2022 monkeypox outbreak in the United States

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2022 monkeypox outbreak in the United States
Monkeypox Outbreak United States Cases by State.svg
Spread of monkeypox by US state as of September 24, 2022
DiseaseMonkeypox
Virus strainMonkeypox virus (West African clade)
LocationUnited States
Index caseBoston, Massachusetts[1]
Arrival dateMay 18, 2022 (2 years, 1 week and 1 day ago)
DateAs of 7 October 2022
Confirmed cases26,577[2]
Deaths
6[3]
Government website
www.usa.gov

The 2022 monkeypox outbreak in the United States is part of the larger outbreak of human monkeypox caused by the West African clade of the monkeypox virus. The United States was the fourth country, outside of the African countries with endemic monkeypox, to experience an outbreak in 2022. The first case was documented in Boston, Massachusetts, on May 19, 2022.[4] As of August 22, monkeypox has spread to all 50 states in the United States, as well as Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico.[5] The United States has the highest number of monkeypox cases in the world. California has the highest number of monkeypox cases in the United States.

On August 4, 2022, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention declared monkeypox a public health emergency in the United States.[6] Wyoming was the last and most recent state in the United States to report at least one monkeypox case. On August 30, 2022, the first monkeypox death in the United States was reported.[7]

Background

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Monkeypox and 2022 monkeypox outbreak.

Monkeypox is an infectious viral disease that can occur in humans and some other animals.[8] Symptoms include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a rash that forms blisters and then crusts over.[8] The time from exposure to onset of symptoms ranges from five to twenty-one days.[9][10] The duration of symptoms is typically two to four weeks.[10] There may be mild symptoms, and it may occur without any symptoms being known.[9][11] The classic presentation of fever and muscle pains, followed by swollen glands, with lesions all at the same stage, has not been found to be common to all outbreaks.[8][12] Cases may be severe, especially in children, pregnant women or people with suppressed immune systems.[13]

The disease is caused by the monkeypox virus, a zoonotic virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus.[14] The variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is also in this genus.[15] Of the two types in humans, clade II (formerly West African clade)[16] causes a less severe disease than the Central African (Congo basin) type.[17] It may spread from infected animals by handling infected meat or via bites or scratches.[18] Human-to-human transmission can occur through exposure to infected body fluids or contaminated objects, by small droplets, and possibly through the airborne route.[8][18] People can spread the virus from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and fallen off; with some evidence of spread for more than a week after lesions have crusted.[17] Diagnosis can be confirmed by testing a lesion for the virus's DNA.[19]

There is no known cure.[20] A study in 1988 found that the smallpox vaccine was around 85% protective in preventing infection in close contacts and in lessening the severity of the disease.[21] A newer smallpox and monkeypox vaccine based on modified vaccinia Ankara has been approved, but with limited availability.[9] Other measures include regular hand washing and avoiding sick people and animals.[22] Antiviral drugs, cidofovir and tecovirimat, vaccinia immune globulin and the smallpox vaccine may be used during outbreaks.[23][24] The illness is usually mild and most of those infected will recover within a few weeks without treatment.[24] Estimates of the risk of death vary from 1% to 10%, although few deaths as a consequence of monkeypox have been recorded since 2017.[25]

An ongoing outbreak of monkeypox was confirmed on May 6, 2022, beginning with a British resident who, after travelling to Nigeria (where the disease is endemic), presented symptoms consistent with monkeypox on April 29, 2022. The resident returned to the United Kingdom on May 4, creating the country's index case of the outbreak.[26] The origin of several of the cases of monkeypox in the United Kingdom is unknown. Some monitors saw community transmission taking place in the London area as of mid-May,[27] but it has been suggested that cases were already spreading in Europe in the previous months.[28]

Transmission

Stages of lesion development.

A large portion of those infected were believed to have not recently traveled to areas of Africa where monkeypox is normally found, such as Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo as well as central and western Africa. It is believed to be transmitted by close contact with sick people, with extra caution for those individuals with lesions on their skin or genitals, along with their bedding and clothing. The CDC has also stated that individuals should avoid contact and consumption of dead animals such as rats, squirrels, monkeys and apes along with wild game or lotions derived from animals in Africa.[29]

In addition to more common symptoms, such as fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and rashes or lesions, some patients have also experienced proctitis, an inflammation of the rectum lining. CDC has also warned clinicians to not rule out monkeypox in patients with sexually transmitted infections since there have been reports of co-infections with syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and herpes.[30]

The CDC has stated that, among monkeypox cases with available data, 99% occurred in men, 94% of whom reported recent male-to-male sexual or close intimate contact.[31]

Cases transited through the United States

California

The 2022 monkeypox outbreak in California As of July 2022, the virus has infected 4,886 people in the U.S. state of California, with 1 death. The state has the highest number of recorded cases in the country.[32]

Florida

Florida currently has 2,444 people infected by the virus, with no deaths. It started on May 23, 2022 in Fort Lauderdale and quickly started spreading across the State.[33][34]

New York

Main article: 2022 monkeypox outbreak in New York (state)

The 2022 monkeypox outbreak in New York currently has no deaths. This state has the second highest number of recorded cases in the country with 3,679 cases.[35]

Timeline

table The first known case was detected on May 18, 2022, in a man from Boston, Massachusetts, who had traveled to Canada, where a case of the virus was reported the following day.[36][37] The person was hospitalized in Boston.[38] There, he tested positive for monkeypox, becoming the first case in the United States.[36]

Two days after the man tested positive for the virus, other states began reporting cases, with New York reporting its first case on May 21.[39] On May 22, President Biden gave a speech at Osan Air Base in South Korea during which he indicated the disease was "something that everybody should be concerned about".[40] On May 26, Virginia reported its first case in a woman who had traveled to Africa,[41] followed by California and Hawaii on June 4, 2022.[42][43] As of June 3, the United States had 21 confirmed cases,[44] a number which had risen to 460 as of July 1.[45]

On May 23, 2022, Florida reported a case of monkeypox. On the same day, the Tampa Bay Times reported that the Florida Department of Health had announced the case on a man that had been isolated since the day before.[33] WESH later on also confirmed the case, which was in Broward County.[46] The following day, WESH reported another monkeypox case as being "investigated".[47] The case was then confirmed to be in the same county as the first case, adding up the total in the county to two. Later, a third case was also investigated, this time being reported by CBS Miami to also be in the same county as the first and second case.[48] This case added up the total in the United States to 18. A fourth case was reported by the Sun-Sentinel, although the state of Florida did not disclose the county where it was detected.[49]

In early June 2022, a man in Washington, D.C., was reported to test positive for orthopox, potentially monkeypox.[50]

On July 26, 2022, the United States has the most monkeypox cases than any other country.[51] At the end of August 2022, there were early signs that the monkeypox spread in the U.S. may be slowing.[52]

Ref:

Cases by state

Data sourced from the CDC.[53] New York case count is from the New York State Department of Health.[54]

Cases of monkeypox
State Cases Deaths Change[note 1]
 Alabama 112 — (+0)
 Alaska 5 — (+0)
 Arizona 446 — (+0)
 Arkansas 56 — (+0)
 California 4,886 1 (+0)
 Colorado 263 — (+0)
 Connecticut 124 — (+0)
 Delaware 36 — (+0)
 District of Columbia 494 — (+0)
 Florida 2,444 — (+0)
 Georgia 1,736 — (+0)
 Hawaii 27 — (+0)
 Idaho 12 — (+0)
 Illinois 1,270 2 (+0)
 Indiana 223 — (+0)
 Iowa 25 — (+0)
 Kansas 9 — (+0)
 Kentucky 51 — (+0)
 Louisiana 243 — (+0)
 Maine 9 — (+0)
 Maryland 636 — (+0)
 Massachusetts 381 — (+0)
 Michigan 257 — (+0)
 Minnesota 182 — (+0)
 Mississippi 73 — (+0)
 Missouri 81 — (+0)
 Montana 5 — (+0)
 Nebraska 28 — (+0)
 Nevada 218 — (+0)
 New Hampshire 29 — (+0)
 New Jersey 683 — (+0)
 New Mexico 40 — (+0)
 New York 3,842 2 (+0)
 North Carolina 512 — (+0)
 North Dakota 6 — (+0)
 Ohio 263 1[55] (+0)
 Oklahoma 36 — (+0)
 Oregon 205 — (+0)
 Pennsylvania 724 — (+0)
 Puerto Rico 170 — (+0)
 Rhode Island 73 — (+0)
 South Carolina 156 — (+0)
 South Dakota 2 — (+0)
 Tennessee 273 — (+0)
 Texas 2,225 1 (+0)
 Utah 149 — (+0)
 Vermont 3 — (+0)
 Virginia 452 — (+0)
 Washington 583 — (+0)
 West Virginia 11 — (+0)
 Wisconsin 69 — (+0)
 Wyoming 2 — (+0)
Total cases 24,846 6 (+4,884)
As of September 23, 2022 at 2:00 pm Eastern Time

Timeline of first confirmed cases by state

First confirmed monkeypox cases by state
Date States
18 May 2022  Massachusetts[56]
21 May 2022  New York[57]
23 May 2022  Florida[58]
25 May 2022  Utah[59]
26 May 2022  Virginia[60] •  Colorado[61]
27 May 2022  Washington[62] •  California[63]
2 June 2022  Pennsylvania[64] •  Illinois[65]
3 June 2022  Hawaii[66]
5 June 2022  District of Columbia[67]
6 June 2022  Georgia[68]
7 June 2022  Texas[69]
9 June 2022  Rhode Island[70]
14 June 2022  Ohio[71] •  Oklahoma[72]
15 June 2022  Nevada[73]
16 June 2022  Maryland[74] •  Oregon[75]
18 June 2022  Indiana[76]
20 June 2022  New Jersey[77]
22 June 2022  Missouri[78]
23 June 2022  North Carolina[79]
24 June 2022  Kentucky[80]
27 June 2022  Nebraska[81] •  Minnesota[82]
29 June 2022  New Hampshire[83] •  Michigan[84]
30 June 2022  Wisconsin[85]
1 July 2022  Iowa[86]
5 July 2022  Connecticut[87]
6 July 2022  Arkansas[88] •  Idaho[89]
7 July 2022  Louisiana[90] •  Tennessee[91]
8 July 2022  South Carolina[92] •  West Virginia[93]
9 July 2022  Kansas[94]
11 July 2022  New Mexico[95]
12 July 2022  Delaware[96] •  Arizona[97]
14 July 2022  South Dakota[98]
15 July 2022  Alabama[99]
20 July 2022  North Dakota[100]
22 July 2022  Maine[101]
25 July 2022  Mississippi[102]
29 July 2022  Alaska[103] •  Vermont[104]
5 August 2022  Montana[105]
22 August 2022  Wyoming[106]

Timeline of first deaths by state

Wikinews has related news:
First confirmed monkeypox deaths by state
Date States
30 August 2022  Texas[107]
13 September 2022  California[108]

Responses

Vaccination

On 18 May 2022, Bavarian Nordic announced that BARDA, part of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), exercised a $119 million option, under a $299 million contract, to supply a freeze-dried version of JYNNEOS vaccine, converting existing bulk vaccine.[109] The United States spent $119 million to purchase doses of the Modified vaccinia Ankara-based two-shot[110] Jynneos vaccine from Bavarian Nordic in May 2022.[111] The contract also allows the United States to purchase an additional $180 million worth of the vaccine at a later date.[112] The vaccine, JYNNEOS (also known by the brand names Imvamune and Imvanex), was approved by FDA in 2019 to prevent both smallpox and monkeypox. As of June 14, the United States had around 70,000 doses of JYNNEOS in its stockpile, and the federal government placed an order for 500,000 more on June 10, 2022. Dawn O'Connell, assistant secretary for preparedness and response at Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), said around 300,000 doses would be delivered in June-July 2022, and the remainder would be delivered later in that year.[113][114]

In addition, the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) holds over 100 million doses of an older smallpox vaccine (ACAM2000).[115]

As of June 28, the Biden administration was allocating tens of thousands of vaccine doses from the Strategic National Stockpile to clinics nation-wide.[116][117] The rollout of vaccines and testing was criticized as too slow, as well as for having similar problems to the rollout of vaccines and tests during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.[118]

The United States government's response is coordinated by the National Security Council Directorate on Global Health Security and Biodefense – more commonly known as the White House Pandemic Office – in collaboration with the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The White House Pandemic Office had previously reinstated Dr. Beth Cameron to the executive position.[119][120] The HHS is overseen by Secretary of Health and Human Services Xavier Becerra.

As of June 29, HHS has received requests from 32 states and jurisdictions, deploying over 9,000 doses of JYNNEOS vaccine and 300 courses of ST-246 (tecovirimat)[121][122] antiviral smallpox treatments.[123] The United States expanded deployment of JYNNEOS vaccines, allocating 296,000[124][125] doses over the coming weeks, 56,000 of which will be allocated immediately. Over the coming months a combined 2.5 million[126][127][110] additional doses will become available.[128]

Precautionary measures

Hospitals have begun making their own preparations to help control the current monkeypox outbreak, including screening patients, increasing decontamination and cleaning procedures,[129][130][131] and wearing appropriate safety gear[132][133] when interacting with infected patients.

See also

External links

Notes

  1. ^ This is the increase in cases over the previous day.

References

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