History of Twitter

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Twitter was a social media platform launched in 2006 owned by Twitter, Inc., people communicated and shared information online through its unique 140-character format. Co-founded by Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams, Twitter rapidly grew from a niche microblogging site into a global powerhouse, serving as a platform for real-time news, entertainment, and social movements. Its impact on society, from shaping political discourse to democratizing celebrity culture, became a defining characteristic of the internet era. This article explores Twitter's early history, its growth, major milestones, and the events that led to its transformation into X.

History

2006–2007: Creation and initial reaction

A sketch, c. 2006, by Jack Dorsey, envisioning an SMS-based social network

Twitter's origins lie in a "daylong brainstorming session" held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then an undergraduate student, introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate with a small group.[1][2] The original project code name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass,[3] inspired by Flickr and the five-character length of American SMS short codes. The decision was also partly due to the fact that the domain twitter.com was already in use, and it was six months after the launch of twttr that the crew purchased the domain and changed the name of the service to Twitter.[4] The developers initially considered "10958" as the service's short code for SMS text messaging, but later changed it to "40404" for "ease of use and memorability".[5] Work on the project started in February 2006.[6] Dorsey published the first Twitter message on March 21, 2006, at 12:50 p.m. PST (UTC−08:00): "just setting up my twttr".[7] Dorsey has explained the origin of the "Twitter" title:[8]

...we came across the word "twitter", and it was just perfect. The definition was "a short burst of inconsequential information", and "chirps from birds". And that's exactly what the product was.

The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as an internal service for Odeo employees.[6] The full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006.[9] In October 2006, Biz Stone, Evan Williams, Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo, together with its assets—including Odeo.com and Twitter.com—from the investors and shareholders.[10] Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitter's startup until 2011.[11] Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007.[12] Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview:[13]

With Twitter, it wasn't clear what it was. They called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didn't replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is. Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network.

2007–2010

The tipping point for Twitter's popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive (SXSWi) conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000.[14] "The Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages," remarked Newsweek's Steven Levy. "Hundreds of conference-goers kept tabs on each other via constant twitters. Panelists and speakers mentioned the service, and the bloggers in attendance touted it."[15] Reaction at the conference was highly positive.[16] Twitter staff received the festival's Web Award prize with the remark "we'd like to thank you in 140 characters or less. And we just did!"[17]

The company experienced rapid initial growth. In 2009, Twitter won the "Breakout of the Year" Webby Award.[18][19] On November 29, 2009, Twitter was named the Word of the Year by the Global Language Monitor, declaring it "a new form of social interaction".[20] In February 2010, Twitter users were sending 50 million tweets per day.[21] By March 2010, the company recorded over 70,000 registered applications.[22] As of June 2010, about 65 million tweets were posted each day, equaling about 750 tweets sent each second, according to Twitter.[23] As of March 2011, that was about 140 million tweets posted daily.[24] As noted on Compete.com, Twitter moved up to the third-highest-ranking social networking site in January 2009 from its previous rank of twenty-second.[25]

Jack Dorsey, co-founder and former CEO of Twitter, in 2009

Twitter's usage spikes during prominent events. For example, a record was set during the 2010 FIFA World Cup when fans wrote 2,940 tweets per second in the thirty-second period after Japan scored against Cameroon on June 14, 2010. The record was broken again when 3,085 tweets per second were posted after the Los Angeles Lakers' victory in the 2010 NBA Finals on June 17, 2010,[26] and then again at the close of Japan's victory over Denmark in the World Cup when users published 3,283 tweets per second.[27] The record was set again during the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup Final between Japan and the United States, when 7,196 tweets per second were published.[28] When American singer Michael Jackson died on June 25, 2009, Twitter servers crashed after users were updating their status to include the words "Michael Jackson" at a rate of 100,000 tweets per hour.[29] The current record as of August 3, 2013, was set in Japan, with 143,199 tweets per second during a television screening of the movie Castle in the Sky[30] (beating the previous record of 33,388, also set by Japan for the television screening of the same movie).[31]

The first unassisted off-Earth Twitter message was posted from the International Space Station by NASA astronaut T. J. Creamer on January 22, 2010.[32] By late November 2010, an average of a dozen updates per day were posted on the astronauts' communal account, @NASA_Astronauts. NASA has also hosted over 25 "tweetups", events that provide guests with VIP access to NASA facilities and speakers with the goal of leveraging participants' social networks to further the outreach goals of NASA.

Twitter acquired application developer Atebits on April 11, 2010. Atebits had developed the Apple Design Award-winning Twitter client Tweetie for the Mac and iPhone. The application became the official Twitter client for the iPhone, iPad and Mac.[33]

2010–2014

Logo used from 2012 to 2023

From September through October 2010, the company began rolling out "New Twitter", an entirely revamped edition of twitter.com. Changes included the ability to see pictures and videos without leaving Twitter itself by clicking on individual tweets which contain links to images and clips from a variety of supported websites, including YouTube and Flickr, and a complete overhaul of the interface, which shifted links such as '@mentions' and 'Retweets' above the Twitter stream, while 'Messages' and 'Log Out' became accessible via a black bar at the very top of twitter.com. As of November 1, 2010, the company confirmed that the "New Twitter experience" had been rolled out to all users. In 2019, Twitter was announced to be the 10th most downloaded mobile app of the decade, from 2010 to 2019.[34]

On April 5, 2011, Twitter tested a new homepage and phased out the "Old Twitter".[35] However, a glitch came about after the page was launched, so the previous "retro" homepage was still in use until the issues were resolved; the new homepage was reintroduced on April 20.[36][37] On December 8, 2011, Twitter overhauled its website once more to feature the "Fly" design, which the service says is easier for new users to follow and promotes advertising. In addition to the Home tab, the Connect and Discover tabs were introduced along with a redesigned profile and timeline of Tweets. The site's layout has been compared to that of Facebook.[38][39] On February 21, 2012, it was announced that Twitter and Yandex agreed to a partnership. Yandex, a Russian search engine, finds value within the partnership due to Twitter's real-time news feeds. Twitter's director of business development explained that it is important to have Twitter content where Twitter users go.[40] On March 21, 2012, Twitter celebrated its sixth birthday by announcing that it had 140 million users, a 40% rise from September 2011, who were sending 340 million tweets per day.[41][42]

On June 5, 2012, a modified logo was unveiled through the company blog, removing the text to showcase the slightly redesigned bird as the sole symbol of Twitter.[43][44] On December 18, 2012, Twitter announced it had surpassed 200 million monthly active users.

On January 28, 2013, Twitter acquired Crashlytics in order to build out its mobile developer products.[45] On April 18, 2013, Twitter launched a music app called Twitter Music for the iPhone.[46] On August 28, 2013, Twitter acquired Trendrr,[47] followed by the acquisition of MoPub on September 9, 2013.[48] As of September 2013, the company's data showed that 200 million users sent over 400 million tweets daily, with nearly 60% of tweets sent from mobile devices.[49]

During Super Bowl XLVII on February 3, 2013, when the power went out in the Mercedes-Benz Superdome Mondelez International, Kraft Foods vice president Lisa Mann was asked to tweet, "You can still dunk in the dark", referring to Oreo cookies. She approved, and as she told Ad Age in 2020, "literally the world [had] changed when I woke up the next morning." This became a milestone in the development of commenting daily on culture.[50]

2014–2020

In April 2014, Twitter underwent a redesign that made the site resemble Facebook somewhat, with a profile picture and biography in a column left to the timeline, and a full-width header image with parallax scrolling effect.[a] That layout was used as the main for the desktop front end until July 2019, undergoing changes over time such as the removal of shortcut buttons to jump to the previous or next tweet in early 2017, and rounded profile pictures since June 2017.[51][original research?][52][53]

In April 2015, the Twitter.com desktop homepage changed.[54] Later in the year it became apparent that growth had slowed, according to Fortune,[55] Business Insider,[56] Marketing Land[57] and other news websites including Quartz (in 2016).[58]

On April 29, 2018, the first commercial tweet from space was sent by a private company Solstar utilizing solely commercial infrastructure during the New Shepard flight.[59]

Since May 2018, tweet replies deemed by an algorithm to be detractive from the conversation are initially hidden and only loaded by actuating a "Show more replies" element at the bottom.[60]

In 2019, Twitter released another redesign of its user interface.[61]

2020–2021

The two tweets on May 26, 2020, from President Trump that Twitter had marked "potentially misleading" (inserting the blue warning icon and "Get the facts..." language) that led to the executive order

Twitter experienced considerable growth during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.[62] The platform also was increasingly used for misinformation related to the pandemic.[63] Twitter started marking tweets which contained misleading information, and adding links to fact-checks.[64] In May 2020, Twitter moderators marked two tweets from U.S. President Donald Trump as "potentially misleading" and linked to a fact-check.[65] Trump responded by signing an executive order to weaken Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which limits social media sites' liability for content moderation decisions.[66][67][68] Twitter later banned Trump, claiming that he violated "the glorification of violence policy".[69] The ban drew criticism from conservatives and European leaders, who saw it as an interference on freedom of speech.[70]

On June 5, 2021, the Nigerian government issued an indefinite ban on Twitter usage in the country, citing "misinformation and fake news spread through it have had real world violent consequences",[71] after the platform removed tweets made by the Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari.[72] Nigeria's ban was criticized by Amnesty International.[73]

In 2021, Twitter began the research phase of Bluesky, an open source decentralized social media protocol where users can choose which algorithmic curation they want.[74][75] The same year, Twitter also released Twitter Spaces, a social audio feature;[76][77] "super follows", a way to subscribe to creators for exclusive content;[78] and a beta of "ticketed Spaces", which makes access to certain audio rooms paid.[79] Twitter unveiled a redesign in August 2021, with adjusted colors and a new Chirp font, which improves the left-alignment of most Western languages.[80]

Timeline

This is a timeline of the microblogging service Twitter.

Major events

Time period Key developments at Twitter
March 2006 – March 2007 Twitter launches as a product of parent company Odeo. It grows slowly until March 2007, where usage grows dramatically after it is showcased at the South by Southwest Interactive (SXSW) conference.
April 2007 – October 2008 Twitter grows rapidly under CEO Jack Dorsey, completing two funding rounds and launching official support for hashtags.
October 2008 – October 2010 Jack Dorsey steps down, and Evan Williams takes over as CEO. Twitter raises money, gets celebrity endorsements and publicity, and continues to grow rapidly. The first tweet from space occurs during this period. Twitter also announces that it will start allowing for advertising in the form of promoted tweets – "ordinary tweets that businesses and individuals want to highlight to a wider group of users."
October 2010 – October 2013 Evan Williams steps down as CEO, and Dick Costolo takes over.
October 2013 – present Twitter announces plans and files relevant legal documents in October 2013 so as to go public. In November 2013, it has its initial public offering. Post-IPO, the company's pace of acquisitions increases dramatically.
November 2014 – present With the launch of features such as Instant Timeline, While You Were Away, Quality Filter, Curator, and Moments, Twitter diversifies beyond just being a reverse chronological stream of tweets by people you already follow. Rather, it seeks to more intelligently help people with the on-boarding process as well as helps seasoned users navigate through what might otherwise be a very messy feed.
July 2015 – present Dick Costolo departs Twitter and Jack Dorsey assumes the role of interim CEO. Commentators note that the "founder's instincts" are influencing the product's new direction.

Full timeline

Year Month and date Event type Event
2004 November Prelude Odeo, Twitter's parent company, is started.
2005 February Prelude Odeo's podcasting service is released, with very little public response.
2006 February 26–27 Creation Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Evan Williams and Biz Stone discuss the idea of using text messaging to share statuses, and decide to work on the project. The original idea is attributed to Jack Dorsey, and called the status concept.[81]
2006 Early March Creation The name Twitter (spelled twttr at the time and using a green site logo[82]) is chosen for the service. The idea for the name is attributed to Noah Glass.[83][84]
2006 March 21 Creation Twitter is officially set up and Jack Dorsey sends the first tweet.[7]
2006 July 15 Media coverage Noah Glass tells Om Malik of GigaOm about Twitter (then called twttr), and Malik writes an article about it on GigaOm.[85] This appears to be the first ever news coverage of Twitter,[86] and a number of people, including Malik himself, have commented on the accuracy (or lack thereof) of its predictions from the perspective of hindsight.[87][88][89]
2006 August 3 Usage Twitter users tweet about a mild (4.4 on the Richter scale) earthquake in California. The event helps Twitter's team see the potential of Twitter as a way for many people to contribute to the reporting of a live event, each from his or her own vantage point.[90]
2006 September Userbase Twitter attempts to have a grand launch at the Love Parade, but gets very little traction there, with only 100 new signups.[91]
2006 October Financial/legal and company operation Biz Stone, Evan Williams, Dorsey, and other members of Odeo, form Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo, together with its assets—including Odeo.com and Twitter.com—from the investors and shareholders.[92]
2007 March 12 Userbase Twitter is highly successful at South by Southwest Interactive (SXSW) and gets a major bump in usage from the event.[93] Commentator Steven Levy calls this a tipping point for Twitter.[94]
2007 April Financial/legal and company operation Twitter spins off into its own company.[95]
2007 June 26 Financial/legal Twitter announces that it has closed a funding round led by Fred Wilson of Union Square Ventures.[96] The five-million-dollar round values Twitter at $20 million.[97]
2007 August 23 Usage The hashtag (#), first proposed by user Chris Messina, debuts on Twitter.[98]
2008 June 24 Financial/legal Twitter announces the closure of its second funding round, welcoming new investors Bijan Sabet of Spark Capital and Jeff Bezos of Bezos Expeditions. Existing partners Union Square Ventures and Digital Garage also invest more.[99]
2008 October 16 Company operation It is announced that Jack Dorsey has stepped down from the CEO role at Twitter, and Evan Williams takes over.[100][101][102][103]
2009 February 13 Financial/legal Twitter announces the closure of yet another funding round, with new investors Peter Fenton of Benchmark Capital and Todd Chaffee of Institutional Venture Partners.[104][105]
2009 April 17 Media coverage, userbase expansion Evan Williams appears alongside Ashton Kutcher on Oprah Winfrey's show to explain Twitter to Oprah's audience.[106]
2009 April 20 onward Media coverage, userbase expansion Executives from Twitter and WordPress head over to Iraq to expose the people there to social media and the Internet.[107]
2009 April 30 Media coverage Twitter executives Biz Stone and Evan Williams are included in the TIME 100.[108]
2009 June 15–16 Usage Twitter reschedules planned downtime for maintenance so as not to conflict with a large planned protest in Iran.[109] Because a US State Department official had emailed Twitter about the planned protest, newspapers speculate that Twitter rescheduled its downtime because of pressure from the US government.[110][111][112]
2010 January 22 Usage The first unassisted off-Earth Twitter message is posted from the International Space Station by NASA astronaut T. J. Creamer.[113]
2010 April 13 Product Twitter announces that it will start allowing for advertising in the form of promoted tweets – "ordinary tweets that businesses and individuals want to highlight to a wider group of users."[114][115][116]
2010 September[117] Product Implementation of hash-bang fragment URLs and AJAX-based page loading. Replaced by JavaScript PushState in early 2012 due to problems with compatibility and shareability.[118][119]
2010 October 4 Company operation Evan Williams steps down as CEO, and Dick Costolo, the erstwhile COO, takes over as CEO.[120][121][122]
2011 April 5, April 20 Product Twitter tests a new homepage and phased out the "Old Twitter."[123] However, a glitch came about after the page was launched, so the previous "retro" homepage was still in use until the issues were resolved; the new homepage was reintroduced on April 20.[124][125]
2011 July 5 Acquisition Twitter acquires BackType, a real-time social analytics platform.[126][127]
2011 September 8–9 Financial/legal Twitter closes its Series G round, raising $800 million at a $8 billion valuation. Of the $800 million, $400 million buys off shares from existing investors and the remaining $400 million goes to the company.[128][129]
2011 December 8 Product Twitter overhauls its website once more to feature the "Fly" design, which the service says is easier for new users to follow and promotes advertising. In addition to the Home tab, the Connect and Discover tabs are introduced along with a redesigned profile and timeline of Tweets. The site's layout is compared to that of Facebook.[130][131]
2012 February 21 Product Twitter announces a partnership with Russian search engine Yandex. Yandex, a Russian search engine, finds value within the partnership due to Twitter's real time news feeds. Twitter's director of business development explained that it is important to have Twitter content where Twitter users go.[132]
2012 March 21 Userbase Twitter celebrates its sixth birthday while also announcing that it has 140 million users and sees 340 million tweets per day. The number of users is up 40% from their September 2011 number, which was said to have been at 100 million at the time.[133]
2012 April Company operation Twitter announces that it is opening an office in Detroit, with the aim of working with automotive brands and advertising agencies.[134] Twitter also expanded its office in Dublin.[135]
2012 June 5 Product A modified logo is unveiled through the company blog, removing the text to showcase the slightly redesigned bird as the sole symbol of Twitter.[136]
2012 August 22 Product Name of tweets' source client no longer displayed.[137] Reinstated in December 2018.
2012 October 5 Acquisition Twitter acquired a video clip company called Vine that launches (later) in January 2013.[138][139] Twitter released Vine as a standalone app that allows users to create and share six-second looping video clips on January 24, 2013. Vine videos shared on Twitter are visible directly in users' Twitter feeds.[140] Due to an influx of inappropriate content, it is now rated 17+ in Apple's app store.[141]
2012 December 18 Userbase Twitter announces it had surpassed 200 million monthly active users. Twitter hit 100 million monthly active users in September 2011.[142]
2013 March 24 Product Line breaks[143][144][145]
2013 April 18 Product Twitter launches a music app called Twitter Music for the iPhone.[146]
2013 June 13 Product Shutdown of public site API "1.0"[147]
2013 August 28 Acquisition Twitter acquires Trendrr, a real-time social data company.[148]
2013 September 9 Acquisition Twitter acquires MoPub.[149]
2013 September 12 Financial/legal Twitter announces that it has filed papers with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ahead of a planned stock market listing.[150]
2013 October 4 Financial/legal Twitter releases an 800-page prospectus in preparation for the IPO.[151]
2013 November 6–7 Financial/legal On November 6, 70 million shares[152] are priced at US$26 and issued by lead underwriter Goldman Sachs.[153] On November 7, trading of the shares begins on the New York Stock Exchange. The share closes at US$44.90, giving the company a valuation of around US$31 billion.[154]
2014 April Product Desktop website layout majorly redesigned. This layout served as main front end for desktop web users until July 2019.
2014 June 19 Acquisition Twitter acquires SnappyTV.[155]
2014 June 30 Acquisition Twitter confirms acquisition of mobile ad retargeting startup TapCommerce.[156]
2014 July 31 Acquisition Twitter acquires password security startup Mitro and open sources the product.[157]
2014 November 12 Product, userbase Twitter announces "Instant Timeline"—a way to show users who have just created accounts interesting content even before they have followed anybody. Around the same time, Twitter announces that it will make the timeline more customized, highlighting to a user the most important tweets while they were away, rather than simply showing a reverse chronological feed. Other features announced include better video capability and the ability to share public tweets privately with one's followers to discuss them.[158]
2014 December 2 Product Twitter announces a new suite of anti-harassment tools and promises faster response times for abuse complaints.[159]
2015 January 20 Acquisition Twitter acquires India-based mobile marketing startup ZipDial.[160][161]
2015 January 21 Product Twitter officially launches its "While You Were Away" feature.[162]
2015 January 27 Product Launch of video uploading through mobile app and direct messaging in groups.[163]
2015 February 11 Acquisition Twitter announces that it has acquired Niche, an ad network for social media stars, founded by Rob Fishman and Darren Lachtman.[164] The acquisition price is reportedly $50 million.[165]
2015 February 17 Product Twitter lets people share team accounts without sharing passwords, with its new TweetDeck Team feature.[166][167][168]
2015 March 5 Product, monetization Twitter announces that it will tap data from its Marketing Platform Partners and allow publishers to target ads to specific audiences based on that data.[169][170]
2015 March 9 Acquisition Twitter acquires Periscope, a live video streaming startup.[171][172]
2015 March 23 Product Twitter starts rolling out a "Quality Filter" to verified iOS users so that people can more easily keep bullying and unpleasant tweets out of their stream. A number of news articles commented that it worked quite well.[173][174][175][176]
2015 March 31 Product Twitter publicly launches Curator, a real-time search and filtering feature for media outlets, that some commentators call a Storify competitor.[177][178][179]
2015 April 2 Acquisition Twitter acquires TenXer, a platform for developers and engineers to collaborate more effectively.[180]
2015 April 7 Product Added feature to quote tweets[181]
2015 April 28 Acquisition Twitter acquires with $532 million in stock TellApart, an ad technology company with rich user profiles, and partners with DoubleClick, Google's ad exchange.[182][183][184]
2015 April 28 Financial Twitter shares fall in price by about 18% based on their disappointing quarterly revenue ($436 million), earning, and user growth numbers.[185][186][187] The drop begins even before Twitter's official announcement because the results are scraped by financial intelligence firm Selerity from Twitter's website.[188][189]
2015 May 18 Product Twitter completes the rollout of its new search interface for logged-in web users.[190][191]
2015 May 19 Use in other products Google adds tweets to its mobile search results.[192][193][194][195]
2015 June 11 (announcement), July 1 (planned change) Company operation Dick Costolo steps down as CEO, co-founder Jack Dorsey returns as interim CEO. Costolo will remain on the Board. Shares are up 3% on the announcement.[196][197][198]
2015 June 17 Acquisition Twitter acquires Cambridge-based machine learning startup Whetlab.[199]
2015 September 30 Product Twitter expands Buy buttons through partnerships with Bigcommerce, Demandware, and Shopify.[200][201]
2015 October 6 Product Twitter debuts Twitter Moments, a way for people to get a quick overview of important tweets or chains of tweets that occurred recently.[202][203]
2015 October 14 Company operation Omid Kordestani leaves his job as Chief Business Officer at Google to become Executive Chairman at Twitter.[204] His base salary is $50,000 and he is eligible for up to $12 million in stock based on the company's performance.[205][206]
2015 November 3 Product Twitter replaces the Favorite button with a Like button and the star symbol (used to symbolize favoriting) with a heart symbol.[207][208][209] Twitter reports a 6% increase in usage of the feature after the change,[210] and also appears to be experimenting with offering a more diverse set of emojis, prompting commentators to draw parallels with Facebook's Reactions feature.[211]
2015 November 4 Product Twitter launches a political transparency page, so that people can better engage with policy issues on Twitter.[212]
2016 February–March Product Twitter rolls out a change to its feed, making recommended tweets the default option, rather than the reverse chronological format that it had used since launch.[213] The rollout officially begins on February 10.[214][215] The rollout is completed on March 17, 2016.[216] Users are allowed to opt out, but Twitter reports in April 2016 that the percentage of users who opted out is in the "low single digits".[217]
2016 May 24 Product Twitter announces that attached photos and videos will not be counted towards the 140 character limitation, and that a tweet beginning with a handle will be seen by followers.[218]
2016 June 14 or 15 Product Added ability to retweet oneself[219][220]
2016 June 20 Acquisition Twitter acquires Magic Pony Technology, a company based out of London that has developed techniques of using neural networks (systems that essentially are designed to think like human brains) and machine learning to provide expanded data for images.[221]
2016 June 24 Product Twitter launches tags to location feeds with Foursquare. People can see which tweets are from a specific place.[222]
2016 September 23 Acquisition (potential) CNBC reports that Twitter is in talks with potential acquirers including Google and Salesforce.com.[223] On the same day, TechCrunch reports on the departure of two key Twitter team members.[224]
2016 October 21 Downtime A distributed denial of service attack on DNS provider Dyn's servers in the United States East Coast causes DNS resolution problems for many websites include Twitter, Reddit, GitHub, Spotify, and others, mostly for users in the Americas.[225]
2016 October 27 Company operation Twitter announces that it plans to cut 350 jobs (around 9% of its global workforce).[226]
2016 October 27 Vine Vine announces that Twitter would be discontinuing the Vine mobile app. Vine says users of the service would be notified before any changes to the app or website are made. The company also states that the website and the app will be still available for users to view and download Vines; however, users will no longer be able to post.[227]
2016 November 1 Company operation Rishi Jaitly, Twitter's head of India, announces his departure from the company.[228][229]
2016 November 9 Company operation Adam Bain, Twitter's chief operating officer, announces he will leave the company.[230]
2016 December 1 Acquisition Twitter acquires Yes, Inc., the company that made several apps including Frenzy. All of Yes's apps would shut down. In the process of the acquisition, Keith Coleman, who had served as CEO of Yes, becomes a new vice president of product for Twitter.[231][232]
2016 December 20 Company operation Adam Messinger, Twitter's chief technology officer, announces his departure from the company.[233] On the same day, Josh McFarland, a vice president of product, also announces his departure from Twitter.[234][235]
2017 January Twitter announces that it would shut down the Twitter Dashboard.[236]
2017 January 12 Competition The founders of App.net announce that the platform will shut down on March 14, 2017. App.net has been called "an ad-free, subscription-based, Twitter clone".[237][238] The source code for App.net will be made available through its GitHub account.[239]
2017 January 18 Acquisition Twitter announces it has sold Fabric, Twitter's developer platform, to Google.[240][241][242]
2017 January 20 Vine Twitter launches an online archive of Vine videos.[243]
2017 January 26 Product Twitter launches the "Explore" tab, which replaces the "Moments" tab. The Explore tab bundles together Moments, trends, live video streams, and search.[244]
2017 January 27 Legal Twitter releases two national security letters it had received from the United States federal government. The release followed the lifting of the gag order placed on Twitter to not release the letters. The letters are from September 2015 and June 2016.[245][246][247][248]
2017 March 30 Product Usernames no longer inside tweet replies[249]
2017 March 31 Product Default profile picture changed from egg with randomly coloured background to grey person silhouette.[250]
2017 April 6 Product Introduction of "Twitter Lite", a progressive web app for mobile users.[251]
2017 April Product Font size of tweets in timeline consistent; some tweets' font no longer appears larger.[252]
2017 June 15 Product Redesign of user interface icons such as "like", "retweet", "reply", and circular profile pictures, following a trend widely adapted by other large social media sites.[253]
2017 November 7 Product Twitter increases tweets' character limit from 140 to 280 for all accounts. The earliest rollout to select accounts happened in September.[254]
2017 November 10 Product Twitter increases display names' character limit from 20 to 50 characters.[255]
2017 December Product Ability to post threads of multiple tweets at once[256]
2018 July 13 Product Locked and suspended accounts no longer add to profiles' follower counts, making the appearance of a sudden drop in following on popular accounts.[257]
2018 September Legal Jack Dorsey testifies before the U.S. senate alongside Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg.[254]
2018 December 20 Product Tweet source label reinstated on the website and mobile app, after previously removed in August 2012.[258]
2019 March Product Earliest trial of vertical left-side navigation bar column on the progressive web app ("Twitter Web App"). Gradually rolled out, starting with Microsoft Windows 10 users.[259][260] In June 2019, this layout was rolled out to all users of "Twitter Web App".[261]
2019 May 7 Product Added ability to attach media (images or a video) to quote tweets[262]
2019 June Company Operation Twitter reveals data showing thousands of fake accounts linked to foreign governments like Iran and Russia.[254]
2019 July 15 Product Progressive web app front end (known as "Twitter Web App", formerly "Twitter Lite") set to default for desktop website users.
2019 July 15 Product TLS 1.0 and 1.1 support ended, placing Twitter among the earliest sites to do so.
2019 September 5 Product Line breaks in biography texts[263]
2020 March Product Multimedia viewer overhaul for desktop users of "Twitter Web App", with the host tweet and its replies appearing in a scrollable and retractable side bar on the right, similarly to Facebook and Instagram. Gradually rolled out.[264]
2020 June 1 Product Legacy (2014) web front end, also known as "Twitter Web Client", discontinued.
2020 August 11 Product Ability to limit replies to individual tweets to followed or mentioned users.[265] First tested in May 2020.[266] Expanded to be adjustable after tweeting in July 2021.[267]
2020 August 26 Product Added counter for quote tweets[268]
2020 November Product Trial with changed retweeting behaviour, where users are prompted to quote the tweet with a comment rather than a menu with a selection between both. A quoteless retweet would only be done if nothing was entered in the text box. The trial lasted for a month.[269]
2020 December 15 to 16 Product Shutdown of "M2" mobile web front end which commenced as mobile front end in the early 2010s and later served as fallback to low-end devices/browsers, as well as browsers with JavaScript deactivated or unsupported.
2021 May Product Removal of the automated picture cropping algorithm used for previews in tweets and timelines.[270][271]
2021 October 14 Product First trial of downvoting feature[272]
2022 April 25 Company operation Elon Musk and Twitter board reach a deal for Musk to acquire the company for $44 billion and take it private.[273][274]
2022 August 1 Product Initial tests of "tweets per month" counter.[275]
2022 August 23 Legal Contents of Whistleblower complaint to the United States Congress is published, alleging multiple violations of United States securities regulations, the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914, and a 2011 enforceable consent decree reached with the Federal Trade Commission after several issues between 2007 and 2010.[276]
2022 October 27 Company operation Elon Musk completed the acquisition of Twitter.[277]

See also

References

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