Hainanese

Hainanese
Hainanese
Qiong wen
海南話, Hhai3 nam2 ue1, Hái-nâm-oe
Pronunciation	[hai˨˩˧ nam˨˩ ue˨˧] (Haikou dialect)
Native to	China, Singapore
Region	Hainan
Ethnicity	Hainanese
Native speakers	Around 5 million in China (2002)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Min Coastal Min Hainanese; ; ; ;
Dialects	Haikou dialect; Wenchang dialect; Qionghai dialect; Wanning dialect; Lingshui dialect; Sanya dialect;
Writing system	Chinese characters[citation needed]; Hainanese Pinyin Hainan Romanized
Language codes
ISO 639-3	(hnm is proposed)
Glottolog	hain1238
Linguasphere	79-AAA-k
	Hainanese
	Varieties of the Hainanese spoken in Hainan.
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Bible in Hainan Romanised (Genesis), published by the Bible Society of Great Britain.

Hainanese (Hainan Romanised: Hái-nâm-oe, Hainanese Pinyin: Hhai3 nam2 ue1,simplified Chinese: 海南话; traditional Chinese: 海南話; pinyin: Hǎinánhuà), also known as Qióngwén, Heng2 vun2 (simplified Chinese: 琼文; traditional Chinese: 瓊文) or Qióngyǔ, Heng2 yi2 (琼语; 瓊語),^[3] is a group of Min Chinese varieties spoken in the southern Chinese island province of Hainan and Overseas Chinese such as Malaysia. In the classification of Yuan Jiahua, it was included in the Southern Min group, being mutually unintelligible with other Southern Min varieties such as Hokkien–Taiwanese and Teochew.^[4] In the classification of Li Rong, used by the Language Atlas of China, it was treated as a separate Min subgroup.^[5] Hou Jingyi combined it with Leizhou Min, spoken on the neighboring mainland Leizhou Peninsula, in a Qiong–Lei group.^[6] "Hainanese" is also used for the language of the Li people living in Hainan, but generally refers to Min varieties spoken in Hainan.

Phonology

Hainanese has seven phonemic vowels^{[citation needed]}.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	/i/		/u/
Close-mid	/e/		/o/
Open-mid	/ɛ/		/ɔ/
Open		/a/

Hainanese notably has a series of implosive consonants, which it acquired through contact with surrounding languages, probably Hlai.

		Labial	Dental	Alveolo	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		/m/ 目 mak	/n/ 念 niam		/ŋ/ 乐 ngak
Plosive	voiceless	/p/ 爸 pa	/t/ 洗 toi		/k/ 公 kong	/ʔ/ 啊 a
	Aspirated	(/pʰ/) 婆 pho			(/kʰ/) 去 khu
	voiced/implosive	/ɓ/ 北 ɓak	/ɗ/ 茶 ɗei		(/ɠ/) 我 gua
Affricate			/ts/ 食 tsia	/dʑ/ 日 jit
Fricative	voiceless	/f/ 皮 fi	/s/ 事 sei		/x/ 去 xu	/h/ 海 hai
Fricative	voiced	/v/ 文 vun	/z/ 欲 zok			/ɦ/
Approximant		(/w/) 发 wat	/l/ 老 lao	(/j/) 肉 yok

The phonological system of Hainanese corresponds well with that of Hokkien, but it has had some restructuring. In particular, etymological *anterior plain stops have undergone implosivization (*p > [ɓ], *t > [ɗ]), etymological *aspirated stops have spirantized (*pʰ > [f], *tʰ > [h], *cʰ > [ɕ] *kʰ > [x]), and etymological *s have hardened into stops (*s > [t]), and *h > [ɦ]. Additionally, some dialects have [ɡ], and [ʑ] is allophonic with /j/. These changes also make Hainanese fairly close to the Chinese-based vocabulary within Vietnamese. For example 邪, 仙, 散, 迹, 神, 痴 (xié, xiān, sàn, jì, shén, chī) in Mandarin or (siâ, sian, suànn, jiak, sîn, chi) in Hokkien is (dia2, din1, dan4, di1, din2, si1) in Hainanese and (da, tiên, tàn, ty, tích, thần, si) in Sino-Vietnamese.

Tone chart of the Hainan dialect
Tone number	Tone name	Tone contour	Example
1	yin ping (阴平)	˨˦ (24)	诗
2	yang ping (阳平)	˨˩ (21)	时
3	yin shang (阴上)	˨˩˩ (211)	死
4	yin qu (阴去)	˧˥ (35)	四
5	yang qu (阳去)	˧ (33)	是
6	yin ru (阴入)	˥ (5)	失
7	yang ru (阳入)	˧ (3)	实
8	chang ru (长入)	˥ (55)	视

Romanization

Hainanese Pinyin

Hainanese Pinyin (海南话拼音方案) was a phonetic system announced by the Education Administration Department of Guangdong Province in September 1960. It mark tones with numbers.

Initials

IPA	Hainanese Pinyin	Bǽh-oe-tu	Example
/ɓ/	b	b	北
/p/	b	p	波
/pʰ/	p	ph	坡
/ɸ/	p	f	皮
/m/	m	m	摩
/b/	v	b	?
/v/	v	v	无
/t/	d	t	装
/ɗ/	dd	d	刀
/n/	n	n	挪
/l/	l	l	罗
/k/	g	k	哥
/ŋ/	ng	g	俄
/x/	h	kh	可
/h/	hh	h	号
/ɠ/	gh	g	我
/ts/	z	c	支
/s/	s	s	妻
/z/	y	j	余

Finals

IPA	Hainanese Pinyin	Bǽh-oe-tu	Example
/a/	a	a	亚
/o/	o	o	荷
/ɛ/	e	e	摩
/i/	i	i	医
/u/	u	u	呜
ai	ai	ai	哀
ɔi	oi	oi	鞋
au	ao	au	喉
ia	ia	ia	也
iɔ	io	io	腰
ua	ua	oa	换
ue	ue	oe	话
ui	ui	oi	威
uai	uai	oai	坏
ɔu	ou	ou	黑
iu	iu	iu	柚
iau	iao	iau	妖
iam	iam	iam	厌
im	im	im	音
am	am	am	暗
an	an	an	安
in	in	in	烟
un	un	un	温
uan	uan	oan	弯
aŋ	ang	ag	红
eŋ	eng	eg	英
ɔŋ	ong	og	翁
iaŋ	iang	iag	央
uaŋ	uang	oag	汪
iɔŋ	iong	iog	匈
ip	ib	ib	邑
iap	iab	iab	协
at	ad	at	遏
it	id	it	乙
ut	ud	ut	核
uat	uad	oat	挖
ak	ag	ak	鹤
ek	eg	ek	益
ok	og	ok	喔
iok	iog	iok	育
uak	uag	oak	廓
-ʔ	-h	-h	不

References

^ Hou, Jingyi 侯精一 (2002). Xiàndài Hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn 现代汉语方言概论 [An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects]. Shanghai Educational Press 上海教育出版社. pp. 207–208.
^ "Change Request Documentation: 2021-045". 31 August 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
^ "为新加坡琼属"寻根"的热心人——王振春". Hainan.gov (in Chinese). 中新海南网. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020. 他组织演出琼语话剧《海南四条街》，搬上新琼舞台，引起两地海南人的共鸣。
^ Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Chinese, Min Nan.
^ Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects". Walter de Gruyter. pp. 54–55, 86. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
^ Hou, Jingyi 侯精一 (2002). Xiàndài Hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn 现代汉语方言概论 [An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects]. Shanghai Educational Press 上海教育出版社. p. 238.

External links

Learn hainanese

[hou207-1] Hou, Jingyi 侯精一 (2002). Xiàndài Hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn 现代汉语方言概论 [An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects]. Shanghai Educational Press 上海教育出版社. pp. 207–208.

[2] "Change Request Documentation: 2021-045". 31 August 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2022.

[3] "为新加坡琼属"寻根"的热心人——王振春". Hainan.gov (in Chinese). 中新海南网. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020. 他组织演出琼语话剧《海南四条街》，搬上新琼舞台，引起两地海南人的共鸣。

[4] Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Chinese, Min Nan.

[5] Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects". Walter de Gruyter. pp. 54–55, 86. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.

[hou238-6] Hou, Jingyi 侯精一 (2002). Xiàndài Hànyǔ fāngyán gàilùn 现代汉语方言概论 [An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects]. Shanghai Educational Press 上海教育出版社. p. 238.

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Hainanese

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