List of European animals extinct in the Holocene

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Map of Europe

This list of European animals extinct in the Holocene features animals known to have become extinct in the last 12,000 years on the European continent and its surrounding islands.

Dependent territories of European countries in other continents, like Greenland, are not included, as they should be found in their pertaining list. The Açores are included but not other Macaronesian islands, which are in the List of African animals extinct in the Holocene. Likewise, all large islands in the Mediterranean Sea are included except for Cyprus, which is in the List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals

Undated

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range Image
Steppe bison
Bison priscus 		Northern Eurasia and North America[A] Prazubr rysunek 600.jpg
Ochotona transcaucasica Caucasus[2]

Prehistoric

Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Corsican giant shrew
Asoriculus corsicanus 		348 BCE - 283 CE[3] Corsica, France Fossil jawbones of Asoriculus corsicanus.jpg
Sardinian giant shrew
Asoriculus similis 		3050 BCE[4] Sardinia, Italy
European dhole
Cuon alpinus europaeus 		7050-6550 BCE[5] Central and southern Europe; Caucasus?[6] Cuon alpinus Cova Negra.jpg
Sardinian dhole
Cynotherium sardous 		9500-9300 BCE[7] Corsica and Sardinia Cynotherium sardous restoration.jpg
European wild ass
Equus hemionus hydruntinus 		3200-2500 BCE[8] Europe and southwest Asia Drawing of a hydruntine.jpg
Majorcan giant dormouse
Hypnomys morpheus 		4840-4690 BCE[9] Gymnesian Islands, Spain Hypnomys by L.Meslin.png
Woolly mammoth
Mammuthus primigenius 		9500-9000 BCE[10] Northern Eurasia and North America Victoria.Mammut.P1033804.jpg
Irish elk
Megaloceros giganteus 		6085-5995 BCE[11] Europe and southern Siberia Megaloceros.jpg
Balearic Islands cave goat
Myotragus balearicus 		2830-2470 BCE[12] Gymnesian Islands, Spain Myotragus balearicus.JPG
Balearic giant shrew
Nesiotites hidalgo 		3030-2690 BCE[9] Gymnesian Islands, Spain Asoriculus hidalgo.jpg
Tilos dwarf elephant
Palaeoloxodon tiliensis 		3040-1840 BCE[13] Tilos, Greece Purported representation of a dwarf elephant in an Egyptian painting
Sardinian giant deer
Praemegaceros cazioti 		5550 BCE[14] Corsica and Sardinia[15] Praemegaceros cazioti A6 digital.jpg
Sardinian pika
Prolagus sardus 		348 BCE - 283 CE[3] Corsica and Sardinia Prolagus3.jpg
Tyrrhenian field rat
Rhagamys orthodon 		348 BCE - 283 CE[3] Corsica and Sardinia Rhagamys orthodon lower hemimandibles, Pleistocene of Corsica.jpg
Tyrrhenian vole
Tyrrhenicola henseli 		348 BCE - 283 CE[3] Corsica and Sardinia

Recent

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Caucasian Moose
Alces alces caucasicus 		c. 1900[16] Northern Caucasus and Transcaucasian coast of the Black Sea Elch.PNG
Caucasian wisent
Bison bonasus caucasicus 		1927[17] Caucasus Mountains Кавказский зубр.jpg
Eurasian aurochs
Bos primigenius primigenius 		1627[18] Mid-latitude Eurasia Aurochs reconstruction.jpg
Sicilian wolf
Canis lupus cristaldii 		1970[19] Sicily, Italy Canis lupus cristaldii subsp. nov.png
Portuguese ibex
Capra pyrenaica lusitanica 		c. 1890[20] Portuguese-Galician border Ilustração Portugueza, n 131, Lisboa, 24-8-1908 0017 Capra pyrenaica lusitanica (cropped).jpg
Pyrenean ibex
Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica 		2000[B]
 Pyrenees and possibly Cantabrian Mountains[22] Pyrenean Ibex.png
Tarpan
Equus ferus ferus 		1909[23] Europe Kherson tarpan.jpg
St. Kilda house mouse
Mus musculus muralis 		1930[24] St Kilda, Scotland MusMuralisSmit.jpg
Caspian tiger
Panthera tigris virgata 		1922[25] Caucasus, western and Central Asia Caspian tiger.JPG

Local

Locally extinct and extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Reintroduction Image
Lowland wisent
Bison bonasus bonasus 		1919[26] Central Europe to southern Siberia 1946[27] Flachlandwisent (Bison bonasus bonasus).jpg
Turkmenian kulan
Equus hemionus kulan 		18th-19th century[28] Ukraine to Central Asia[29] 1950[30] Kulan (cropped).jpg
Gray whale
Eschrichtius robustus 		550[31] North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, and northern Pacific Ocean[32] 2010[C] Eschrichtius robustus1.jpg
Barbary macaque
Macaca sylvanus 		c. 70,000-60,000 BCE[35] Central and Southern Europe, and northern Africa 1704[36] Monkey in azrou.jpg
Narrow-headed vole
Microtus gregalis 		Late Holocene[37][38] Northern Eurasia Microtus gregalis.tif
Steppe pika
Ochotona pusilla 		Late Holocene[37][38] Western Europe to Kazakhstan Ochotona pusilla.tif
Muskox
Ovibos moschatus 		7050 BCE[39] Northern Eurasia and North America 1947[40][D] Muskus.jpg
Lion
Panthera leo 		4th century (Balkans)[41]
10th century (Caucasus)[42] 		Africa, the Middle East, northern India, and southeastern Europe Receive Great honour MUFASA, my Love & the King of our Kingdom.jpg

Birds

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Graciosa rail
Rallus carvaoensis 		Graciosa Island, Açores, Portugal[43]
São Jorge rail
Rallus minutus 		São Jorge Island, Açores, Portugal[43]


Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Mediterranean brown fish owl
Ketupa zeylonensis lamarmorae 		7433-7035 BCE[3] Corsica, Sardinia, and Crete[44]
São Miguel scops owl
Otus frutuosoi 		49 BCE - 125 CE[45] São Miguel Island, Açores, Portugal
Greater Azores bullfinch
Pyrrhula crassa 		1110-1048 BCE[46] Graciosa Island, Açores, Portugal
Ibiza rail
Rallus eivissensis 		5295-4848 BCE[47] Ibiza, Spain
Pico rail
Rallus montivagorum 		1400-1450[48] Pico Island, Açores, Portugal


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Great auk
Pinguinus impennis 		1844[49] Northern Atlantic and western Mediterranean PinguinusImpennus.jpg
Pied raven
Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus 		1902[50] Faroe Islands, Denmark Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus.jpg


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Slender-billed curlew
Numenius tenuirostris 		2001[51] Western Eurasia and North Africa Numenius tenuirostris.jpg


Locally extinct and extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Reintroduction Image
Marsh owl
Asio capensis 		1998[52] Africa and southwestern Iberian Peninsula Asio capensis, Tweeling, a.jpg
Northern bald ibis
Geronticus eremita 		16th century Mediterranean region 2004[53] Waldrapp von Burghausen.jpg
Common buttonquail
Turnix sylvaticus 		1981[54] Africa, southern Asia, southwestern Iberian Peninsula, and Sicily Turnix sylvaticus 64607517.jpg

Reptiles

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Ratas Island lizard
Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi 		1935[55] Ratas Island off Mahón, Spain Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi.jpg
Santo Stefano lizard
Podarcis sicula sanctistephani 		c. 1965[56] Santo Stefano Island, Italy

Fish

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Skadar nase
Chondrostoma scodrense 		1900s[57] Lake Skadar
Coregonus bezola 1960s[58] Lac du Bourget, France
Coregonus fera 1920[59] Lake Geneva Coregonus fera Jurine 1825 Fig 115 (Matschie et al. 1909).svg
Lake Constance whitefish
Coregonus gutturosus 		early 1970s[60] Lake Constance Kilch.jpg
Gravenche
Coregonus hiemalis 		1950[61] Lake Geneva Coregonushiemalis.jpg
Houting
Coregonus oxyrinchus 		1940[62] Southern North Sea, Scheldt, Meuse, and Rhine basin up to Cologne, and southeastern England Houting-PD.png
Coregonus restrictus 1890[63] Lake Morat, Switzerland
Ukrainian migratory lamprey
Eudontomyzon sp. nov. 'migratory' 		before 1900[64] Dniestr, Dniepr, and Don River drainages
Techirghiol stickleback
Gasterosteus crenobiontus 		1960s[65] Lake Techirghiol, Romania
Danube delta gudgeon
Romanogobio antipai 		1960s[66] Lower Danube Romanogobio antipai.jpg
Salvelinus neocomensis 1904[67] Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Beloribitsa
Stenodus leucichthys 		1960s[68] Caspian Sea, Volga, Ural, and Terek River drainages Stenodus leucichthys.jpg

Insects

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Perrin's cave beetle
Siettitia balsetensis 		France[69]


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Tobias' caddisfly
Hydropsyche tobiasi 		1938[70] Rhine and Main River, Germany
British large copper
Lycaena dispar dispar 		1864[71] British Isles
Moss-land silver-studded blue
Plebejus argus masseyi 		1942[72] Lancashire and Cumbria, United Kingdom
Pseudoyersinia brevipennis 1860[73] Hyères, France


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Iberian lynx louse
Felicola isidoroi 		1997[74] Iberian Peninsula

Sea anemones

Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Ivell's sea anemone
Edwardsia ivelli 		1983[75] Widewater Lagoon, West Sussex, United Kingdom Edwardsia ivelli.jpg

Molluscs

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Zonites siphnicus Sifnos, Sikinos, and Folegandros, Greece[76]


Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Zonites santoriniensis c. 1600 BCE[77] Santorini, Greece


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Graecoanatolica macedonica 1988[78] Doiran Lake, Greece-North Macedonia border Graecoanatolica macedonica A Mrkvicka2.jpg
Ohridohauffenia drimica before 1983[79] Drin River, North Macedonia


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Belgrandia varica 1910[80] Var River delta, France
Belgrandiella boetersi unknown[81] Tiefsteinschlucht, Austria
Parmacella gervaisii 1874[82] La Crau, Provence, France
Zonites embolium 1985[83] Zaforas, Greece

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Present in Europe along with the extant European bison (B. bonasus) and different at a genetic level, but almost impossible to distinguish on morphology alone unless comparing complete skeletons. This makes unclear when B. priscus disappeared from Europe; in Asia, B. priscus survived in the northern Angara River basin until 2550-2450 BCE.[1]
  2. ^ A single cloned individual was born on July 30, 2003, but died several minutes later.[21]
  3. ^ Natural dispersion of a single individual over the Arctic.[33][34]
  4. ^ Previous attempts at introduction in Norway and Svalbard (outside the muskox's prehistoric range) failed.[39]

References

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External links

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