Muslim Romani people

From Justapedia, unleashing the power of collective wisdom
(Redirected from Xoraxane)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Part of a series on
Romani people
Flag of the Romani people
Romani people by sub-group
Romani diaspora by country
Costume of a Romani woman (most likely Muslim Roma)
Muslim Roma in Bosnia (around 1900)

Xoraxane Roma in Balkan Romani language, are Non Vlax Romani people, who adopted Sunni Islam of Hanafi madhab at the time of the Ottoman Empire.[1] Some of them are Derviş of Sufism belief, and the biggest Tariqa of Jerrahi is located at the largest Arlije and Gurbeti Muslim Roma settlement in Europe in Šuto Orizari, locally called Shutka in North Macedonia have there own Romani Imam[2]and the Muslim Roma in Šuto Orizari use the Quran in Balkan Romani language.[3] Many Romanlar in Turkey, are members of the Hindiler Tekkesi a Qadiriyya-Tariqa, founded in 1738 by the Indian Muslim Sheykh Seyfullah Efendi El Hindi in Selamsız.[4]

Muslim Roma practice religious male circumcision-Ceremony (Bijav Suneti) with great pomp and festivities, [5] the boys are mostly circumcised at the age of five, because the number 5 (panč) is a sacred symbol among the Romani people. It is a custom among Muslim Roma that the Foreskin must be buried.[6] They believe the foreskin will come back to Men in Paradise (Jannah), based on a Hadith from Sahih al-Bukhari 6524: The Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam) said: "You will be raised on the Day of Judgement barefooted, naked, and uncircumicized (with foreskin)", burying the foreskin is also a Tradition by South Asian Muslims.[7] During the ceremony, the childs hand and feet is held by his Kirvo (godfather). A Kirvo pays the cost of the circumcision ceremony.[8] The Tradition of a Kirve who is similar to a Sandek, is also practised in Alevism and Yazidism in Turkey.[9] Islam among Roma is historically associated with life of Roma within the Ottoman Empire, because Muslim Roma were preferred in the Ottoman Empire and was settled in the Balkans and Rumelia, taken from Anatolia Eyalet and Egypt Eyalet. But Muslim Roma paid also a Jizya in the first centurys of the Ottoman Empire, an exception were the Muslim Roma in Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina, who were exempt from taxes by the order of Selim II. After the Edict of Gülhane all Muslim Roma were freed to paid the Taxation in the Ottoman Empire and became fully accepted Muslims.[10] The Turkish Historian Reşat Ekrem Koçu, explained that a Group of Lom people who lived in Istanbul convert closed to Islam in the 19th century.[11] Correspondingly, significant cultural minorities of Muslim Roma are found in Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Montenegro, Kosovo, Republic of North Macedonia, Bulgaria, (by mid-1990s estimates, Muslim Roma in constituted about 40% of Roma in Bulgaria.[12]), (a very small group of Muslim Roma exists in the Dobruja and Wallachia region of Romania, comprising 1% of the country's Muslim Romani population[13]),[14] Croatia (45% of the country's Romani population, who came from Bosnia[15]), Southern Russia, Greece (a small part of Muslim Roma concentrated in Western Thrace), Northern Cyprus, Southern Serbia (geographical region) and Crimea. The majority of Muslim Roma in the former Yugoslavia speak Balkan Romani and South Slavic languages, while many speak only the language from the host country's like the Albanized Muslim Roma Groups from Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro and North Macedonia, speak only the Albanian language and be called Khorakhan Shiptari, they are fully adopted the Albanian culture,[16] other created an own identity like Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians, and some deny there Romani Background, especially in Kosovo and claimed to be Albanians or Turks.[17][18] Turkish language is used by the Turkish Roma, only a view speak Kurbetcha , Rumelian Romani or Sepečides Romani. Some Muslim Roma also used the word Gypsy for themselves because they did not perceive it as a derogatory term. Muslim Roma culture is based on the Islamic culture. Under Ottoman Rule, the Christian and Muslim Roma were separated, by the order of Suleiman the Magnificent. Muslim Roma were forbidden to marry Christian Roma and live together or to made business. Muslim Roma Men served in the Military of the Ottoman Empire, especially in the Ottoman military band[19] Significant differences between the Muslim and Christian Roma emerged through the centuries. Orthodox Christian Vlax Romani see themself as the čáče Roma (true Roma) and do not consider Muslim Roma to be part of the Romani society and call them Turks (term for Muslims) and explain they "slice the foreskins from their members". The Muslim Roma, however, see the Christian Roma as foreign and call them Dasikane (Servant, slaves). Also the phrase Amare Roma (Our Roma) and Cudza Roma (foreign Roma) is used vice versa. There is a huge cultural gap between the two religious groups.[20]

Genetic

Xoraxane Roma are of very mixed Ancestry. While the Early Romani people traces back to the Indian Subcontinent, especially from Rohri in the Sukkur District of Sindh[21][22] also Gene flow from the Ottoman Turks spilled over and established a higher frequency of the Y-haplogroups J and E3b in Balkan Roma Groups.[23] The Greek Doctor A. G. Paspati made the statemant in his Book, that Turks married often Roma Woman,[24] as example are the Basketmaker (Sepetçi) Sepečides Romani who is of Turkish/Greeks mixed Ancestry.[25] Greeks and South Slavs DNA influenced also the Balkans Roma.[26] In Bulgaria, Muslim Roma woman married sometimes with Muslim Men of Non-Romani Background, while Muslim Roma Men intermarried more with Bulgarian then Balkan Turkish Woman.[27] In the other case, Muslim Turkish Romani Men from Bulgaria who went as Workers to Poland married often Polish Woman.[28] Another genetic study shows that Balkans Roma are related to the Changar tribe from Pakistan of Punjab[29] Also, the genetics of Peoples of the Caucasus influenced the Genetic impact of Balkans Roma people.[30] Some Xoraxane Roma must have Dom people Ancestry too, because in Evliya Çelebi's Seyahatname of 1668, he explained that the Gypsy's from Komotini (Gümülcine) swear by their heads, their ancestors came from Egypt.[31] Also the sedentary Gypsys groups from Serres region in Greece, believe their ancestors were once taken from Egypt Eyalet by the Ottomans after 1517 to Rumelia, to work on the tobacco plantations of Turkish feudals there.[32] Interestingly, the Ghagar a subgroup of the Doms in Egypt, tell that some of them went in the past to Ottoman Hungary.[33] This statement is supported by the fact that Muslim Gypsys settled in Baranya and the City Pécs at the Ottoman Hungary. After the Siege of Pécs when Habsburg take Hungary, Muslim Roma and other Muslims from Pécs was forced convert to the Catholic fait in the years 1686 -1713, or left the Country.[34] The Muslim Turkish Romani in the Dobruja are of very mixed Ancestry, like former Christian Orthodox Roma who convert to Islam and Muslim Roma who came from the whole Ottoman Empire, intermingled with Turks and other Muslims like Crimean Tatars, Persian, Kurds, Fellachs and Albanians[35] who was settled in Ottoman Dobruja.[36]

While the main Romani Y-Haplogroups are H1a1a (H-M82)[37]J2a2 (M67) and E1b1b1a (E-V68), there are also several other Haplogroups, only a view of Romani Men share the R1a1 Haplogroup,[38] who shows a clear similarity to Indian Brahmin Y-DNA who is R1a1 too.[39][40] and some share also R1b1 Haplogroup.[41]

Settlings

After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Muslim Roma have found themselves under double discrimination in regions where Islam was a minority religion, experiencing both Antiziganism and anti-Muslim sentiment.[42]

At the Greek War of Independence, Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and Balkan Wars (1912–1913), Muslim Roma flee together with other different Muslim Groups to Istanbul and East Thrace, as Muhacir.[43]

At the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey, Muslim Turkish Roma from Greece have also been resettled in Turkey. In Turkish, they are called Mübadil Romanlar.[44][45][46][47][48]

In 1950–1951 Muslim Turkish Roma from Bulgaria came to Turkey and settled in Çanakkale and surroundings.[49]

From 1953 -1968, Muslim Turkish Roma and Turks from Yugoslavia emigrated to Turkey,[50][51]

Because of the relative ease of migration in modern times, Muslim Roma may be found in other parts of the world as well. Turkish Roma from Turkey and also other Muslim Roma from ex-Yugoslavia, came to West Europe as Gastarbeiter, but seen by the Host population as Turks or Yugoslavs.[52] Muslim Roma from Bosnia and Kosovo went at the time of the Yugoslav Wars to Italy, and live especially in Florence.[53] Xoraxane (Muslim Roma) from former Yugoslavia went to USA, settled mostly in New York,[54][55] and South America.[56] Since 2007, Turkish Roma from Bulgaria went as workers to West Europe[57]

Horahane term

Horahane Roma' (also spelled as Khorakhane, Xoraxane, Kharokane, Xoraxai, etc.) is a Religionym and confessionym and means Turks (term for Muslims) and are colloquially referred to as, Lovers of the Koran. They are several Groups of Horahane Roma, named after their old traditional professional activities, also divived in sedentary and nomadic groups.[58]

Dress

Muslim Roma women wear beautiful silk Dimije also known as Turkish salvar, at weddings, circumcision ceremonies, and other festivals. Even on weekdays, quite a few older women, but also some younger women, wear the şalvar.

Dance and music

Belly dance and Romano Hora (dance), Roman Havaları 8/9 tact, Zurna, Davul, Clarinet are performed. In the Ottoman Empire, especially young handsome Romani Guys was taken as Köçek-Dancers while young Romani female-dancers was named Çengi[59]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Xoraxane Roma".
  2. ^ "Society: Macedonia's Romani Imam". Transitions Online (6/08). 2010.
  3. ^ "Quran Collection: The Noble Quran in Romani Language – (Juzz Amma) -... | Romani language, Noble quran, Romani".
  4. ^ https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/bitstream/handle/20.500.12812/209305/yokAcikBilim_10317583.pdf?sequence=-1&isAllowed=y[dead link]
  5. ^ "ROMANINET- A MULTIMEDIA ROMANI COURSE FOR PROMOTING LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY AND IMPROVING SOCIAL DIALOGUE : REPORT ON ROMA PEOPLE" (PDF). Romaninet.com. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  6. ^ https://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol80/novik.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  7. ^ "School holidays in Malaysia, time for circumcision". Reuters. 23 November 2009.
  8. ^ "Historic tradition of circumcision". Daily Sabah. 28 July 2017.
  9. ^ "KIRVELIK TRADITION IN DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS GROUPS: A RESEARCH ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF RITUAL KINSHIP".
  10. ^ Marushiakova, Elena. "Roma Muslims in the Balkans".
  11. ^ "THE GYPSIES OF ISTANBUL | History of Istanbul".
  12. ^ Gerd Nonneman, Tim Niblock, Bogdan Szajkowski (Eds.) (1996) "Muslim Communities in the New Europe", ISBN 0-86372-192-3
  13. ^ Ana Oprişan, George Grigore, "The Muslim Gypsies in Romania" Archived 5 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, in International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM) Newsletter 8, September 2001, p.32; retrieved 2 June 2007
  14. ^ Rotaru, Julieta (1 January 2021). "CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE 'TURKISH GYPSIES' AS CRYPTO-MUSLIMS IN WALLACHIA". History and Culture of Roma. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. Dr. Vesselin Popov. ISBN/GTIN 978-3-96939-071-9. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  15. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^ "The identity of a Gypsy community".
  17. ^ Trubeta, Sevasti (2005). "Balkan Egyptians and Gypsy/Roma Discourse". Nationalities Papers. 33: 71–95. doi:10.1080/00905990500053788. S2CID 155028453 – via ResearchGate.
  18. ^ Govers, C.; Vermeulen, H. (30 April 2016). The Politics of Ethnic Consciousness. ISBN 9781349646739.
  19. ^ "Ottoman Empire : Historical Sources about the "Gypsies" in the Empire". Rm.coe.int. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  20. ^ "ROMA GROUPS | Център за междуетнически диалог и толерантност АМАЛИПЕ". Amalipe.bg. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  21. ^ "HYDERABAD: Gypsies hail from Sindh, claims Dr Kazi". 25 September 2006.
  22. ^ Melegh, Bela I.; Banfai, Zsolt; Hadzsiev, Kinga; Miseta, Attila; Melegh, Bela (2017). "Refining the South Asian Origin of the Romani people". BMC Genetics. 18 (1): 82. doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0547-x. PMC 5580230. PMID 28859608 – via ResearchGate.
  23. ^ Bánfai, Zsolt; Melegh, Béla I.; Sümegi, Katalin; Hadzsiev, Kinga; Miseta, Attila; Kásler, Miklós; Melegh, Béla (13 June 2019). "Revealing the Genetic Impact of the Ottoman Occupation on Ethnic Groups of East-Central Europe and on the Roma Population of the Area". Frontiers in Genetics. 10: 558. doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00558. PMC 6585392. PMID 31263480.
  24. ^ Paspati, A. G.; Hamlin, C. (1860). "Memoir on the Language of the Gypsies, as Now Used in the Turkish Empire". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 7: 143–270. doi:10.2307/592158. JSTOR 592158.
  25. ^ http://rombase.uni-graz.at/cd/data/ethn/groupsat/data/sepecides.en.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  26. ^ Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Mendizabal, Isabel; Harmant, Christine; De Pablo, Rosario; Ioana, Mihai; Angelicheva, Dora; Kouvatsi, Anastasia; Makukh, Halyna; Netea, Mihai G.; Pamjav, Horolma; Zalán, Andrea; Tournev, Ivailo; Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Kalaydjieva, Luba; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Comas, David (2016). "Origins, admixture and founder lineages in European Roma". European Journal of Human Genetics. 24 (6): 937–943. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2015.201. PMC 4867443. PMID 26374132 – via ResearchGate.
  27. ^ "Refworld | Bulgaria: Frequency of intermarriage between Roma and non-Romani Bulgarians; whether it is more common for a Romani man to marry outside the Romani community than it is for a Romani woman (1999 – March 2005)".
  28. ^ "Turkish Roma from Bulgaria and their Migration to Poland by ERSTE Foundation – Issuu".
  29. ^ Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Lazim, Hayder; Nazir, Shahid; Al-Qahtani, Wedad Saeed; Abdullah Alwaili, Maha; Hadi, Sibte; Wang, Chuan-Chao (2022). "Are Roma People Descended from the Punjab Region of Pakistan: A Y-Chromosomal Perspective" (PDF). Genes. 13 (3): 532. doi:10.3390/genes13030532. PMC 8951058. PMID 35328085.
  30. ^ Bánfai, Zsolt; Ádám, Valerián; Pöstyéni, Etelka; Büki, Gergely; Czakó, Márta; Miseta, Attila; Melegh, Béla (2018). "Revealing the impact of the Caucasus region on the genetic legacy of Romani people from genome-wide data". PLOS ONE. 13 (9): e0202890. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1302890B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202890. PMC 6130880. PMID 30199533 – via ResearchGate.
  31. ^ "The Earliest Text in Balkan (Rumelian) Romani : A Passage from Evliya Çelebi's Seyah¢a@t na@meh (written with Robert Dankoff)" (PDF). Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society. 1 (1): 1–20. 1991. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  32. ^ Zachos, Dimitrios (2011). "Sedentary Roma (Gypsies): The case of Serres (Greece)". Romani Studies. 21: 23–56. doi:10.3828/rs.2011.2. S2CID 144321480 – via ResearchGate.
  33. ^ </Prefix> Newbold, <Prefix>Capt (1856). "The Gypsies of Egypt". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 16: 285–312. JSTOR 25228684.
  34. ^ Gattermann, Claus Heinrich (2005). Die Baranya in den Jahren 1686 bis 1713: Kontinuität und Wandel in einem ungarischen Komitat nach dem Abzug der Türken (in German). Universitätsverlag Göttingen. ISBN 978-3-938616-32-1.
  35. ^ Grigore, George. "George Grigore. "Muslims in Romania", ISIM Newsletter (International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World) no. 3, Leiden. 1999: 34".
  36. ^ Popescu, Anca. "Ottoman Dobrudja".
  37. ^ Rai, Niraj; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Tamang, Rakesh; Pathak, Ajai Kumar; Singh, Vipin Kumar; Karmin, Monika; Singh, Manvendra; Rani, Deepa Selvi; Anugula, Sharath; Yadav, Brijesh Kumar; Singh, Ashish; Srinivasagan, Ramkumar; Yadav, Anita; Kashyap, Manju; Narvariya, Sapna; Reddy, Alla G.; Van Driem, George; Underhill, Peter A.; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (2012). "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e48477. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...748477R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048477. PMC 3509117. PMID 23209554 – via ResearchGate.
  38. ^ Pamjav, Horolma; Zalán, Andrea; Béres, Judit; Nagy, Melinda; Chang, Yuet Meng (2011). "Genetic structure of the paternal lineage of the Roma People". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 145 (1): 21–29. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21454. PMID 21484758 – via ResearchGate.
  39. ^ Sharma, Swarkar; Rai, Ekta; Sharma, Prithviraj; Jena, Mamata; Singh, Shweta; Darvishi, Katayoon; Bhat, Audesh K.; Bhanwer, A J S.; Tiwari, Pramod Kumar; Bamezai, Rameshwar N K. (2009). "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system". Journal of Human Genetics. 54 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2. PMID 19158816. S2CID 22162114.
  40. ^ "Pangloss Collection | Romani (Xoraxane, Southern Vlax, Greece) corpus".
  41. ^ Zalán, Andrea; Béres, Judit; Pamjav, Horolma (2011). "Paternal genetic history of the Vlax Roma". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 5 (2): 109–113. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.08.017. PMID 20869937 – via ResearchGate.
  42. ^ Peter G. Danchin, Elizabeth A. Cole (Eds.) (2002) "Protecting the Human Rights of Religious Minorities in Eastern Europe", ISBN 0-231-12475-9
  43. ^ "Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans". Ieg-ego.eu.
  44. ^ Zeynep BİLGEHAN. "Mübadil Romanların az bilinen hikâyesi". Hurriyet.com.tr.
  45. ^ "Unutulan Mübadil Romanlar: 'Toprağın kovduğu insanlar'". Kronos34.news. 7 February 2021.
  46. ^ "GEÇMİŞİN AYNASINDA LOZAN ÇİNGENELERİ: GÖÇ, HATIRA VE DENEYİMLER" (PDF). Sdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  47. ^ "Sepečides Romani-Project : History" (PDF). Rombase.uni-graz.at. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  48. ^ Yilgür, Egemen (December 2015). "Ethnicity, class and politicisation: Immigrant Roma tobacco workers in Turkey". Romani Studies. 25 (2): 167–196. doi:10.3828/rs.2015.7. S2CID 146293564.
  49. ^ Mithat ATABAY. "Çingene Sorunu ve 1950–1951 Yıllarında Bulgaristan'dan Çanakkale'ye Göçler" (PDF). Acarindex.com. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  50. ^ Nikolina Rajkovic. "The Post-Second World War Immigration of the Yugoslav Muslims to Turkey (1953–1968)" (PDF). Etd.ceu.edu. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  51. ^ Pezo, Edvin (2018). "Emigration and Policy in Yugoslavia: Dynamics and Constraints within the Process of Muslim Emigration to Turkey during the 1950s". European History Quarterly. 48 (2): 283–313. doi:10.1177/0265691418757391. S2CID 149846476.
  52. ^ "Arlije [Rombase]".
  53. ^ Speziale, Fabrizio (December 2005). "Adapting Mystic Identity to Italian Mainstream Islam: The Case of a Muslim Rom Community in Florence". Balkanologie. Revue d'Études Pluridisciplinaires. 9 (1–2). doi:10.4000/balkanologie.589.
  54. ^ Weyrauch, Walter O. (12 September 2001). Gypsy Law: Romani Legal Traditions and Culture. ISBN 9780520924277.
  55. ^ "Xoraxane Roma".
  56. ^ "Xoraxane Roma".
  57. ^ Kyuchukov, Hristo (27 December 2019). "Turkish, Bulgarian and German Language Mixing Among Bulgarian Muslim Roma in Germany". East European Journal of Psycholinguistics. 6 (2): 50–57. doi:10.29038/eejpl.2019.6.2.kyu. S2CID 241338430 – via ResearchGate.
  58. ^ "Roma – Sub Ethnic Groups". Rombase.uni-graz.at.
  59. ^ Besiroglu, Sehvar. "Music, Identity, Gender: Çengi̇s, Köçeks, Çöçeks".

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://justapedia.org/index.php?title=Muslim_Romani_people&oldid=1116409785"