List of South American animals extinct in the Holocene

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Map of South America

This list of South American animals extinct in the Holocene features animals known to have become extinct in the last 12,000 years on the South American continent.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals

Possible

N.B.: These animals were identified "from Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene" deposits in Brazil[1][2] and Argentina,[3] but without direct Holocene datation.
Extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range Image
Ahytherium aureum Bahia, Brazil
Northern glyptodont
Glyptotherium sp. 		Florida and Texas to northeastern Brazil Glyptotheriumm.jpg
Holmesina majus Minas Gerais and Ceará, Brazil Skeleton of close relative H. occidentalis.
Lestodon armatus Southern Brazil Lestodon armatus Ghedo.JPG
Giant capybara
Neochoerus sp. 		Middle Brazil Neochoerus pinckneyi paleoart by RunicPotato.jpg
Nothrotherium maquinense Eastern Brazil Nothrotherium.JPG
Pachyarmatherium brasiliense Eastern Brazil Pachyarmatherium.jpg
Pampatherium sp. Brazil Pampatherium-bpk.jpg
Panochthus tuberculatus Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina PSM V13 D154 Panochthus tuberculatus.jpg
Xenorhinotherium bahiense North and east South America

Prehistoric

Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Dire wolf
Aenocyon dirus 		7320-6840 BCE[4] North America and western South America Canis dirus Sergiodlarosa.jpg
Antifer ultra c. 7950 BCE[5] Río de la Plata Basin and central Chile
Arctotherium tarijense 8470-8320 BCE[6] Argentina Reconstruction of older relative A. bonariense
Arctotherium wingei 14825-6840 BCE[7] Northeastern South America
Catonyx cuvieri 7830-7430 BCE[6] Eastern South America Catonyx life reconstruction.jpg
Highland gomphothere
Cuvieronius hyodon 		9790 BCE[8] Northern and central Andes Cuvieronius.jpg
Club-tailed glyptodont
Doedicurus clavicaudatus 		4765-4445 BCE[9] South American Pampas Doedicurus BW.jpg
Equus neogeus 6660-4880 BCE[10] South America Amerhippus.jpg
Panamerican ground sloth
Eremotherium laurillardi 		7800-7740 BCE[11] Southern United States to Brazil A-Pleistocene-meso-megamammals-from-Sergipe-Brazil.jpg
Eutatus seguini 6389-6060 BCE[12] Northern Argentina and Uruguay Eutatus seguini skull.JPG
Glossotherium sp. 6810-6650 BCE[10] South America Extm Glossotherium robustum rbh-hlmwh01913-12.jpg
Glyptodon sp.[A] 6660-4880 BCE[10] Eastern South America Glyptodon (Riha2000).jpg
Hippidion saldiasi 8059 BCE[14] Eastern South America Em - Hippidion sp. - 3.jpg
Hoplophorus euphractus 6660-4880 BCE[10] Eastern Brazil Hoplophorus euphractus tail.jpg
Macrauchenia patachonica 9381-9281 BCE[15] Southwestern South America Macrauchenia (reconstruction).jpg
Giant ground sloth
Megatherium americanum 		5270-4310 BCE[9] Temperate South America and the Andes Megatherium NT small.jpg
Morenelaphus brachyceros 8050-5845 BCE[16] Temperate South America
Darwin's ground sloth
Mylodon darwini 		6689 BCE[17] Pampas and Patagonia Mylodon darwini cropped.png
Neosclerocalyptus paskoensis 5120 BCE[13] Southern South America Reconstruction of close relative N. ornatus
Lowland gomphothere
Notiomastodon platensis 		4170-4050 BCE[18] South America Notiomastodon paleoreconstruction.png
Stout-legged llama
Palaeolama major 		6660-4880 BCE[10] North and east South America
Patagonian panther
Panthera onca mesembrina 		9705-9545 BCE[6] Patagonia Panthera onca mesembrina Holotype skull.jpg
Propraopus sulcatus 6660-4880 BCE[10] Eastern South America
Scelidodon chiliensis 7160-6760 BCE[10] Western South America Scelidodon.JPG
Scelidotherium leptocephalum 5660-5540 BCE[19] Southern South America Scelidotherium leptocephalum side.jpg
South American saber-toothed cat
Smilodon populator 		7330-7030 BCE[10] Eastern South America Smilodon pop2 15.jpg
Toxodon platensis 4650-1450 BCE[10] South America Toxodon NT small.jpg
Valgipes bucklandi 9110-9030 BCE[20] Intertropical region of Brazil[1] Valgipes bucklandi skull dorsal view.png

Recent

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Red-bellied gracile opossum
Cryptonanus ignitus 		1962[21] Jujuy, Argentina
Giant vampire bat
Desmodus draculae 		1675-1755[22] Eastern South America
Falkland Islands wolf
Dusicyon australis 		1876[23] Falkland Islands FalklandIslandFox2.jpg
Dusicyon avus 1454-1626[24] Argentina and Uruguay
Candango mouse
Juscelinomys candango 		1960[25] Brasilia, Brazil Jusceliomys candango.jpg
Galápagos giant rat
Megaoryzomys curioi 		1520-1950[26] Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador Megaoryzomys curioi skull.JPG
Caribbean monk seal
Neomonachus tropicalis 		17th century[27] Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and Gulf of Mexico Cms-newyorkzoologicalsociety1910.jpg
Darwin's Galápagos mouse
Nesoryzomys darwini 		1930[28] Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Indefatigable Galápagos mouse
Nesoryzomys indefessus 		1934[29] Santa Cruz and Baltra, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Vespucci's giant rat
Noronhomys vespuccii 		1503[30] Fernando de Noronha Island, Brazil


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Zuniga's dark rice rat
Melanomys zunigae 		1949[31] Lomas de Atocongo, near Lima, Peru
One-striped opossum
Monodelphis unistriata 		1899[32] Southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina
Pacific degu
Octodon pacificus 		1994[33] Mocha Island, Chile

Birds

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Niceforo's pintail
Anas georgica niceforoi 		1952[34] Central Colombia
Magdalena tinamou
Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius 		1990s[34] Magdalena River Valley, Colombia
Darwin's ground finch
Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris 		1835[34] Floreana and San Cristóbal, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador Geospiza magnirostris.jpg
Antioquia brown-banded antpitta
Grallaria milleri gilesi 		1878[34] Santa Helena, Antioquia Department, Colombia
Bogotá sunangel
Heliantelus zusii 		1909[34] Northern Andes?
Alagoas foliage-gleaner
Philydor novaesi 		2011[34] Alagoas and Pernambuco, Brazil
Colombian grebe
Podiceps andinus 		1977[35] Bogotá wetlands, Colombia
San Cristóbal flycatcher
Pyrocephalus dubius 		1987[36] San Cristóbal, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Alejandro Selkirk Island firecrown
Sephanoides fernandensis leyboldi 		1908[34] Alejandro Selkirk Island?, Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile Sephanoides fernandensis leyboldi.jpg


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Glaucous macaw
Anodorhynchus glaucus 		2001[37] Border area of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay Anodorhynchus glaucus.jpg
Letitia's thorntail
Discosura letitiae 		1852[34] Bolivia Discosura letitiae.jpg
Turquoise-throated puffleg
Eriocnemis godini 		1850[38] Northern Ecuador Eriocnemis godini.jpg
Eskimo curlew
Numenius borealis 		1939[39] Northwestern Canada and Alaska, and Southern Cone Numenius borealis.jpg
Sinú parakeet
Pyrrhura subandina 		1949[40] Sinú Valley, Córdoba Department, Colombia


Extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Reintroduction Image
Spix's macaw
Cyanopsitta spixii 		2000[41] Sao Francisco River, Bahia, Brazil 1257022253 death kinds zoo-8.jpg
Alagoas curassow
Mitu mitu 		1988[42] Alagoas and Pernambuco, Brazil 2019[43] Mitu mitu 1838.jpg

Reptiles

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Pinta Island tortoise
Chelonoidis abingdonii 		2012[44] Pinta, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador Lonesome George in profile.png
Floreana giant tortoise
Chelonoidis niger 		c. 1850[45] Floreana, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador Testudo elephantopus.jpg

Amphibians

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Maracay harlequin frog
Atelopus vogli 		1957[46] Güey River, Aragua, Venezuela
Spiny-knee leaf frog
Phrynomedusa fimbriata 		1898[47] Paranapiacaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Green and red venter harlequin toad
Atelopus pinangoi 		1997[48] Mérida state, Venezuela
Aragua robber frog
Pristimantis anotis 		1974[49] Henri Pittier National Park, Aragua, Venezuela
Chile Darwin's frog
Rhinoderma rufum 		1981[50] Valparaíso and Biobío Regions, Chile

Fish

Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Galápagos damsel
Azurina eupalama 		1982-1983[51] Galápagos Islands, Ecuador Galapagos damsel.jpg
Titicaca orestias
Orestias cuvieri 		unknown[52] Lake Titicaca LakeTiticacaOrestia-1835.gif
Greasefish
Rhizosomichthys totae 		1958[53] Tota Lake, Colombia Rhizosomichthys totae.jpg

Echinoderms

Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
24-rayed sunstar
Heliaster solaris 		1983[54] Galápagos Islands, Ecuador

Insects

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Megadytes ducalis Brazil[55]
Rhantus orbignyi Argentina and Brazil[56]

Earthworms

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Rhinodrilus fafner 1912[57] Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Molluscs

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range Image
Littoridina gaudichaudii Ecuador[58] File:Littoridina gaudichaudii 2.png
Megalobulimus cardosoi Brazil[59]
Tomigerus gibberulus Brazil[60]
Tomigerus turbinatus Brazil[61] Tomigerus turbinatus shell.jpg


Extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Range
Aylacostoma chloroticum Paraná River[62]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The species Glyptodon reticulatus is known from the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene of southeast Brazil and Buenos Aires province, Argentina;[3] G. clavipes from southeast Brazil,[2] and G. ornatus from Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia.[13]

References

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  2. ^ a b Ghilardi, A. M., Fernandes, M. A., & Bichuette, M. E. (2011). Megafauna from the Late Pleistocene-Holocene deposits of the Upper Ribeira karst area, southeast Brazil. Quaternary International, 245(2), 369-378.
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External links

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