List of African animals extinct in the Holocene

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Map of Africa

This list of African animals extinct in the Holocene features animals known to have become extinct in the last 12,000 years on the African continent and its islands, such as Madagascar, the Mascarenes, Seychelles, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Cape Verde, Madeira, and the Canary Islands.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals

Undated

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Kenya oribi
Ourebia ourebi kenyae 		Mount Kenya[1]

Prehistoric

Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Archaeoindris fontoynontii 412-199 BCE[2] Central Madagascar Archaeoindris fontoynonti.jpg
Archaeolemur majori 650-780[2] Madagascar Archaeolemur majori skulls.JPG
Archaeolemur edwardsii 1047-1280[2] Central Madagascar Archaeolemur edwardsi.jpg
Bond's springbok
Antidorcas bondi 		5740-5500 BCE[3] Southern Africa
Babakotia radofilai 3340-2890 BCE[2] Northern coast of Madagascar Babakotia radofilai.jpg
North African aurochs
Bos primigenius africanus 		c. 4000 BCE[3] North Africa Fondazione Passaré V3 137.jpg
Tenerife giant rat
Canariomys bravoi 		1100-1300[4] Tenerife, Canary Islands Canariomys bravoi.jpg
Gran Canaria giant rat
Canariomys tamarani 		130 BCE[5] Gran Canaria, Canary Islands Canariomys tamarani fossils.JPG
Balsam shrew
Crocidura balsamifera 		821-171 BCE[6] Nile gallery forests, Egypt
Giant fossa
Cryptoprocta spelea 		210[7] Madagascar Fossa de les cavernes.png
Giant aye-aye
Daubentonia robusta 		900-1150[8] Southern Madagascar
Atlas wild ass
Equus africanus atlanticus 		c. 300[9] North Africa Tunisia-3400 - Tigers attack (7847192876).jpg
North African horse
Equus algericus 		c. 4000 BCE[3] North Africa Wadi Mathandous, Felsgravur Pferd.jpg
Giant Cape zebra
Equus capensis 		8340-3950 BCE[3] Southern Africa Equus capensis.jpg
North African zebra
Equus mauritanicus 		4855-4733 BCE[3] Maghreb Equus mauritanicus.JPG
Hadropithecus stenognathus 535-876[8] Central and southern Madagascar Hadropithecus stenognathus.jpg
Malagasy dwarf hippopotamus
Hippopotamus lemerlei 		670-836[8][10] Southwestern Madagascar Hippo1 final.jpg
Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus
Hippopotamus madagascariensis 		687-880[8][10] Northwestern and central Madagascar Malagasy Hippopotamus.jpg
Hipposideros besaoka 8050 BCE or less[11] Northern coast of Madagascar Hipposideros besaoka upper mandible.svg
Southern Malagasy giant rat
Hypogeomys australis 		428-618[2] Central and southern Madagascar File:Hypogeomys australis mandible lingual.png
North African elephant
Loxodonta africana pharaoensis 		370[12] Northwest Africa Thyout.Eléphant.33.jpg
Makapania
(or related genus) 		5483-5221 BCE[3] South Africa mountains Makapania broomi 2.jpg
Lava mouse
Malpaisomys insularis 		1270[13] Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands Malpaisomys restoration.jpg
North African giant deer
Megaceroides algericus 		4691-4059 BCE[14] Northern Maghreb Megaceroides-algericus-lateral.svg
Megaladapis edwardsi 1300-1430[8] Madagascar Megaladapis.jpg
Megaladapis grandidieri 980-1170[8] Madagascar Megaladapis grandidieri.jpg
Megaladapis madagascariensis 1206-1427[15] Madagascar Megaladaspis madagascariensis.jpg
Giant hartebeest
Megalotragus priscus 		6130-3950 BCE[3] Southern and possibly eastern Africa Megalotragus skull.jpg
Mesopropithecus globiceps 245-429[2] Southwestern Madagascar Mesopropithecus globiceps skull 001.jpg
Mesopropithecus pithecoides 600-765[15] Central Madagascar
MacPhee's shrew tenrec
Microgale macpheei 		790-410 BCE[16] Southeastern Madagascar
Giant ruffed lemur
Pachylemur insignis 		890-990[15] Southwestern Madagascar Pachylemur insignis.jpg
Malagasy aardvark
Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis 		865-965[17] Central and southern Madagascar Plesiorycteropus madagascarensis.JPG
Giant African buffalo
Syncerus antiquus 		3060-2470 BCE[6] Africa and the Arabian Peninsula Pelorovis antiquus rock art.jpg

Recent

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Bubal hartebeest
Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus 		1925[18] North Africa and southern Levant[19] Bubalhartebeest-londonzoo.jpg
Southern black rhinoceros
Diceros bicornis bicornis 		c. 1850[20] Southwestern Africa Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Suppl., Plate CCCXVII.I) (7257712956).jpg
Western black rhinoceros
Diceros bicornis longipes 		2006[21] Burkina Faso to South Sudan Diceros bicornis longipes.jpg
Quagga
Equus quagga quagga 		1883[22] Cape Province, South Africa Quagga photo.jpg
Hippopotamus laloumena 1670-1950[2] Eastern Madagascar
Bluebuck
Hippotragus leucophaeus 		1799-1800[23] Overberg, South Africa Le Vaillant blue buck.jpg
Robert's lechwe
Kobus leche robertsi 		1980-1985[24] Luongo and Kalungwishi drainage systems, Luapula, Zambia
Large sloth lemur
Palaeopropithecus ingens 		1320-1630[8] Southwestern Madagascar Palaeopropithecus ingens.jpg
Barbary lion
Panthera leo leo 		1943[25] North Africa Barbary lion.jpg
Cape lion
Panthera leo melanochaita 		1865[25] Cape Province, South Africa Rembrandt-A-Lion-Lying-Down-207063 detail.jpg
Zanzibar leopard
Panthera pardus adersi 		1986[25] Unguja, Tanzania Zanzibar Leopard 2.JPG
Barbary leopard
Panthera pardus panthera 		1996[25] Atlas Mountains Leopard - Institut scientifique de Rabat - Morocco.jpg
Cape warthog
Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus 		1871[26] Cape Province, South Africa Cape Warthogs, Botswana Diorama, Denver Museum of Nature and Science (Middle).jpg
Small Mauritian flying fox
Pteropus subniger 		1862[27] Mauritius and Réunion Pteropus subniger.png
Atlas bear
Ursus arctos crowtheri 		1834[28] Northern Maghreb Bardo(js)047(js).jpg


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
De Winton's golden mole
Cryptochloris wintoni 		1937[29] Port Nolloth, South Africa
Nubian wild ass
Equus africanus africanus 		1970s[30] Nubian desert, Sudan Nubian Wild Ass.jpg
Ethiopian amphibious rat
Nilopegamys plumbeus 		1928[31] Northwestern Ethiopia[32]

Local

Locally extinct and extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Reintroduction Image
Northern white rhinoceros
Ceratotherium simum cottoni 		2007[33] Upper Chari, Ubangi, and White Nile river basins 2009[34] The American Museum journal (c1900-(1918)) (17538339044).jpg
Gray whale
Eschrichtius robustus 		71–245[35] North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, and northern Pacific Ocean[36] 2013[A] Eschrichtius robustus1.jpg
Mohrr gazelle
Nanger dama mohrr 		1968[39] Northwestern Sahara 1984[40] Gazella dama mhorr 2.jpg
Scimitar oryx
Oryx dammah 		1988-1990[41]
(Chad) 		Fringes of the Sahara 1985[42]
(Tunisia) 		Scimitar horned oryx and calf.jpg

Birds

Undated

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range Image
Ampoza ground roller
Brachypteracias langrandi 		Ampoza, Madagascar[43]
Canary Islands quail
Coturnix gomerae 		Canary Islands[44] Coturnix gomerae limb bones.JPG
Mauritius starling
Cryptopsar ischyrhynchus 		Mauritius[45]
Long-legged bunting
Emberiza alcoveri 		Tenerife, Canary Islands[44] Emberiza alcoveri.jpg
Réunion scops owl
Mascarenotus grucheti 		Réunion[44]
Madeiran scops owl
Otus mauli 		Madeira[46] Otus mauli restoration.jpeg
Madeira rail
Rallus adolfocaesaris 		Madeira[47]
Porto Santo rail
Rallus lowei 		Porto Santo Island of Madeira[47]

Prehistoric

Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Hildebrandt's elephant bird
Aepyornis hildebrandti 		664-773[10] Central Madagascar
Giant elephant bird
Aepyornis maximus 		1040-1380[44] Southern Madagascar Aepyornis maximus.jpg
Malagasy shelduck
Alopochen sirabensis 		530-860[2] Madagascar Alopochen sirabensis.jpg
Cape Verde quail
Coturnix centensis 		1015-1155[48] São Vicente, Cape Verde
Madeiran quail
Coturnix lignorum 		1021-806 BCE[48] Madeira
Ancient coua
Coua primaeva 		110 BCE - 130 CE[2] Madagascar
Mullerornis modestus 680-880[10] Central and southern Madagascar Mullerornis agilis.jpg
Great auk
Pinguinus impennis 		5050-3850 BCE[49] Northern Atlantic and western Mediterranean PinguinusImpennus.jpg
Dune shearwater
Puffinus holeae 		1159-790 BCE[50] Canary Islands Puffinus holeae.jpg
Lava shearwater
Puffinus olsoni 		1020-1260[51] Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands Puffinus olsoni restoration.jpg
Malagasy crowned eagle
Stephanoaetus mahery 		3630-3570 BCE[52] Central and southern Madagascar
Titan elephant bird
Vorombe titan 		771-952[10] Central and southern Madagascar Left, with Aepyornis (back) and Mullerornis (right).

Recent

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Mauritius blue pigeon
Alectroenas nitidissimus 		1826[44] Mauritius Mauritius Blue Pigeon.jpg
Rodrigues blue pigeon
Alectroenas payandeei 		1601?[44] Rodrigues
Réunion blue pigeon
Alectroenas sp. 		1671-1672[44] Réunion
Réunion sheldgoose
Alopochen kervazoi 		1671-1672[53] Réunion Restoration of A. kervazoi (left) and A. theodori (right). A. mauritiana was visually similar to A. kervazoi.
Mauritius sheldgoose
Alopochen mauritiana 		1693[54] Mauritius
Mascarene teal
Anas theodori 		1696[55] Mauritius and Réunion
Northern white-winged apalis
Apalis chariessa chariessa 		1961[44] Lower Tana River, Kenya
Red rail
Aphanapteryx bonasia 		1693[56] Mauritius AphanapteryxBonasia.JPG
Saint Helena rail
Aphanocrex podarces 		c. 1640[57] Saint Helena
Olson's petrel
Bulweria bifax 		1502[58] Saint Helena
Madeiran wood pigeon
Columba palumbus maderensis 		1896-1906[59] Madeira
Mauritius wood pigeon
Columba thiriouxi 		c. 1730[44] Mauritius
Delalande's coua
Coua delalandei 		1834[60] Nosy Boraha, Madagascar Coua delalandei 1838.jpg
Réunion rail
Dryolimnas augusti 		1674[61] Réunion
Mauritius white-throated rail
Dryolimnas sp. 		1602[44] Mauritius
Rodrigues rail
Erythromachus leguati 		1726[62] Rodrigues Rodrigues Rail.png
Réunion kestrel
Falco duboisi 		1671-1672[63] Réunion
Réunion fody
Foudia delloni 		1672[44] Réunion Planches enluminées d'histoire naturelle (9933093103).jpg
Hoopoe starling
Fregilupus varius 		1837[64] Réunion Hoopoe starling.jpg
Mascarene coot
Fulica newtonii 		1693[65] Mauritius and Réunion Fulica newtoni (cropped).jpg
Tristan moorhen
Gallinula nesiotis 		1873[44] Tristan da Cunha GallinulaNesiotusJury.jpg
Madeira finch
Goniaphea leucocephala 		1823[44] Madeira
Canary Islands oystercatcher
Haematopus meadewaldoi 		1981[66] Senegal and the eastern Canary Islands Canarian Oystercatcher.jpg
Broad-billed parrot
Lophopsittacus mauritianus 		1673-1675[67] Mauritius Gelderland1601-1603 Lophopsittacus mauritianus.jpg
Rodrigues scops owl
Mascarenotus murivorus 		1726[68] Rodrigues Mascarenotus murivorus.jpg
Mauritius scops owl
Mascarenotus sauzieri 		1837[69] Mauritius Scops commersoni.jpg
Mascarene parrot
Mascarinus mascarinus 		1834[70] Réunion Mascarinus.png
Ascension flightless crake
Mundia elpenor 		1656[71] Ascension Island Ascension crake.svg
Saint Helena cuckoo
Nannococcyx psix 		c. 1640[57] Saint Helena
Rodrigues starling
Necropsar rodericanus 		1726[72] Rodrigues Rodrigues Starling.jpg
Rodrigues parrot
Necropsittacus rodericanus 		1761[73] Rodrigues Necropsittacus rodericanus.jpg
Aldabra brush-warbler
Nesillas aldabrana 		1983[74] Malabar Island, Seychelles
Réunion pigeon
Nesoenas duboisi 		1674[75] Réunion
Mauritian turtle dove
Nesoenas cicur 		c. 1730[44] Mauritius
Rodrigues pigeon
Nesoenas rodericanus 		1726[76] Rodrigues Columba rodericana.jpg
Réunion night-heron
Nycticorax duboisi 		1674[77] Réunion
Mauritius night-heron
Nycticorax mauritianus 		1693[78] Mauritius Nycticorax mauritianus.jpg
Rodrigues night-heron
Nycticorax megacephalus 		1726[79] Rodrigues Rodrigues night heron restoration.jpg
Ascension night heron
Nycticorax olsoni 		1555[44] Ascension Island
Rodrigues solitaire
Pezophaps solitaria 		1761[80] Rodrigues Leguat1891solitaire.jpg
Mascarene reed cormorant
Phalacrocorax africanus nanus 		1705[44] Mauritius and Réunion
Eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff
Phylloscopus canariensis exsul 		1986[44] Lanzarote and possibly Fueteventura, Canary Islands
Réunion swamphen
Porphyrio caerulescens 		c. 1730[81] Réunion Porphyrio coerulescens.png
Seychelles purple swamphen
Porphyrio sp. 		1775[82] Seychelles
Saint Helena crake
Porzana astrictocarpus 		c. 1640[57] Saint Helena
Large Saint Helena petrel
Pseudobulweria rupinarum 		c. 1640[57] Saint Helena
Mascarene grey parakeet
Psittacula bensoni 		1764[83] Mauritius and Réunion Psittacula bensoni.jpg
Newton's parakeet
Psittacula exsul 		1875[84] Rodrigues Psittacula exsul Jossigny.jpg
Seychelles parakeet
Psittacula wardi 		1893[85] Seychelles Psittacula.wardi.jgk.jpg
Rodrigues petrel
Pterodroma sp. 		1725-1726[44] Rodrigues
Dodo
Raphus cucullatus 		1688[86] Mauritius DodoMansur cutted.png
Alaotra grebe
Tachybaptus rufolavatus 		1985[87] Lake Alaotra, Madagascar Tachybaptus rufolavatus by Citron transparent background.png
Réunion flightless ibis
Threskiornis solitarius 		1763[88] Réunion Réunion Ibis.jpg
Saint Helena hoopoe
Upupa antaios 		c. 1640[57] Saint Helena Upupa antaios.JPG
Marianne white-eye
Zosterops semiflavus 		1892[44] Marianne Island, Seychelles Zosterops mayottensis semiflava (cropped).jpg


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Moroccan bustard
Ardeotis arabs lynesi 		1993[44] Western Morocco Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Afrika (1826) (20344854145).jpg
Slender-billed curlew
Numenius tenuirostris 		2001[44] North Africa and Western Eurasia Numenius tenuirostris.jpg

Local

Locally extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Abbott's booby
Papasula abbotti 		1908[82][B] From the Seychelles and Mascarenes to the Northern Marianas and Marquesas Islands[89] Abbott's Booby.jpg

Reptiles

Prehistoric

Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Abrupt giant tortoise
Aldabrachelys abrupta 		c. 1200[90] Madagascar Aldabrachelys abrupta.jpg
Grandidier's giant tortoise
Aldabrachelys grandidieri 		c. 884[90] Madagascar Aldabrachelys grandidieri 45.jpg
Tenerife giant lizard
Gallotia goliath 		1400-1500[4] Tenerife, Canary Islands Tenerife giant lizard restoration.jpg
Voay robustus 586-670[91] Madagascar Voay.jpg

Recent

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Daudin's giant tortoise
Aldabrachelys gigantea daudinii 		c. 1850[90] Mahé, Seychelles
Round Island burrowing boa
Bolyeria multocarinata 		1975[92] Round Island and possibly mainland Mauritius Bolyeria multocarinata.jpg
Cape Verde giant skink
Chioninia coctei 		1912[93] Cape Verde Macroscincus coctei003.jpg
Réunion giant tortoise
Cylindraspis indica 		c. 1840[90] Réunion Cylindraspis indica 1792.png
Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise
Cylindraspis inepta[94] 		c. 1735[90]-1844?[95] Mauritius c. 1601 copper engraving depicting both tortoises on the left margin.
Domed Mauritius giant tortoise
Cylindraspis triserrata[96] 		c. 1735[90]-1844?[95] Mauritius
Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise
Cylindraspis peltastes 		c. 1800[90] Rodrigues Cylindraspis peltastes 1770.png
Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise
Cylindraspis vosmaeri 		c. 1800[90] Rodrigues Cylindraspis vosmaeri.jpg
Roque Chico de Salmor giant lizard
Gallotia simonyi simonyi 		1935[97] Roque Chico de Salmor, off El Hierro, Canary Islands File:Lacerta simonyi.jpg
Réunion slit-eared skink
Gongylomorphus borbonicus 		1839[95] Réunion
Mauritian giant skink
Leiolopisma mauritiana 		c. 1600[98] Mauritius
Hoffstetter's worm snake
Madatyphlops cariei 		17th century[99] Mauritius
Rodrigues day gecko
Phelsuma edwardnewtonii 		1917[100] Rodrigues Phelsuma edwardnewtoni 2.png
Rodrigues giant day gecko
Phelsuma gigas 		1842[95] Rodrigues File:Phelsuma gigas - Giant Rodrigues Gecko - extinct 2.jpg
Eastwood's long-tailed seps
Tetradactylus eastwoodae 		1928[101] Limpopo, South Africa

Amphibians

Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Du Toit's torrent frog
Arthroleptides dutoiti 		1962[102] Kenya-Uganda border
Osgood's Ethiopian toad
Altiphrynoides osgoodi 		2003[103] Mountains of south-central Ethiopia


Extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Kihansi spray toad
Nectophrynoides asperginis 		2009[104] Kihansi Falls, Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania Kihansi Spray Toad1.jpg

Fish

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Aplocheilichthys sp. nov. 'Naivasha' 1970s-1980s[105] Lake Naivasha, Kenya
Barbus microbarbis 1950s[106] Lake Luhondo, Rwanda
Giant Atlas barbel
Labeobarbus reinii 		2001[107] Northwestern Morocco Labeobarbus reinii.jpg
Pantanodon madagascariensis 1960s[108] Mahambo, Madagascar
Ptychochromis onilahy 1962[109] Southwestern Madagascar
Lake Sidi Ali trout
Salmo pallaryi 		1934[110] Lake Aguelmame Sidi Ali, Morocco

Crustaceans

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Tropodiaptomus ctenopus Antananarivo, Madagascar[111]


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Afrocyclops pauliani 1951[112] Antananarivo, Madagascar Afrocyclops pauliani bw.jpg
Namibcypris costata 1987[113] Southern Kaokoveld, Namibia Namibcypris costata.jpg

Insects

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Aplothorax burchelli 1966-1967[114] Saint Helena Aplothorax burchelli.jpg
Mbashe River buff
Deloneura immaculata 		1864[115] Mbashe River, Eastern Cape, South Africa
Saint Helena giant earwig
Labidura herculeana 		1967[116] Saint Helena Labidura herculeana restoration.jpg
Morant's blue
Lepidochrysops hypopolia 		1879[115] Eastern South Africa
Libythea cinyras 1865[117] Mauritius Libythea cinyras.jpg
Madeiran large white
Pieris brassicae wollastoni 		1980s[118] Madeira Pieris wollastoni-PD.png
Saint Helena darter
Sympetrum dilatatum 		1963[119] Saint Helena

Molluscs

Undated

Holocene extinctions of unknown date[120]
Common name/scientific name Range
Caldwellia philyrina Mauritius
Caseolus calvus galeatus Madeira[121]
Cyclophorus horridulum Mayotte
Cyclosurus mariei Mayotte
Dupontia proletaria Mauritius and Réunion
Erepta nevilli Mauritius
Gonospira nevilli Mauritius
Gulella mayottensis Mayotte
Harmogenanina linophora Mauritius and Réunion
Harmogenanina subdetecta Réunion
Pseudohelenoconcha spurca Saint Helena
Rhachis comorensis Mayotte
Rhachis sanguineus Mauritius
Tropidophora desmazuresi Mauritius
Tropidophora semilineata Mayotte
Unio cariei Réunion

Recent

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)[120]
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Campolaemus perexilis 1870s Saint Helena
Chilonopsis blofeldi 1870s Saint Helena
Chilonopsis exulatus 1870s Saint Helena
Chilonopsis helena 1870s Saint Helena
Chilonopsis melanoides 1870s Saint Helena
Chilonopsis nonpareil 1870-1875 Saint Helena
Chilonopsis subplicatus 1870s Saint Helena
Chilonopsis subtruncatus 1870s Saint Helena
Chilonopsis turtoni 1870s Saint Helena
Colparion madgei 1938 Mauritius
Ctenoglypta newtoni 1871 Mauritius
Gibbus lyonetianus 1905 Mauritius
Gonidomus newtoni 1867 Mauritius
Helenoconcha leptalea 1870s Saint Helena
Helenoconcha minutissima 1870s Saint Helena
Helenoconcha polyodon 1870s Saint Helena
Helenoconcha pseustes 1870s Saint Helena
Helenoconcha sexdentata 1870s Saint Helena
Helenodiscus bilamellata 1870s Saint Helena
Helenodiscus vernoni 1870s Saint Helena
Leiostyla lamellosa 1878 Madeira
Pachnodus velutinus 1994 Mahé, Seychelles Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MOLL.379099 - Pachnodus (Pachnodus) velutinus (Pfeiffer, 1841) - Cerastidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg
Pachystyla rufozonata 1869 Mauritius
Pseudocampylaea loweii 1878 Madeira
Pupilla obliquicosta 1870s Saint Helena


Possibly extinct[120]
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Discula lyelliana 1870s Deserta Grande Island, Madeira
Discula tetrica 1878 Desertas Islands, Madeira
Discus engonatus 1852 Tenerife, Canary Islands Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.277483 - Discus (Gonyodiscus) engonatus (Shuttleworth, 1852) - Discidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg
Discus retextus 1852 La Palma, Canary Islands
Geomitra delphinuloides 1860 Madeira
Janulus pompylius 1865 La Palma, Canary Islands
Keraea garachicoensis 1878 North Tenerife, Canary Islands
Leiostyla abbreviata 1878 Madeira
Leiostyla gibba before 1878 Madeira
Leiostyla lamellosa 1878 Madeira

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Natural dispersion of a single individual over the Arctic.[37][38]
  2. ^ Vagrants from Christmas Island, Australia were last seen in the Chagos Archipelago in 1996.[89]

References

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Ourebia ourebi ssp. kenyae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T15732A5074610. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15732A5074610.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Burney, David A., et al. "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar." Journal of Human Evolution, 47.1-2 (2004): 25-63.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Faith, J.T. (2014) Late Pleistocene and Holocene mammal extinctions on continental Africa. Earth-Science Reviews, 128, 105-121.
  4. ^ a b Morales, J. et al. (2009) The impact of human activities on the natural environment of the Canary Islands (Spain) during the pre-Hispanic stage (3rd–2nd Century BC to 15th Century AD): an overview. Environmental Archaeology, 14(1), 27-36.
  5. ^ López-Jurado, L. F., & López Martínez, N. (1991). Presencia de la rata gigante extinguida de Gran Canaria (Canariomys tamarani) en una cueva de habitación aborigen.
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External links

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