2022 monkeypox outbreak in Singapore

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2022 monkeypox outbreak in Singapore
DiseaseHuman monkeypox
LocationSingapore
First reportedJune 21, 2022
DateJune 21, 2022 – ongoing (2 years, 1 month, and 16 days)
Confirmed cases15

The 2022 monkeypox outbreak in Singapore is a part of the global outbreak of human monkeypox caused by the West African clade of the monkeypox virus. According to the Ministry of Health (MOH), Singapore's first imported monkeypox case was reported on 20 June 2022.[1] It was the first ever confirmed case in Southeast Asia.[2]

Background

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Monkeypox and 2022 monkeypox outbreak.

Monkeypox is an infectious viral disease that can occur in humans and some other animals.[3] Symptoms include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a rash that forms blisters and then crusts over.[3] The time from exposure to onset of symptoms ranges from five to twenty-one days.[4][5] The duration of symptoms is typically two to four weeks.[5] There may be mild symptoms, and it may occur without any symptoms being known.[4][6] The classic presentation of fever and muscle pains, followed by swollen glands, with lesions all at the same stage, has not been found to be common to all outbreaks.[3][7] Cases may be severe, especially in children, pregnant women or people with suppressed immune systems.[8]

The disease is caused by the monkeypox virus, a zoonotic virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus.[9] The variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is also in this genus.[10] Of the two types in humans, clade II (formerly West African clade)[11] causes a less severe disease than the Central African (Congo basin) type.[12] It may spread from infected animals by handling infected meat or via bites or scratches.[13] Human-to-human transmission can occur through exposure to infected body fluids or contaminated objects, by small droplets, and possibly through the airborne route.[3][13] People can spread the virus from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and fallen off; with some evidence of spread for more than a week after lesions have crusted.[12] Diagnosis can be confirmed by testing a lesion for the virus's DNA.[14]

There is no known cure.[15] A study in 1988 found that the smallpox vaccine was around 85% protective in preventing infection in close contacts and in lessening the severity of the disease.[16] A newer smallpox and monkeypox vaccine based on modified vaccinia Ankara has been approved, but with limited availability.[4] Other measures include regular hand washing and avoiding sick people and animals.[17] Antiviral drugs, cidofovir and tecovirimat, vaccinia immune globulin and the smallpox vaccine may be used during outbreaks.[18][19] The illness is usually mild and most of those infected will recover within a few weeks without treatment.[19] Estimates of the risk of death vary from 1% to 10%, although few deaths as a consequence of monkeypox have been recorded since 2017.[20]

Arrival

The Ministry of Health (MOH) detailed that the patient is a 42-year-old British man who works as a flight attendant. He was reportedly in Singapore between 15 to 17 June 2022 and again on 19 June as he flew in and out of Singapore. He tested positive for monkeypox on 20 June.[1]

On 6 July, it was confirmed that a 45-year-old Malaysian man tested positive becoming the first locally unlinked infection in the country.[21]

Situation

As of 5 August 2022, there are 10 locally transmitted cases and 5 imported cases in the country, all of whom are in stable conditions or ready to be discharged.[22]

References

  1. ^ a b "MOH | News Highlights". www.moh.gov.sg. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  2. ^ Reuters (2022-06-21). "Singapore confirms case of monkeypox, first in Southeast Asia". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  3. ^ a b c d "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: situation update". www.who.int. World Health Organization. 4 June 2022. Archived from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  4. ^ a b c "WHO Factsheet – Monkeypox". World Health Organization. 19 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  5. ^ a b "Signs and Symptoms Monkeypox". CDC. 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  6. ^ Sutcliffe, Catherine G.; Rimone, Anne W.; Moss, William J. (2020). "32.2. Poxviruses". In Ryan, Edward T.; Hill, David R.; Solomon, Tom; Aronson, Naomi; Endy, Timothy P. (eds.). Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases E-Book (Tenth ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 272–277. ISBN 978-0-323-55512-8.
  7. ^ Harris, Emily (27 May 2022). "What to Know About Monkeypox". JAMA. 327 (23): 2278–2279. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.9499. PMID 35622356. S2CID 249096570.
  8. ^ "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries". World Health Organization. 21 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  9. ^ Taha, M. J., Abuawwad, M. T., Alrubasy, W. A., Sameer, S. K., Alsafi, T., Al-Bustanji, Y., ... & Nashwan, A. J. Ocular manifestations of recent viral pandemics: A literature. health, 13, 14.
  10. ^ Petersen, Brett W.; Damon, Inger K. (2020). "348. Smallpox, monkeypox and other poxvirus infections". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 2180–2183. ISBN 978-0-323-53266-2.
  11. ^ "Monkeypox: experts give virus variants new names". World Health Organization. 2022-08-12.
  12. ^ a b Adler, Hugh; Gould, Susan; Hine, Paul; Snell, Luke B.; Wong, Waison; Houlihan, Catherine F.; et al. (24 May 2022). "Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 22 (8): S1473–3099(22)00228–6. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00228-6. PMC 9300470. PMID 35623380. S2CID 249057804.
  13. ^ a b "Transmission Monkeypox". CDC. 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  14. ^ "2003 U.S. Outbreak Monkeypox". CDC. 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  15. ^ "Treatment Monkeypox Poxvirus CDC". www.cdc.gov. 28 December 2018. Archived from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  16. ^ Fine, P. E.; Jezek, Z.; Grab, B.; Dixon, H. (September 1988). "The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations". International Journal of Epidemiology. 17 (3): 643–650. doi:10.1093/ije/17.3.643. ISSN 0300-5771. PMID 2850277.
  17. ^ "Prevention". www.cdc.gov. 29 November 2019. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  18. ^ "Interim Clinical Guidance for the Treatment of Monkeypox | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  19. ^ a b "Monkeypox". GOV.UK. 24 May 2022. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  20. ^ "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries: Update". www.who.int. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
  21. ^ Reuters (2022-07-06). "Singapore confirms first local case of monkeypox infection". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
  22. ^ "What to know about monkeypox and the situation in Singapore (updated 5 Aug)". sg.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2022-08-06.

External links

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