List of wars involving Egypt

From Justapedia, unleashing the power of collective wisdom
Jump to navigation Jump to search

This is a list of wars involving the Arab Republic of Egypt and its predecessor states.

Ayyubid Sultanate (1174-1250)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Sultan Egyptian
losses
Third Crusade

(1189–1192)

Flag of Ayyubid Dynasty.svg Ayyubid Sultanate

Sultanate of Rum

Royal arms of England.svg Angevin Empire

Flag of France (XII-XIII).svg Kingdom of France

Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806).svg Holy Roman Empire

Flag of Hungary (13th century).svg Kingdom of Hungary

Drapel jérusalem contour.png Kingdom of Jerusalem

Coat of arms of Republic of Genoa (early).svg Republic of Genoa

Flag of the Republic of Pisa.svg Republic of Pisa

Stalemate
  • Crusader military Victory, resulting in a three-year truce. Acre, Philomelion, Iconium, Arsuf, and Jaffa all Crusader military victories.
  • Recognition of the territorial status quo at the end of active campaigning, including continued Muslim control of Jerusalem and the restoration of the Levantine to the Crusader States Crusader States.
  • The safety of both Christian and Muslim unarmed pilgrims guaranteed throughout the Levant.
  • The Crusader Captures Cyprus and the Kingdom of Cyprus is established
  • The Levantine coast from Tyre to Jaffa returned to Crusader control
  • The Crusaders recapture Tiberias and some inland territories from the Muslims
Saladin ?
Crusade of 1197

(1197–1198)

Flag of Ayyubid Dynasty.svg Ayyubid Sultanate Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806).svg Holy Roman Empire Defeat Al-Aziz Uthman ?
Fifth Crusade

(1217–1221)

Flag of Ayyubid Dynasty.svg Ayyubid Sultanate Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806).svg Holy Roman Empire

Kingdom of Sicily naval flag.svg Kingdom of Sicily

Flag of Hungary (13th century).svg Kingdom of Hungary

Flag of France (XII-XIII).svg Kingdom of France

Coat of arms of the Papal States (Renaissance shape).png Papal states

Drapel jérusalem contour.png Kingdom of Jerusalem

Coat of Arms of the House of Lusignan (Kings of Armenia, Cyprus and Jerusalem).svg Kingdom of Cyprus

Blason Empire Latin de Constantinople.svg Latin Empire

Cross of the Knights Templar.svg Knights Templar

Coat of arms of the Teutonic Order.svg Teutonic Order

Early Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg Knights Hospitaller

Sultanate of Rum

Victory
  • Eight-year truce between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders
Al-Kamil ?
Sixth Crusade

(1228–1229)

Flag of Ayyubid Dynasty.svg Ayyubid Sultanate Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806).svg Holy Roman Empire

Coat of arms of the Teutonic Order.svg Teutonic Order

Kingdom of Sicily naval flag.svg Kingdom of Sicily

Stalemate

Diplomatic Crusader victory

Al-Kamil ?
Baron's Crusade

(1239–1241)

Flag of Ayyubid Dynasty.svg Ayyubid Sultanate Drapel jérusalem contour.png Kingdom of Jerusalem

Cross of the Knights Templar.svg Knights Templar

Coat of arms of the Teutonic Order.svg Teutonic Order

Early Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg Knights Hospitaller

Defeat As-Salih Ayyub ?

Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Sultan Egyptian
losses
Seventh Crusade
(1248–1254)
Flag of Ayyubid Dynasty.svg Ayyubid Sultanate
Mameluke Flag.svg Mamluk Sultanate
Flag of France (XII-XIII).svg Kingdom of France
Cross of the Knights Templar.svg Knights Templar
Stalemate Aybak ?
Mongol invasions of the Levant
(1260–1323)
Mameluke Flag.svg Mamluk Sultanate
Flag of Ayyubid Dynasty.svg Ayyubid Sultanate
Golden Horde flag 1339.svg Golden Horde
Ilkhanate
Rubenid Flag.svg Armenian Cicilia
Flag of Kingdom of Georgia.svg Kingdom of Georgia
Sultanate of Rum
Armoiries Bohémond VI d'Antioche.svg Principality of Antioch
Armoiries Tripoli.svg County of Tripoli
Golden Horde flag 1339.svg Golden Horde
Flag of England.svg Kingdom of England
Cross of the Knights Templar.svg Knights Templar
Victory Qutuz ?
Ninth Crusade
(1271–1272)
Mameluke Flag.svg Mamluk Sultanate England Kingdom of England
Flag of France (XII-XIII).svg Kingdom of France
Rubenid Flag.svg Cicilian Armenia
Coat of Arms of the House of Lusignan (Kings of Armenia, Cyprus and Jerusalem).svg Kingdom of Cyprus
Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg Kingdom of Jerusalem
Armoiries Tripoli.svg County of Tripoli
Ilkhanate
Victory
  • Ten-year truce between warring sides.
Baibars ?
Alexandrian Crusade
(1365)
Mameluke Flag.svg Mamluk Sultanate Coat of Arms of the House of Lusignan (Kings of Armenia, Cyprus and Jerusalem).svg Kingdom of Cyprus
Cross of the Knights Hospitaller.svg Knights Hospitaller
Flag of Most Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice
Defeat
  • Alexandria sacked.
Al-Ashraf Sha'ban ?
Ottoman–Mamluk War
(1485–1491)
Mameluke Flag.svg Mamluk Sultanate Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire Victory
  • Ottoman incursions into Cilicia halted.
Qaitbay ?
Mamluk-Portuguese War
(1505–1517)
Mameluke Flag.svg Mamluk Sultanate Flag of Portugal (1495).svg Kingdom of Portugal Defeat Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri ?
Ottoman–Mamluk War
(1516–1517)
Mameluke Flag.svg Mamluk Sultanate Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Ottoman Empire Defeat
  • Fall of the Mamluk Sultanate.
?

Ottoman Eyalet of Egypt and Khedivate of Egypt (1803–1914)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Head of State Egyptian
losses
Fraser Expedition
(1807)
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg Ottoman Empire

Flag of the Ottoman Empire (also used in Egypt).svg Ottoman Egypt

British Empire Victory Muhammad Ali of Egypt ?
Egyptian–Saudi War
(1811–1818)
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Egypt

Emirate of Diriyah Victory 8,000 casualties[1]
Egyptian conquest of Sudan

(1820–1824)

Ottoman Egypt Funj Sudan Victory ?
Greek War of Independence
(1821–1829)
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Egypt

Greece Kingdom of Greece Defeat over 8,000[2]
First Egyptian–Ottoman War
(1831–1833)
Ottoman Egypt Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg Ottoman Empire Victory 792[3]
Expedition to Najd (1836)
(1831–1833)
Ottoman Egypt Emirate of Najd Victory
  • Egyptian influence in the Middle East until 1840.
?
1838 Druze revolt
(1838)
Egypt Eyalet
Druze clans Victory
  • Peace agreement signed
  • Egyptian rule restored
  • Druze exempted from conscriptions
~400[4]
Second Egyptian–Ottoman War
(1839–1841)
Ottoman Egypt Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg Ottoman Empire
British Empire
 Austrian Empire
Defeat 1,100+
Crimean War
(1853–1856)
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg Ottoman Empire
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (also used in Egypt).svg Ottoman Egypt
French Empire
British Empire
 Sardinia
Russian Empire Victory Abbas I of Egypt ?
Cretan revolt
(1866–1869)
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg Ottoman Empire

Flag of Muhammad Ali.svg Khedivate of Egypt

Arkadi Cretan flag.svg Cretan revolutionaries
State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg Kingdom of Greece
Victory Isma'il Pasha ?
Ethiopian–Egyptian War
(1874–1876)
Flag of Muhammad Ali.svg Khedivate of Egypt Ethiopian Empire Defeat
  • Egyptian invasion of Ethiopia repelled
2,000[5]
Serbian–Turkish Wars
(1876–1878)
 Ottoman Empire  Serbia
 Russia (from 1877)
Defeat
  • Serbia gains independence from the Ottomans
?
Russo-Turkish War
(1877–1878)
 Ottoman Empire  Russia
Defeat ?
‘Urabi Revolt
(1879–1882)
Flag of Egypt (1882-1922).svg Tewfik Pasha Forces
British Empire
Flag of Egypt (1882-1922).svg Ahmed ‘Urabi Forces Defeat of ‘Urabi Tewfik of Egypt 2,250[6]
Mahdist War
(1881–1899)
Flag of Egypt (1882-1922).svg Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt (British Occupation)
British Empire
Italian Empire
 Belgium
Ethiopian Pennants.svg Ethiopia
Mahdist Sudan Victory 13,102[7][8][9]

Sultanate of Egypt (British Protectorate) (1914–1922)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Head of State Egyptian
losses
World War I
(1914–1918)
 France

British Empire

 Russia
 United States
 Italy
 Serbia
 Montenegro
 Belgium
 Japan
 China
 Romania
 Portugal
 Brazil
Hejaz
 Greece
Armenia Armenia
Saudi Arabia Nejd and Hasa
Thailand Siam

German Empire

 Austria-Hungary
 Ottoman Empire

Bulgaria

Victory Hussein Kamel 14,763+
Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition
(1916)
Sultanate of Darfur Victory
  • Darfur becomes a province of Sudan
5
Egyptian Revolution
(1919)
British Empire Rebels Diplomatic Revolutionary Victory Fuad I 800

Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Head of State Egyptian
losses
World War II
(1939–1945)
 Soviet Union
 United States
 United Kingdom
 China
France France
Poland Poland
 Yugoslavia
 Greece
 Netherlands
 Belgium
 Luxembourg
 Denmark
 Norway
 Czechoslovakia
 Canada
 Australia
Egypt Kingdom of Egypt
 New Zealand
 India
 South Africa
Philippines
Ethiopian Empire Ethiopia
Brazil Brazil
 Mexico
Mongolian People's Republic Mongolia
 Germany
 Japan
 Italy
 Hungary
 Romania
 Bulgaria
 Slovakia
 Croatia
 Finland
 Iraq
 Thailand
Victory Farouk I 1,125[10]
First Arab–Israeli War
(1948–1949)
Egypt Kingdom of Egypt
Kingdom of Iraq
Flag of Hejaz 1917.svg Holy War Army
Jordan Emirate of Transjordan
Syria Republic of Syria

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Kingdom of North Yemen
Republic of Lebanon
Arab League Arab Liberation Army

 Israel Defeat 1,161-
2,000[11]
Egyptian Revolution
(1952)
Egypt Kingdom of Egypt Egypt Free Officers Free Officers' Victory 2

Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)

Conflict Egypt
and allies
Opponents Results Head of State Minister of
Defense
Egyptian
losses
Military Civilians
Suez Crisis
(1956)
Egypt Republic of Egypt  Israel
United Kingdom
 France
Inconclusive

Coalition military victory[12][13][14]
Egyptian political victory[12]

  • Anglo-French withdrawal from the Suez Canal following international pressure (December 1956)
  • Israeli occupation of Sinai (until March 1957)
  • UNEF demilitarized zone established
  • End of Britain's role as a Superpower
Gamal Abdel Nasser Abdel Hakim Amer 1,650–
3,000
~1,000

United Arab Republic (1958–1971)

Conflict Egypt
and allies
Opponents Results Head of State Minister of
Defense
Egyptian
losses
Military Civilians
North Yemen Civil War
(1962–1967)
 Yemen Arab Republic
United Arab Republic United Arab Republic
 Kingdom of Yemen
 Saudi Arabia
Stalemate Gamal Abdel Nasser Abdel Wahab el-Beshry 26,000 dead[15] None
Sand War
(1963)
 Algeria
United Arab Republic United Arab Republic
 Morocco Stalemate
  • The closing of the border south of Figuig
Unknown None
Six-Day War
(1967)
United Arab Republic United Arab Republic
 Syria
 Jordan
Iraq Iraq
 Lebanon
 Israel Defeat Shams Badran 9,800–15,000 killed or missing[16][17] Unknown
War of Attrition
(1967–1970)
United Arab Republic United Arab Republic
Soviet Union Soviet Union
Flag of Palestine - short triangle.svg PLO
 Jordan
 Israel Both sides claimed victory Mohamed Fawzi 2,882[18]–10,000[19]
Nigerian Civil War
(1967–1970)
 Nigeria
United Arab Republic United Arab Republic
 Biafra Victory (Limited Involvement) Unknown None

Arab Republic of Egypt (1971–present)

Conflict Egypt
and allies
Opponents Results Head of State Minister of
Defense
Egyptian
losses
Military Civilians
Yom Kippur War
(1973)
Federation of Arab Republics

Iraq Iraq
 Jordan
 Algeria
Morocco Morocco
 Saudi Arabia
 Cuba
 North Korea[20][21]

 Israel Defeat[22] (Strategic Political Gains)[23] Anwar Sadat Ahmad Ismail Ali 5,000[25]–15,000[26] dead Unknown
Shaba I
(1977)
 Zaire
 Morocco
Egypt
State of Katanga FNLC Victory
  • FNCL expelled from Katanga
Mohamed el-Gamasy None None
Egyptian–Libyan War
(1977)
Egypt Egypt Flag of Libya (1972–1977).svg Libya Ceasefire ~100 Unknown
Egyptian conscripts riot
(1986)
Egyptian Army Central Security Forces Egyptian Army Victory
  • Riot suppressed
  • Mubarak regime promised to overhaul the force by raising its entry standards, increasing payment and bettering living conditions in their camps
Hosni Mubarak Abd Al-Halim Abu-Ghazala 8,000+[27] None
Gulf War
(1990–1991)
 Kuwait
Flag of the United States (Pantone).svg United States
 United Kingdom
 Saudi Arabia
 France
 Canada
 Egypt
 Syria
 Morocco
 Oman
 Qatar
 Australia
Flag of Iraq (1963–1991).svg Iraq Victory Youssef Sabri Abu Taleb 11[28][29] None
War on terror
(2001–present)



(note: most contributing nations are included in the international operations)

Afghan Taliban (until 2021)
Pakistani Taliban
Former groups:
Ongoing
  • Ongoing conflict
Mohamed Tantawi ? ?
2011 Egyptian revolution
(2011)
Egypt Pro-Government: Egypt Opposition Groups: Pro-Government Victory * During revolution: 846[51][52]
Sinai Insurgency
(2011–)
 Egypt
 Israel
 United Arab Emirates
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Islamic State Ongoing
  • Ongoing conflict
Mohamed Tantawi 3,277 killed (2013-2022)
12,280 Injured (2013-2022)[54]
1,539+ Egyptian,[55][56] 219 Russians, 4 Ukrainians, 1 Belarusian,[57] 3 South Koreans,[58] 3 Vietnamese, 2 Germans,[59] 1 Croatian[60]
2013 Egyptian coup d'état
(2013)
Egyptian Government

Muslim Brotherhood


Egypt Pro-Morsi protesters


Supported by:
 Turkey
 Qatar
 Jordan

Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Victory

President Mohamed Morsi deposed by the Egyptian army

Mohamed Morsi Abdel Fattah al-Sisi 1,150+[62][63]
Second Libyan Civil War
(2015–2020)
 Libya
 Egypt
 United Arab Emirates
Libya GNC
Shura Council
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Islamic State
Victory (limited involvement) Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Sedki Sobhi None 21
Intervention In Yemen
(2015–)
Yemen Hadi government
 Saudi Arabia
 United Arab Emirates
 Senegal
 Sudan
 Qatar
 Bahrain
 Kuwait
 Jordan
 Morocco
 Egypt
 France
Yemen Revolutionary Council Ongoing
  • Houthis dissolve Yemeni government.
  • Houthis take control of northern Yemen.
None None

Notes

  1. ^ The era of Muhammad Ali, pp. 131-pg. 132 by Abd al-Rahman al-Rafei.
  2. ^ Howarth, The Greek Adventure, p. 241.
  3. ^ Lt. Col. Osama Shams El-Din. "A Military History of Modern Egypt from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War." United States Army Command and General Staff College, 2007. [1] PDF
  4. ^ Firro, Kais. A history of the Druzes, Volume 1. pp.70-75
  5. ^ Jesman, Czeslaw (January 1959). "Egyptian Invasion of Ethiopia". African Affairs. Oxford University Press. 58 (230): 75–81. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a094619. JSTOR 718057.
  6. ^ Wright, William (2009). A Tidy Little War: The British Invasion of Egypt, 1882. Spellmount.
  7. ^ Snook, op.cit., p.13
  8. ^ Churchill p. 30
  9. ^ Churchill p. 33
  10. ^ Liebau, Heike; et al., eds. (2010). World in World Wars: Experiences, Perceptions, and Perspectives from Africa and Asia. Studies in Global Social History. Boston: Brill. p. 227. ISBN 978-90-04-18545-6.
  11. ^ "Wars of the World: Israeli War of Independence 1948–1949". Onwar.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  12. ^ a b Tal (2001) p 203
  13. ^ Mart, Michelle (2006-02-09). Eye on Israel: How America Came to View the Jewish State as an Ally. p. 159. ISBN 0791466876.
  14. ^ Stewart (2013) p 133
  15. ^ Pollack (2002), p. 56
  16. ^ El Gamasy 1993 p. 79.
  17. ^ Herzog 1982, p. 165.
  18. ^ Saad el-Shazly, The Crossing of Suez. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-9604562-2-2.
  19. ^ Benny Morris, Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001, Random House (1999), page 362. ISBN 978-0-679-74475-7.
  20. ^ Smith, Terence (1973-10-18). "Hundreds of Tanks Clash in a Struggle for Suez Area". The New York Times. "North Korea has decided to give military assistance to Egypt and Syria, its press agency [...] said today."
  21. ^ Smith, Hedrick (1973-10-19). "Flow of Soviet Jews Is Undimished". The New York Times. "[...] Premier Kim Il Sung of North Korea had met with the Egyptian and Syrian ambassadors in Pyonyang to inform them of his Government's decision 'to give material assistance including military aid to Syria and Egypt.' [...] [This] lends credence to the [US] Defence Department's report that North Korean pilots were flying missions for Cairo."
  22. ^ References:
    • Herzog, The War of Atonement, Little, Brown and Company, 1975. Forward
    • Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, Yom Kippur War, Doubleday and Company, Inc, 1974, page 450
    • Luttwak and Horowitz, The Israeli Army. Cambridge, MA, Abt Books, 1983
    • Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books, 2004. Page 498
    • Revisiting The Yom Kippur War, P.R. Kumaraswamy, pages 1–2 ISBN 0-313-31302-4
    • Johnson and Tierney, Failing To Win, Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics. Page 177
    • Charles Liebman, The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society[permanent dead link] Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 29, No. 3, July 1993. Published by Frank Cass, London. Page 411.
  23. ^ Loyola, Mario (7 October 2013). "How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the". National Review. p. 1. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  24. ^ Loyola, Mario (7 October 2013). "How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the". National Review. p. 1. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  25. ^ Garwych, p. 243.
  26. ^ Herzog, Encyclopaedia Judaica, Keter Publishing House, 1974, p. 87.
  27. ^ Europa Publications Limited, The Middle East & North Africa, Volume 50: p.303
  28. ^ Schmitt, Eric (22 March 1991). "After the War". The New York Times.
  29. ^ "Soldier Reported Dead Shows Up at Parents' Doorstep". Associated Press. 22 March 1991.
  30. ^ Mike Levine; James Gordon Meek; Pierre Thomas; Lee Ferran (23 September 2014). "What Is the Khorasan Group, Targeted By US in Syria?". ABC News. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  31. ^ "Wilayat al-Yemen: The Islamic State's New Front". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  32. ^ Penney, Joe (5 October 2011). "The 'War on Terror' rages in the Philippines". Al Jazeera. Qatar. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
    Abuza, Zachary (September 2005). "Balik-Terrorism: The Return of the Abu Sayyag" (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute. United States Army. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  33. ^ "Jemaah Islamiyah". Mapping Militant Organizations. Stanford University. 14 February 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
    "Profile: Jemaah Islamiah". United Kingdom: BBC News. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  34. ^ "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State". Reuters. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  35. ^ "ISIS Now Has Military Allies in 11 Countries – NYMag". Daily Intelligencer. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  36. ^ "Pakistani splinter group rejoins Taliban amid fears of isolation". Reuters. 12 March 2015. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  37. ^ a b "Islamic extremist groups to merge in Mali, pledge allegiance to al-Quaida". Archived from the original on 4 March 2017.
  38. ^ Thomas Joscelyn (19 November 2014). "UN recognizes ties between Ansar al Sharia in Libya, al Qaeda". Long War Journal. Foundation for Defense of Democracies.
  39. ^ Irshaid, Faisal (13 June 2014). "Profile: Libya's Ansar al-Sharia". BBC News.
  40. ^ Hashem, Mostafa (27 May 2017). "Libyan Islamist group Ansar al-Sharia says it is dissolving". Reuters.
  41. ^ "Egypt's prime minister quits, new govt soon-army". Forexyard.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-01. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
  42. ^ Egypt's Mubarak Steps Down; Military Takes Over, The Wall Street Journal, 11 February 2011.
  43. ^ "Egypt's military moves to dissolve parliament, suspend constitution". Haaretz. Reuters. 29 November 2010. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  44. ^ "Egyptian state security disbanded". 15 March 2011. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  45. ^ Egypt dissolves former ruling party http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/04/2011416125051889315.html
  46. ^ "How the mighty have fallen". Al-Ahram Weekly. 2 February 2011. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  47. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D.; Stack, Liam (13 March 2011). "Prosecutors Order Mubarak and Sons Held". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
  48. ^ "Mubarak to be tried for murder of protesters". Reuters. 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  49. ^ "Egypt's state of emergency ends after 31 years". The Daily Telegraph. London. 31 May 2012.
  50. ^ "Mohammed Morsi sworn in as Egypt's president". CBS News. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  51. ^ "846 killed in Egypt uprising". Haaretz. 20 April 2011. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  52. ^ "924 killed in Egyptian Revolution". 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  53. ^ "Activists on Facebook: the military killed 99 and wounded 2702 in 10 months". Tahrirnews.com. 30 December 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  54. ^ "Egypt has lost more than 3,000 in fight against militants since 2013, says El Sisi". The national News. 27 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  55. ^ "The Heavy Civilian Toll in Sinai". Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  56. ^ "Death toll in Egypt mosque attack rises to more than 300". 25 November 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  57. ^ "Russian plane crash in Egypt: It's too early to determine cause, officials say". Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  58. ^ "South Korean church mourns after Egypt bombing". Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  59. ^ "Three Vietnamese tourists, guide killed by Egypt roadside bomb". The Straits Times. 29 December 2018. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  60. ^ "Croatian hostage 'killed by IS in Egypt'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  61. ^ "BREAKING: Egypt's interim president dissolves Shura Council: State TV". Ahram Online. 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  62. ^ "Egypt: Rabaa Killings Likely Crimes against Humanity". Human Rights Watch. 12 August 2014. Archived from the original on 16 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  63. ^ "90 Egyptians killed in week's clashes". World Bulletin. 6 July 2013. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.