2022 monkeypox outbreak in Australia

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2022 monkeypox outbreak in Australia
DiseaseMonkeypox
Virus strainMonkeypox virus
(West African clade)
LocationAustralia
Index caseSydney
Arrival dateMay 20, 2022 (2022-05-20)–present (2 years, 2 months, 2 weeks and 3 days)[1]
Confirmed cases106[2]

The 2022 monkeypox outbreak in Australia is a part of the outbreak of human monkeypox caused by the West African clade of the monkeypox virus. The outbreak reached Australia on 20 May 2022.[1] By 25 August 2022 there were 106 confirmed cases.[2]

Background

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Monkeypox and 2022 monkeypox outbreak.

Monkeypox is an infectious viral disease that can occur in humans and some other animals.[3] Symptoms include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a rash that forms blisters and then crusts over.[3] The time from exposure to onset of symptoms ranges from five to twenty-one days.[4][5] The duration of symptoms is typically two to four weeks.[5] There may be mild symptoms, and it may occur without any symptoms being known.[4][6] The classic presentation of fever and muscle pains, followed by swollen glands, with lesions all at the same stage, has not been found to be common to all outbreaks.[3][7] Cases may be severe, especially in children, pregnant women or people with suppressed immune systems.[8]

The disease is caused by the monkeypox virus, a zoonotic virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus.[9] The variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is also in this genus.[10] Of the two types in humans, clade II (formerly West African clade)[11] causes a less severe disease than the Central African (Congo basin) type.[12] It may spread from infected animals by handling infected meat or via bites or scratches.[13] Human-to-human transmission can occur through exposure to infected body fluids or contaminated objects, by small droplets, and possibly through the airborne route.[3][13] People can spread the virus from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and fallen off; with some evidence of spread for more than a week after lesions have crusted.[12] Diagnosis can be confirmed by testing a lesion for the virus's DNA.[14]

There is no known cure.[15] A study in 1988 found that the smallpox vaccine was around 85% protective in preventing infection in close contacts and in lessening the severity of the disease.[16] A newer smallpox and monkeypox vaccine based on modified vaccinia Ankara has been approved, but with limited availability.[4] Other measures include regular hand washing and avoiding sick people and animals.[17] Antiviral drugs, cidofovir and tecovirimat, vaccinia immune globulin and the smallpox vaccine may be used during outbreaks.[18][19] The illness is usually mild and most of those infected will recover within a few weeks without treatment.[19] Estimates of the risk of death vary from 1% to 10%, although few deaths as a consequence of monkeypox have been recorded since 2017.[20]

An ongoing outbreak of monkeypox, a viral disease, was confirmed in May 2022.[21] The initial cluster of cases was found in the United Kingdom,[22] where the first case was detected in London on 6 May 2022[23] in a patient with a recent travel history from Nigeria (where the disease is endemic).[24] On 16 May, the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) confirmed 4 new cases with no link to travel to a country where monkeypox is endemic. All four cases appeared to have been infected in London.[25] From 18 May onwards, cases were reported from an increasing number of countries and regions, predominantly in Europe but also in North and South America, in Asia, in Africa, and in Oceania.[32] The outbreak marks the first time monkeypox has spread widely outside Central and West Africa.

On 23 July, the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO), Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).[33] As of 15 October, there had been a total of 73,087 confirmed cases in over 109 countries.[34][35]

Transmission

Stages of lesion development. Picture taken by Dr O.O. Afuye on 15 September 2019.

A large portion of those infected were believed to have not recently traveled to areas of Africa where monkeypox is normally found, such as Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo as well as central and western Africa. It is believed to be transmitted by close contact with sick people, with extra caution for those individuals with lesions on their skin or genitals, along with their bedding and clothing. The CDC has also stated that individuals should avoid contact and consumption of dead animals such as rats, squirrels, monkeys and apes along with wild game or lotions derived from animals in Africa.[36]

In addition to more common symptoms, such as fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and rashes or lesions, some patients have also experienced proctitis, an inflammation of the rectum lining. CDC has also warned clinicians to not rule out monkeypox in patients with sexually transmitted infections since there have been reports of co-infections with syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and herpes.[37]

History

The first case was detected on 20 May 2022 by a General Practioner in Sydney. The patient, a male in his 40s, had recently returned from travelling in Europe and had developed symptoms. The man was placed in isolation while testing was carried out. Shortly afterward another male, in is 30s, who had recently returned from the United Kingdom to Victoria was diagnosed with the disease.[1]

By 26 June 2022 there were six cases in New South Wales and four in Victoria.[38]

By 30 June 2022 the first case of the virus was reported in South Australia, the man tested positive after returning from overseas and was placed in isolation.[38]

Queensland reported the first case on 11 July 2022 with one person testing positive and being placed in isolation and under virtual monitoring in Brisbane.[39]

On 24 July 2022 Australia had recorded a total of 44 cases,[40] by 2 August the number of cases had increased to 53.[41]

The first case was detected in Western Australia on 4 August 2022 in a person who had travelled from overseas. The person was placed in isolation in Perth, Western Australia.[42][41]

On 5 August 2022 there had been 34 cases of monkeypox recorded in New South Wales[43] and 57 cases had been recorded nationally.[44]

By 11 August there were 70 confirmed and probable cases in Australia with 33 in New South Wales, 30 in Victoria, 2 in Queensland, 2 in Western Australia, 2 in the Australian Capital Territory and 1 in South Australia.[45]

By 18 August there were 89 confirmed cases in Australia with 40 cases in Victoria, 39 in New South Wales, 3 in Queensland, 3 in Western Australia, 2 in both South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory.[46]

There were 106 confirmed cases of monkeypox in Australia on the 25th of August with 52 recorded cases in Victoria, 43 cases in New South Wales, 4 in Western Australia, 3 in Queensland, 2 in South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory.[2]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ a b c Jolyon Attwooll (20 May 2022). "'Quite incredible': Australia's first monkeypox case spotted by GP". GP. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  2. ^ a b c "Monkeypox (MPX) health alert". Australian Government. 25 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: situation update". www.who.int. World Health Organization. 4 June 2022. Archived from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  4. ^ a b c "WHO Factsheet – Monkeypox". World Health Organization. 19 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  5. ^ a b "Signs and Symptoms Monkeypox". CDC. 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  6. ^ Sutcliffe, Catherine G.; Rimone, Anne W.; Moss, William J. (2020). "32.2. Poxviruses". In Ryan, Edward T.; Hill, David R.; Solomon, Tom; Aronson, Naomi; Endy, Timothy P. (eds.). Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases E-Book (Tenth ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 272–277. ISBN 978-0-323-55512-8.
  7. ^ Harris, Emily (27 May 2022). "What to Know About Monkeypox". JAMA. 327 (23): 2278–2279. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.9499. PMID 35622356. S2CID 249096570.
  8. ^ "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries". World Health Organization. 21 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  9. ^ Taha, M. J., Abuawwad, M. T., Alrubasy, W. A., Sameer, S. K., Alsafi, T., Al-Bustanji, Y., ... & Nashwan, A. J. Ocular manifestations of recent viral pandemics: A literature. health, 13, 14.
  10. ^ Petersen, Brett W.; Damon, Inger K. (2020). "348. Smallpox, monkeypox and other poxvirus infections". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 2180–2183. ISBN 978-0-323-53266-2.
  11. ^ "Monkeypox: experts give virus variants new names". World Health Organization. 2022-08-12.
  12. ^ a b Adler, Hugh; Gould, Susan; Hine, Paul; Snell, Luke B.; Wong, Waison; Houlihan, Catherine F.; et al. (24 May 2022). "Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 22 (8): S1473–3099(22)00228–6. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00228-6. PMC 9300470. PMID 35623380. S2CID 249057804.
  13. ^ a b "Transmission Monkeypox". CDC. 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  14. ^ "2003 U.S. Outbreak Monkeypox". CDC. 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
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  16. ^ Fine, P. E.; Jezek, Z.; Grab, B.; Dixon, H. (September 1988). "The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations". International Journal of Epidemiology. 17 (3): 643–650. doi:10.1093/ije/17.3.643. ISSN 0300-5771. PMID 2850277.
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  18. ^ "Interim Clinical Guidance for the Treatment of Monkeypox | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  19. ^ a b "Monkeypox". GOV.UK. 24 May 2022. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  20. ^ "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries: Update". www.who.int. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
  21. ^ "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries". World Health Organization. 21 May 2022. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  22. ^ "So, Have You Heard About Monkeypox?". The Atlantic. 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  23. ^ "Monkeypox cases confirmed in England – latest updates". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2022-09-25.
  24. ^ "Monkeypox – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". World Health Organization. 16 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  25. ^ "Monkeypox cases confirmed in England – latest updates". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2022-09-25.
  26. ^ "Viruela del mono: confirmaron el primer caso del virus en el país" (in Spanish). 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  27. ^ "UAE reports first case of monkeypox in the country". Al Arabiya. 24 May 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  28. ^ Efrati, Ido. "Israel Confirms First Case of Monkeypox Virus". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
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  31. ^ "5 cases of monkeypox confirmed in Ghana". MyJoyOnline.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  32. ^ [26][27][28][29][30][31]
  33. ^ "WHO Director-General declares the ongoing monkeypox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern". World Health Organization (WHO). 2022-07-23. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  34. ^ "Monkeypox Data Explorer". OurWorldInData. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  35. ^ Kozlov, Max (25 July 2022). "Monkeypox declared a global emergency: will it help contain the outbreak?". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-02054-7. PMID 35879614. S2CID 251067503.
  36. ^ Vargas, Ramon Antonio (2022-06-07). "US raises monkeypox alert level but says risk to public remains low". the Guardian. Retrieved 2022-06-09.
  37. ^ "Monkeypox update: Where the outbreak stands now".
  38. ^ a b Stacey Testrin (30 June 2022). "South Australia records first case of monkeypox in man who had travelled overseas". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  39. ^ Elain Ford (11 July 2022). "First monkeypox case detected in Queensland". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  40. ^ "Government 'recognises concern' over monkeypox with 44 cases recorded – as it happened". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. 24 July 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  41. ^ a b "Western Australia records first case of monkeypox". 9News. Nine.com.au. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  42. ^ Grace Burmas (7 August 2022). "Western Australia records first monkeypox case in returned overseas traveller". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  43. ^ "Monkeypox". Fact Sheet. New South Wales Health. 5 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  44. ^ "Monkeypox (MPX) health alert". Australian Government. 5 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  45. ^ "Monkeypox (MPX) health alert". Australian Government. 11 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  46. ^ "Monkeypox (MPX) health alert". Australian Government. 18 August 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.

External links

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