Sepečides Romani

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Sepečides Romani (also known as Sepeči)[1] is the once more widely spoken Romani dialect of the traditionally basketweaving Turkish Roma, originally from Thessaloniki (regional unit), in Greece. Their Ancestors live there as Nomads during the Ottoman Empire until the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey,[2][3] The dialect has many Greek and Turkish loanwords.[4] It belongs to the Southern Balkan group of Romani language dialects.[5] The Sepečides settled in Mersin and Adana, where there are still settlements of at least several hundred speakers,[5] although the RomArchive claims the language is practically extinct.[6] The loanword verb markers in Romani "are often Greek derived markers, maintained even when contact with Greek has ceased."[7] Linguist Petra Cech published a monograph codifying this dialect in 1996.[8] Many of the Sepečides from Greece live in Izmir, where their descendants speak only Turkish.[9] The Sepečides dialect is considered to be non-Vlach.[10]

Origin

The Sepetçileri (meaning basket-makers, plural of Sepečides) originate from Sulukule, especially to Rumelia.[11]

The Izmirli Sepečides Roma people, also known as Sevlengere Roma, are of Greeks/Turkish origin.[10] High Ottoman Turks and European Muslims Gene flow influence spilled over into the Balkans Muslim Roma groups during the period of the Ottoman Empire[12] while the genetic reserch clearly shows that the Early Romani originated in the Indian subcontinent.[13] Up until about 1920 the traditional profession of these Roma people was the making and selling of baskets. According to the Rombase of the University of Graz, "they all spoke Greek, some of them also Turkish, fluently."[14][15] The Sevlengere Roma people lived in communities in Greece (primarily in the Chalkidike peninsula) and later lived in Turkey. They share a variation of Balkan Romani.[16]

During the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, The majority of the Muslim Sepetcides went to Turkey, view of them who adapted to the Orthodox religion stayed in Greece. Many of the families that left Saloniki but remained in Greece settled in the Volos area and are became Greek-orthodox. The children of these families speak Romani as their first language, followed by Greek. The others who were more inclined towards Turkish and Muslim religion was expelled to Turkey and today speak only Turkish as their mother tongue.[10] Some of the old settlements where they lived once, include Tralangere (Trala, a village near Saloniki) and Kardičakere (also known as Karditsa, in northern Greece). In 1920, migrants wishing to avoid the Greco-Turkish war presented themselves as either Greeks or Turks and alternated between using two flags to identify themselves.[5]

Turkey

In Menemen, some Sepečides still make baskets.[17] In Anamur[18] and Kozan, Adana[19] the descendants of the Sepečides also weave baskets. In Edremit the Basketmaking is practised too.[20] Also in Düzce, Basketweaving, the professional job of there Ancestors is still done.[21] A group of Sepetçiler still practicing their traditional craft[22] settled in East Thrace and Evreşe in Gelibolu after 1923, when the Muslims was expelled by the Greek.[23] The Basketmaker Association was established in Vize in 2014.[24] In Keşan, a special cooperative was established by Sepetçi women.[25] In Efeler, the Sepetçiler who came from the Black Sea region make baskets from the Babylon willow tree. Every year they hold the Sepetçi Bayram (Basketmaker Festival).[26] Some descendants of the former Sepetçi in Istanbul became flower sellers[27] or musicians.[28] A group of Sepetçiler settled in the 1950s in Söke where they still weave baskets.[29] Some words and phrases from the old Sepečides dialect survived, but their main language is Turkish.[30] Although the same profession, the Sepedji (basket makers) in Shumen speak a different dialect which is not related to the Sepecides language from Greece and Turkey.[31]

Greece

The Sepečides Romani who converted to the Greek-orthodox faith and remained in Greece after 1923 moved south to settle in Volos.[32] Their families primarily speak a Greek dialect with some Turkish words. These Romani tend to call themselves Sevlengere Roma (meaning ("basket(weaving) Roma").[10] The younger generation's first language is Romani, followed by Greek.[10] The Sevlengere on the island of Skyros are also the descendants of the Muslim Roma who stayed and converted.[15] Some of the Orthodox Sevlengere settled in Volax.[33] The Sepečides who remained in Greece at Volos took up the additional profession of carpet trade, unlike their Roma relatives in Izmir.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Romani Dialect Sampler". Romani Humanities,Manchester UK. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  2. ^ "Basket Weavers [Rombase]".
  3. ^ "Cerhara / Čergarja".
  4. ^ Cech, Petra; Heinschink, Mozes F. (1996). Sepecides- romani. LINCOM Europa. ISBN 9783895860362. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  5. ^ a b c "ROMLEX: Romani Dialects". Romani.uni-graz.at. Archived from the original on 2021-11-28. Retrieved 2021-11-28.
  6. ^ "Sepečides / Sevlengere Roma". Romarchive.eu. Archived from the original on 2021-11-21. Retrieved 2021-11-28.
  7. ^ Adamou, Evangelia (April 2010). "Bilingual speech and language ecology in Greek Thrace: Romani and Pomak in contact with Turkish". Language in Society. 39 (2): 147–171. doi:10.1017/S0047404510000035. JSTOR 40606075. S2CID 145108822. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  8. ^ "Petra Cech". Romarchive.eu. Archived from the original on 2021-11-28. Retrieved 2021-11-28.
  9. ^ "Geschichte" (PDF). Rombase.uni-graz.at. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d e f "Sepečides" (PDF). Rombase.uni-graz.at. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  11. ^ "SAVAŞ AY - Sulukule'nin iki yüzü". Takvim.com.tr. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  12. ^ Bánfai, Zsolt; Melegh, Béla I.; Sümegi, Katalin; Hadzsiev, Kinga; Miseta, Attila; Kásler, Miklós; Melegh, Béla (13 June 2019). "Revealing the Genetic Impact of the Ottoman Occupation on Ethnic Groups of East-Central Europe and on the Roma Population of the Area". Frontiers in Genetics. 10: 558. doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00558. PMC 6585392. PMID 31263480.
  13. ^ Nelson, Dean (3 December 2012). "European Roma descended from Indian 'untouchables', genetic study shows". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  14. ^ "Basket Weavers [Rombase]". Rombase.uni-graz.at. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  15. ^ a b "From Hand to Hand – Stories about craftsmansship in Greece today". From-hand-to-hand.org. 20 December 2016. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  16. ^ "Sepečides / Sevlengere Roma". Romarchive.eu. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  17. ^ "Menemen'de Tarihten Bir Yaprak Menemen'de Kelterci-Sepetçinin Keyfi Kaçtı". Menmeninsesi.com.tr. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  18. ^ "GÜNÜN ZORU: Kamıştan sepet yapan Roman kadınların elleri". Ekmekvegul.net. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  19. ^ "Adana'da Romanların sepetleri ekonomiye kazandırıldı". Ensonhaber.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  20. ^ "Edremit'te sepetçilik yeniden canlanıyor".
  21. ^ "Baba mesleği sepetçiliği yaşatmaya çalışıyor".
  22. ^ "Sepetçiler ata mesleğini devam ettirme çabasında". Aa.com.tr. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  23. ^ "Vertreibung und Abwanderung der Muslime vom Balkan". Ieg-ego.eu. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  24. ^ "Vize'de Sepetçi Romanları Derneği açılışına ilgi - Günün Önemli Gelişmeleri, Son Dakika Haberler". Ogunhaber.com (in Turkish). 2014-03-10. Archived from the original on 2021-11-22. Retrieved 2021-11-28.
  25. ^ "Keşan Sepetçi Kadın Girişimi Üretim ve İşletme Kooperatifi ile ilgili tüm haberleri ve son dakika gelişmeleri". Edirnesonhaber.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  26. ^ https://www.mynet.com/galeri/sogut-dallari-yesillendi-sepetci-romanlar-bayram-yapti-180101797585/1/[dead link]
  27. ^ Özateşler, Gül (2014). "Gypsies in the economy of Turkey: A focus on Gypsy flower sellers in two central districts of İstanbul". New Perspectives on Turkey. 51: 123–146. doi:10.1017/S0896634600006749. S2CID 148240895.
  28. ^ "Clarinet Genius Cüneyt Sepetçi: From Weddings to World Music". Renk-magazin.de. 23 October 2019. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022.
  29. ^ Polat, Ceren (May 2021). "'Sepetçi romanlarının' sosyo-kültürel yapıları üzerine sosyolojik bir araştırma: Söke örneği".
  30. ^ "'SEPETÇĠ ROMANLARININ' SOSYO-KÜLTÜREL YAPILARI ÜZERĠNE SOSYOLOJĠK BĠR ARAġTIRMA: SÖKE ÖRNEĞĠ" (PDF). Acikerisim.pau.edu.tr. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  31. ^ "Sepedji".
  32. ^ "Roma traditional craft: basket weaving — Правозахисний фонд "Розвиток"". Rozvitok.org. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  33. ^ "The Lost Art of Traditional Basket Weaving in Greece". Greekreporter.com. 24 April 2021. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
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