2022 monkeypox outbreak in Mexico

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2022 monkeypox outbreak in Mexico
DiseaseMonkeypox
Virus strainMonkeypox virus (West African clade)
LocationMexico
Index caseMexico City, Mexico[1]
Arrival dateMay 28, 2022 (2 years, 2 months, 2 weeks and 5 days ago)
DateAugust 18, 2022
Confirmed cases252[2]
Suspected cases‡107
Deaths
0
‡Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.

The 2022 monkeypox outbreak in Mexico is part of the larger outbreak of human monkeypox caused by the West African clade of the monkeypox virus. Mexico is the twenty-fourth country outside of Africa to experience an endemic monkeypox outbreak. The first case was reported in Mexico City, Mexico, on May 28, 2022.[1] As of August 18th, Mexico has confirmed a total of 252 cases and 107 suspected cases.[2]

Background

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Monkeypox and 2022 monkeypox outbreak.

Monkeypox is an infectious viral disease that can occur in humans and some other animals.[3] Symptoms include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a rash that forms blisters and then crusts over.[3] The time from exposure to onset of symptoms ranges from five to twenty-one days.[4][5] The duration of symptoms is typically two to four weeks.[5] There may be mild symptoms, and it may occur without any symptoms being known.[4][6] The classic presentation of fever and muscle pains, followed by swollen glands, with lesions all at the same stage, has not been found to be common to all outbreaks.[3][7] Cases may be severe, especially in children, pregnant women or people with suppressed immune systems.[8]

The disease is caused by the monkeypox virus, a zoonotic virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus.[9] The variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is also in this genus.[10] Of the two types in humans, clade II (formerly West African clade)[11] causes a less severe disease than the Central African (Congo basin) type.[12] It may spread from infected animals by handling infected meat or via bites or scratches.[13] Human-to-human transmission can occur through exposure to infected body fluids or contaminated objects, by small droplets, and possibly through the airborne route.[3][13] People can spread the virus from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and fallen off; with some evidence of spread for more than a week after lesions have crusted.[12] Diagnosis can be confirmed by testing a lesion for the virus's DNA.[14]

There is no known cure.[15] A study in 1988 found that the smallpox vaccine was around 85% protective in preventing infection in close contacts and in lessening the severity of the disease.[16] A newer smallpox and monkeypox vaccine based on modified vaccinia Ankara has been approved, but with limited availability.[4] Other measures include regular hand washing and avoiding sick people and animals.[17] Antiviral drugs, cidofovir and tecovirimat, vaccinia immune globulin and the smallpox vaccine may be used during outbreaks.[18][19] The illness is usually mild and most of those infected will recover within a few weeks without treatment.[19] Estimates of the risk of death vary from 1% to 10%, although few deaths as a consequence of monkeypox have been recorded since 2017.[20]

An ongoing outbreak of monkeypox was confirmed on May 6, 2022, beginning with a British resident who, after travelling to Nigeria (where the disease is endemic), presented symptoms consistent with monkeypox on April 29, 2022. The resident returned to the United Kingdom on May 4, creating the country's index case of the outbreak.[21] The origin of several of the cases of monkeypox in the United Kingdom is unknown. Some monitors saw community transmission taking place in the London area as of mid-May,[22] but it has been suggested that cases were already spreading in Europe in the previous months.[23]

Transmission

Stages of lesion development. Picture taken by Dr O.O. Afuye on 15 September 2019.

A large portion of those infected were believed to have not recently traveled to areas of Africa where monkeypox is normally found, such as Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo as well as central and western Africa. It is believed to be transmitted by close contact with sick people, with extra caution for those individuals with lesions on their skin or genitals, along with their bedding and clothing. The CDC has also stated that individuals should avoid contact and consumption of dead animals such as rats, squirrels, monkeys and apes along with wild game or lotions derived from animals in Africa.[24]

In addition to more common symptoms, such as fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and rashes or lesions, some patients have also experienced proctitis, an inflammation of the rectum lining. CDC has also warned clinicians to not rule out monkeypox in patients with sexually transmitted infections since there have been reports of co-infections with syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and herpes.[25]

History

table

The first known case was detected in on May 28, 2022, in a 50-year-old male who resides permanently in the city of New York City, New York. He was diagnosed and hospitalized in Mexico City.[1] There, he tested positive for monkeypox, becoming the first case in Mexico.

On June 14, 4 more cases were reported in Mexico in the course of a week which brought the total number of cases in the country up to 5. There were 4 cases reported in Mexico City and 1 confirmed in Jalisco.[26]

On July 5th, over the course of 3 weeks, 22 more cases were reported, which brought the total number of cases in the country up to 27. The only counties that reported cases were Mexico City and Jalisco. Other counties were not affected at the time.[27]

On July 27th, after 3 weeks, 33 more infections were confirmed, which increased the total number of cases in the country up to 60. Cases had been reported across 11 regions in Mexico.[28]

On August 2nd, after 1 week, 31 more cases were confirmed, which rose the total number of cases from 60 to 91. Cases had been reported in 4 more regions, which brought the overall number of regions and territories affected by monkeypox up to 15.[29]

On August 9th, over the course of 1 week, 56 more monkeypox cases were reported, which brought the total number of cases in the country up to 147. Cases had been reported in 3 more regions, which rose the overall number of regions and territories affected by monkeypox up to 18.[30]

On August 15th, in the course of just 6 days, 105 greater monkeypox cases had been confirmed, which rose the overall number of infections from 147 to 252. Monkeypox infections had been reported in 2 more regions, which brought the total number of regions and territories affected by monkeypox up to 20.[31]

As of August 18th, there is currently 252 confirmed cases with 107 suspected cases in the country.[2]

Responses and reactions

Hospitals have also begun making their own preparations to help control the current monkeypox outbreak, including screening patients, increasing decontamination and cleaning procedures,[32] and wearing appropriate safety gear (Personal protective equipment / Medical gown) when interacting with infected patients.

Mexico has also responded to the outbreak. Mexican health authorities have posted notices in clinics and hospitals for the purpose of identifying suspected cases and infections in the country. In addition, the Ministry of Health has issued an epidemiological alert on 26 May 2022.[33]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Mexico confirms first case of monkeypox". Reuters. May 28, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c "2022 Monkeypox Outbreak Global Map". USA CDC. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: situation update". www.who.int. World Health Organization. June 4, 2022. Archived from the original on June 6, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
  4. ^ a b c "WHO Factsheet – Monkeypox". World Health Organization. May 19, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  5. ^ a b "Signs and Symptoms Monkeypox". CDC. May 11, 2015. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  6. ^ Sutcliffe, Catherine G.; Rimone, Anne W.; Moss, William J. (2020). "32.2. Poxviruses". In Ryan, Edward T.; Hill, David R.; Solomon, Tom; Aronson, Naomi; Endy, Timothy P. (eds.). Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases E-Book (Tenth ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 272–277. ISBN 978-0-323-55512-8.
  7. ^ Harris, Emily (May 27, 2022). "What to Know About Monkeypox". JAMA. 327 (23): 2278–2279. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.9499. PMID 35622356. S2CID 249096570.
  8. ^ "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries". World Health Organization. May 21, 2022. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  9. ^ Taha, M. J., Abuawwad, M. T., Alrubasy, W. A., Sameer, S. K., Alsafi, T., Al-Bustanji, Y., ... & Nashwan, A. J. Ocular manifestations of recent viral pandemics: A literature. health, 13, 14.
  10. ^ Petersen, Brett W.; Damon, Inger K. (2020). "348. Smallpox, monkeypox and other poxvirus infections". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 2180–2183. ISBN 978-0-323-53266-2.
  11. ^ "Monkeypox: experts give virus variants new names". World Health Organization. August 12, 2022.
  12. ^ a b Adler, Hugh; Gould, Susan; Hine, Paul; Snell, Luke B.; Wong, Waison; Houlihan, Catherine F.; et al. (May 24, 2022). "Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 22 (8): S1473–3099(22)00228–6. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00228-6. PMC 9300470. PMID 35623380. S2CID 249057804.
  13. ^ a b "Transmission Monkeypox". CDC. May 11, 2015. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  14. ^ "2003 U.S. Outbreak Monkeypox". CDC. May 11, 2015. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  15. ^ "Treatment Monkeypox Poxvirus CDC". www.cdc.gov. December 28, 2018. Archived from the original on June 15, 2019. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
  16. ^ Fine, P. E.; Jezek, Z.; Grab, B.; Dixon, H. (September 1988). "The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations". International Journal of Epidemiology. 17 (3): 643–650. doi:10.1093/ije/17.3.643. ISSN 0300-5771. PMID 2850277.
  17. ^ "Prevention". www.cdc.gov. November 29, 2019. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
  18. ^ "Interim Clinical Guidance for the Treatment of Monkeypox | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC". www.cdc.gov. May 26, 2022. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  19. ^ a b "Monkeypox". GOV.UK. May 24, 2022. Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  20. ^ "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries: Update". www.who.int. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  21. ^ "Monkeypox – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". World Health Organization. May 16, 2022. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  22. ^ Pinkstone, Joe (May 17, 2022). "Monkeypox 'spreading in sexual networks'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  23. ^ Nsofor, Ifeanyi (June 2, 2022). "OPINION: Media coverage of monkeypox paints it as an African virus. That makes me mad". NPR. Retrieved June 2, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ Vargas, Ramon Antonio (June 7, 2022). "US raises monkeypox alert level but says risk to public remains low". the Guardian. Retrieved June 9, 2022.
  25. ^ "Monkeypox update: Where the outbreak stands now".
  26. ^ "Mexico confirms five cases of monkeypox in the country". Mexico Business News. June 14, 2022.
  27. ^ "North America monkeypox cases reported in Canada, Mexico, and the United States during July - Epidemiological update - July 5th". Crisis 24. July 5, 2022.
  28. ^ "Mexico confirms 60 monkeypox cases with no fatalities". Business Standard. July 27, 2022.
  29. ^ "Mexico confirms 91 cases of monkeypox". Yahoo. August 2, 2022.
  30. ^ "Mexico confirms 147 cases of monkeypox". Paudal. August 9, 2022.
  31. ^ "Mexico has 252 cases of monkeypox across 20 entities". Paudal. August 15, 2022.
  32. ^ Kurth, Andreas; Achenbach, John; Miller, Liljia; Mackay, Ian M.; Pauli, Georg; Nitsche, Andreas (January 2008). "Orthopoxvirus Detection in Environmental Specimens during Suspected Bioterror Attacks: Inhibitory Influences of Common Household Products". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 74 (1): 32–37. doi:10.1128/AEM.01501-07. PMC 2223225. PMID 17965204.
  33. ^ Camhaji, Elías (May 26, 2022). "México emite una alerta epidemiológica para identificar casos de la viruela del mono". El País México (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
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