidan Wardak and Nangarhar provinces along with other provinces which were stated earlier tested negative and the country is free of Monkeypox.[74]

Bangladesh

Bangladeshi health authorities declared alert on every ports in the country in mid-May.[46] Shahjalal International Airport in Dhaka was in high alert.[75]

On 7 June, a 32-year-old Turkish citizen was detected with monkeypox symptoms at the airport while screening. He was taken to the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Dhaka's Mohakhali and isolated.[76][77] Although, on the same day the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare published a press release denying reports of the monkeypox virus 'confirmed' in a foreigner.[78]

On the next day, the DGHS director stated that he investigated the Turkish citizen himself, and his symptoms were not due to monkeypox, and he was suffering from a skin disease for a long time.

On 9 June, the suspected case tested negative.[79]

On 10 June, a 60-year-old woman was isolated in Chuadanga after local doctors detected symptoms of monkeypox on her on 9 June.[80] On the same day, a 42-year-old man who came back from India through Benapole Border Crossing on 3 June, was sent to Jashore Hospital after he showed pox like symptoms.[81] Although, the district civil surgeon said on the next day that he was very probably infected with chickenpox.[citation needed]

On 12 June, the case in Chuandanga was discarded.[82]

Bangladesh was the first country bar shore passes. On late May, Chittagong Seaport authority barred shore passes for all crew unless in the case of an emergency, while signed-off crew will have to undergo health checks.[83]

India

Main article: 2022 monkeypox outbreak in India

On 21 May, Union Health Minister Mansukh Mandaviya directed the National Centre for Disease Control and the ICMR to keep a close watch and monitor the situation and directed airport and port health officers to be vigilant. They have been instructed to isolate and send samples to the National Institute of Virology (NIV) of any sick passenger with a travel history to infected countries.[49]

Many other states also responded individually, including Karnataka,[84] Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,[85] Maharashtra,[86] Rajasthan,[87] Tamil Nadu,[88] Uttar Pradesh,[89] and West Bengal.[90]

On 3 June, a sample of a 5-year-old girl of Ghaziabad in Uttar Pradesh who showed some symptoms of monkeypox were sent to the National Institute of Virology in Pune. The test came back negative on 7 June.[citation needed]

On 14 July, the health minister of Kerala Veena George announced a suspected case in Kerala. The patient was a male who came back from the United Arab Emirates three days earlier.[91] The patient reportedly died on 31 July, making it the first monkeypox casualty in India.[92]

Southeast Asia

Philippines

Main article: 2022 monkeypox outbreak in the Philippines

Singapore

On 21 June 2022, Singaporean officials reported that a British flight attendant in the country had tested positive for the virus on 20 June.[93] Singapore was the fifth Asian and first Southeast Asian country to report a case monkeypox case during this outbreak.

On 6 July, Singaporean authorities confirmed the first case of local transmission.[94] One more imported case was reported each on 7 and 8 July 2022, of which both are conveyed to the National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID).[citation needed][95]

On 13 July, the Ministry of Health reported another locally transmitted case, taking the total tally to 5. The patient was a 48-year-old British national residing in Singapore and was also warded in the NCID.[96]

Another local case was reported on the next day on 14 July. The patient was a male in his 40s, and was also warded in the NCID.[97]

Thailand

On 21 July 2022, the Thai health ministry reported the first case of monkeypox in the country. The patient was a 21 year-old Nigerian who stayed in Phuket before crossing the border into Cambodia and subsequently arrested in Phnom Penh.[98][99] A week later, a second confirmed case was found in Bangkok in a 47 year-old local man who admitted to had engaged in sexual contact with foreign men.[100]

On 3 August, a third confirmed case was reported by the Department of Disease Control. The patient was a 25 year-old German man who arrived in Phuket on July 18 as a tourist.[101] On 5 August, the first confirmed case of a female in the country was announced. The patient was a 22 year-old Thai woman who frequented Bangkok night spots.[102] On 15 August, it was reported that the fifth confirmed monkeypox patient in the country was a 25 year-old Thai woman returning from Dubai.[103] A study from the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand lead by Dr Dhammika Leshan Wannigama reported  Multiple traces of monkeypox were detected in non-sewered wastewater in Thailand with increasing concentrations from June to August 2022.[42]

East Asia

China

On 16 September, China reported its first case of monkeypox in Chongqing municipality.[104]

Japan

Main article: 2022 monkeypox outbreak in Japan

On 25 July, Japan reported its first case of monkeypox in a man in his 30s. On 28 July, a second case was reported from a man in his 30s. On 5 August, a third case was reported. On 10 August, a fourth case was reported.

South Korea

On 22 June, South Korea reported its first monkeypox case.

Taiwan

Main article: 2022 monkeypox outbreak in Taiwan

In May 2022, the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control started increasing monitoring for monkeypox cases.[105] Later that month, health minister Chen Shih-chung stated that Taiwan was not yet planning to purchase a monkeypox vaccine.[106]

As the global outbreak spread, Taiwan designated monkeypox as a category 2 communicable disease on 23 June.[107] On 24 June, Taiwan reported its first confirmed case of monkeypox in a 25 year-old Taiwanese man who came back to Taiwan on 16 June after studying in Germany. He started showing symptoms on 20 June and tested positive for monkeypox after seeking medical attention.[108][109][110][111][112] Two days after the index case was publicized, the CDC issued guidelines for risk assessment and control.[113] By 27 June, the CDC had begun working to reverse the vaccine policy declared in May, stating that talks to acquire monkeypox medications and vaccines had started.[114] Later on 30 June, the CDC issued a travel warning for 44 countries that had reported cases of monkeypox.[115] On 2 July, the CDC announced that they are planning to receive third-generation smallpox vaccines and antiviral drugs in late 2022. The CDC said that frontline medical workers and researchers will be the first to receive the vaccine.[116] On 12 July, Taiwan reported its second case, in a Taiwanese man in his 30s who returned to Taiwan from the United States.[117] On 24 July, the CDC announced that they signed a contract to purchase medication to treat monkeypox patients, and that a shipment will arrive in August at the earliest. The CDC also announced that they are in talks to purchase monkeypox vaccines, and that they are hoping to receive them by late August.[118] On 27 July, 504 courses of monkeypox medications arrived in Taiwan, to be used by severe cases and immunocompromised individuals.[119]

North Asia (Russia)

The first monkeypox case in Russia, and by extension North Asia, was confirmed on 12 July 2022, in a young man who returned from a trip to Europe.[120]

Statistics

Overview

This is a table of confirmed and suspected monkeypox cases in Asian countries during the ongoing 2022 monkeypox outbreak. It does not include countries where suspected cases were reported but later discarded such as Afghanistan.[72][74]

Cases of monkeypox by countries of Asia (last updated on 13 August 2022)
Country Confirmed Cases Suspected Cases Total Cases Deaths Last Update First Confirmed Cases Last Confirmed Cases
 Israel 174 — 174 — 13 August 2022[66] 21 May 2022[38]
 United Arab Emirates 16 — 16 — 13 August 2022[121] 24 May 2022[122]
 Singapore 15 — 15 — 13 August 2022[123] 20 June 2022[124]
 India 10 4 14 1 13 August 2022[125] 14 July 2022[43]
 Lebanon 6 — 6 — 13 August 2022[126] 20 June 2022[67]
 Saudi Arabia 5 — 5 — 13 August 2022[127] 14 July 2022[68]
 Taiwan 3 — 3 — 13 August 2022[117] 24 June 2022[128]
 Qatar 3 — 3 — 13 August 2022[129] 20 July 2022[129]
 Thailand 4 — 4 — 13 August 2022[130][98] 21 July 2022[98]
 Japan 4 — 4 — 13 August 2022[131][132] 25 July 2022[132]
 Georgia 1 — 1 — 15 June 2022[62] 15 June 2022[62]
 South Korea 1 — 1 — 22 June 2022[133] 22 June 2022[133]
 Turkey 5 — 5 — 13 August 2022[134] 30 June 2022[134]
 Russia 1 — 1 — 12 July 2022[120] 12 July 2022[120]
 Philippines 1 — 1 — 29 July 2022[135] 29 July 2022[135]
 China 1 — 1 — 16 September 2022[104] 16 September 2022[104]
 Total 249 4 202 1 —

Graphs

(These graphs excludes the cases reported in Russia)

Total cases of monkeypox in Asia

Total confirmed cases by Asian countries

New cofirmed cases of monkeypox per day

7-day-average of new cases

Total confirmed cases by day

New cofirmed cases of monkeypox per week

(A week is considered Saturday to Friday here)

Total confirmed cases of monkeypox by week

(A week is considered Saturday to Friday here)

Daily cases by subregions

Total cases by subregions

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Including Russia. All fourteen of them have reported confirmed cases.

References

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