George Floyd protests

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For lists of protests, see Lists of George Floyd protests.

George Floyd protests
Part of the 2020–2022 United States racial unrest and the Black Lives Matter movement
Crowd of protesters with signs, including one reading "I Can't Breathe"
Clockwise from top:
DateMay 26, 2020 – ongoing
Location
United States
(sporadic protests in other countries)
Caused by
MethodsProtests, demonstrations, civil disobedience, civil resistance, online activism, strike action, riots
Resulted in
Deaths, arrests and damages
Death(s)19+ (May 26–June 8, 2020)[3]
Arrested14,000+[4]
Property damage
  • $550 million in Minneapolis–Saint Paul (May 26–June 6, 2020)[5]
  • $1–2 billion in insured damages in the United States (May 26–June 8, 2020)[6]

The George Floyd protests were a series of protests and civil unrest resulting from the unintentional homicide of George Floyd during his fatal arrest on May 26, 2020 by four police officers with the Minneapolis Police Department. The civil unrest and protests began in reaction to breaking news headlines, and what media described as the murder of George Floyd resulting from police brutality and racism, despite the diversity of race among the arresting officers which included Derek Chauvin, a white American, J. Alexander Kueng, a black American, Thomas Lane, a white American, and Tou Thao, a Hmong-American. The four police officers were fired the next day after videos of the incident had been reviewed. The recordings from the body cams worn by the police officers had not been released to the public, however, bystanders at the scene had released their recordings on the internet, none of which included the same scenes recorded by the police body cams as was later discovered. The four former officers were arrested for their mishandling of Floyd or lack to take appropriate action resulting in Floyd's death.[7] All four were tried in a series of state and federal trials and found guilty of both state and federal charges.[8][9]

Background

Main article: Death of George Floyd

The George Floyd protest movement began hours after his death as bystander video and word of mouth began to spread.[10] Protests first emerged at the East 38th and Chicago Avenue street intersection in Minneapolis, the location of Floyd's arrest and unintential death, and other locations in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota.[11] Protests quickly spread nationwide and to over 2,000 cities and towns in over 60 countries in support of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement.[12][13][14] Polls in the summer of 2020 estimated that between 15 million and 26 million people had participated at some point in the demonstrations in the United States, making the protests the largest in U.S. history.[15][16][17]

While the majority of protests were peaceful,[18] demonstrations in some cities escalated into riots, looting,[19] and street skirmishes with police and counter-protesters. Some police responded to protests with instances of notable violence, including against reporters.[20][21][22] At least 200 cities in the U.S. had imposed curfews by early June 2020, while more than 30 states and Washington, D.C. activated over 96,000 National Guard, State Guard, 82nd Airborne, and 3rd Infantry Regiment service members.[23][24][25][26] The deployment, when combined with preexisting deployments related to the COVID-19 pandemic and other natural disasters, constituted the largest military operation other than war in U.S. history.[27] By the end of June 2020, at least 14,000 people had been arrested.[4][28][29] By June 2020, more than 19 people had died in relation to the unrest. A report from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project estimated that between May 26 and August 22, 93% of individual protests were "peaceful and nondestructive"[30] and research from the Nonviolent Action Lab and Crowd Counting Consortium estimated that by the end of June, 96.3% of 7,305 demonstrations involved no injuries and no property damage.[31] However, arson, vandalism, and looting that occurred between May 26 and June 8 caused approximately $1–2 billion in damages nationally, the highest recorded damage from civil disorder in U.S. history, and surpassing the record set during the 1992 Los Angeles riots.[6][32]

The protests precipitated a worldwide debate on policing and racial injustice that has led to numerous legislative proposals on federal, state, and municipal levels in the U.S. intended to combat police misconduct, systemic racism, qualified immunity and police brutality.[33] The protests led to a wave of monument removals and name changes throughout the world[34] and occurred during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and amid the 2020 U.S. presidential election season.[35][36] Protests continued through 2020 and into 2021,[37] most notably in Minneapolis at the 38th and Chicago Avenue street intersection where Floyd became the victim of a fatal arrest that activists have referred to as George Floyd Square.[38][39] Several demonstrations coincided with the criminal trial of Chauvin in March and April 2021 and the one-year anniversary of Floyd's death in May 2021. Officials in Minnesota and elsewhere proactively mobilized counter-protest measures for Chauvin's trial, but it did not result in unrest like what happened immediately after Floyd's negligent death.[40]

Local officials in Minneapolis–Saint Paul prepared counter-protest measures in early 2022 for the start of the federal trial for the other three police officers at the scene of Floyd's homicide.[41][42] Relatively small protests took place during the trial and after the verdict announcement.[43] The occupation of George Floyd Square persisted into 2022 and the street intersection area was still an active protest zone by August 2022.[44][45][46][47][48]

Tribute items left at site of Floyd's murder forming a makeshift memorial
Memorial at the site of Floyd's murder

Protests

World map showing sites of protests
Map of protests around the world with over 100 participants. Minneapolis-St. Paul is marked in red. (click for a dynamic version of the map)

In Minneapolis–Saint Paul

Main articles: George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul and George Floyd Square occupied protest

Organized protests began in Minneapolis on May 26, the day after George Floyd's tragic death and an onlooker's video of the incident was being widely circulated in the media. By midday, a large crowd had gathered and were setting up makeshift memorials.[49][50] Organizers of the rally kept the protest peaceful.[51] Protesters and Floyd's family were demanding that the four officers at the scene of Floyd's fatal arrest be charged with murder, and that judicial consequences be swift.[52][53] That evening, the protest rally turned into a march to the Minneapolis Police Department's third precinct station where the four officers were believed to be employed. After the main protest group disbanded that night, a smaller group of protestors arrived creating chaos and destruction. They spray-painted the building, threw rocks and bottles, broke a station window, and vandalized a squad car. A skirmish broke out between the vandals and some protesters who tried to stop them.[50][51][54][55] At around 8 p.m., police fired tear gas and rubber bullets at demonstrators, some of whom were throwing water bottles at police officers.[56]

Protests were held at several locations throughout the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area in subsequent days. The situation escalated the nights of May 27 to 29 where widespread arson, rioting, and looting took place in contrast to the daytime protests that were characterized as mostly peaceful.[55] The unrest, including people overtaking the Minneapolis third precinct police station and setting it on fire the night of May 28, garnered significant national and international media attention.[54] After state officials mobilized Minnesota National Guard troops in its largest deployment since World War II,[57][58] the violent unrest subsided and mostly peaceful protests resumed.[54] However, the violence by early June 2020 had resulted in two deaths,[59][60] 604 arrests,[61][62] an estimated $550 million[5] in property damage to 1,500 locations, making the Minneapolis–Saint Paul events alone the second-most destructive period of local unrest in United States history, after the 1992 Los Angeles riots.[63][64][65][62] About 60% of the local financial losses were uninsured.[66]

In Minneapolis, protesters barricaded the street intersection at East 38th Street and Chicago Avenue where Floyd was murdered and transformed it into a makeshift memorial site, which was adorned with public art installments and described as like a "shrine". Thousands of visitors protested and grieved at the site.[67][68] When Minneapolis city officials attempted to negotiate the re-opening of the intersection in August 2020, protesters demanded that before removing cement barricades the city meet a list of 24 demands,[69] which included holding the trial for the four officers present during Floyd's murder.[70]

On September 11, 2020, hundreds rallied outside a downtown Minneapolis court building were a pretrial hearing was held for the four police officers involved in Floyd's murder.[71] On October 7, 2020, several protests were held in Minneapolis to express anger over Chauvin's release from jail pending trial after he posted bond for his $1 million bail. Minnesota Governor Tim Walz deployed 100 National Guards troops, 100 Minnesota state police troops, and 75 conservation officers.[72] Fifty-one arrests were reported that night, mostly for misdemeanor offenses, such as unlawful assembly.[73]

In early 2021, Minneapolis and Hennepin County officials spent $1 million on fencing and other barricades for police stations and other government buildings to prepare for potential civil unrest during the trial of Derek Chauvin in March. State and local officials also made plans to deploy thousands of police officers and National Guard soldiers.[74] In early March, in the days preceding Chauvin's trial, local organizers staged peaceful protests[75] with thousands of people marching in the streets.[76] The situation at George Floyd Square in Minneapolis grew tense when a person was fatally shot inside the protester-held "autonomous zone" during an altercation on March 6, 2021.[75][77] In March and April 2021, groups of protesters gathered at George Floyd Square and outside Hennepin County Government Center in Minneapolis during Chauvin's trial,[78] but the streets of Minneapolis were largely empty of mass demonstrations like those in late May and early June 2020.[79]

A sign at the George Floyd Square occupied protest, May 18, 2021

In April 2021, 3,000 National Guard troops and law enforcement officers were called from neighboring states in preparation for potential unrest over the outcome of the Derek Chauvin trial. On April 20, 2021, Derek Chauvin was found guilty of murdering George Floyd. By then, Floyd's murder had resulted in one of the largest civil rights protest movements in recent decades, and the Minneapolis–Saint Paul region had experienced a prolonged series of protests and intermittent unrest over issues of police brutality and racial injustice.[80][81] As news of the Chauvin's guilty verdict spread on April 20, 2021, a crowd of one-thousand people marched in downtown Minneapolis and others gathered at 38th and Chicago Avenue to celebrate the outcome.[38][39] Demonstrations in Minneapolis during Chauvin's criminal trial and verdict announcement were largely peaceful.[82]

Following Chauvin's verdict, many activists in Minneapolis did not perceive that "Justice for Floyd" was final as J. Alexander Kueng, Thomas Lane and Tou Thao still awaited trial, and issues of systemic racism and police reform had not been addressed satisfactorily.[83] George Floyd Square occupation protest organizers, who had transformed the street intersection where Floyd was murdered into an "autonomous zone" adored with public art, said they would continue to protest.[84][39][85][86][87] Activists changed a marquee that had counted down the days to Chauvin's trial to read, "Justice served?", and chanted, "One down! Three to go!", in reference to the looming trials of officers of the other three officers who participated in Floyd's arrest and subsequent murder.[88] The street intersection area had been a "continuous site of protest" since the day Floyd was murdered,[89] and at nearly a year after his murder, thousands of people from multiple countries had visited the active,[90] ongoing[91] protest and memorial site there.[91]

People gathered at multiple locations in Minneapolis for the announcement of Chauvin's sentencing on June 25, 2021, when he received a 22.5-year prison term. Family and civil rights activists expressed disappointment and said it should have been for the 30-year maximum, and they advocated for passage of the federal George Floyd Justice in Policing Act legislation. Several demonstrations were held in Minneapolis the evening of June 25. Civil rights activists and protesters noted the forthcoming civil rights case against the four police officers at the scene of Floyd's murder, and the criminal case against former officers Kueng, Lane, and Thao scheduled for March 2022.[92][93][94]

Though the City of Minneapolis began the process of reopening the street intersection at George Floyd Square to vehicular traffic in June 2021, organizers of the protest movement rooted there still considered their presence an "occupation" and "resistance".[95] The square hosted a celebration of life for Floyd on October 14, 2021.[96] By December 23, 2021, the occupied protest had persisted at George Floyd Square for 19 consecutive months.[44] Activists in Minneapolis had vowed to continue protesting until the outcome of the criminal case of all involved officers at the scene of Floyd's death. The criminal trial was scheduled to begin on June 13, 2022.[97][98][99]

In early 2022, local officials prepared counter-protest measures and for potential unrest ahead of the January 20 schedule start of the federal civil rights trial of Kueng, Lane, and Thao. Officials erected security fencing around the Warren E. Burger Federal Building in Saint Paul, Minnesota, that contained the courtroom for the trial.[41][42][100][82] Protest demonstrations were held in the streets surrounding the courtroom building during the trial.[101][102] On February 24, 2022, Kueng, Lane, and Thao were convicted on all federal civil rights charges they faced at trial. A small group of protesters gathered outside the court building in Saint Paul and at the location in Minneapolis where Floyd was murdered while the verdict was read.[43]

2020

George Floyd protest arrests reported to the DOJ or FBI as of June 6, 2020

Protests outside the Minneapolis area were first reported on May 27 in Memphis and Los Angeles. It is unclear if demonstrators were reacting to the graphic video of Floyd's murder or the culmination of a string of black American deaths, preceded by Ahmaud Arbery in Atlanta on February 23 and Breonna Taylor in Louisville on March 13. By May 28, protests had sprung up in several major U.S. cities with demonstrations increasing each day.[103][104][105] By June, protests had been held in all U.S. states. At least 200 cities had imposed curfews, and at least 27 states and Washington, D.C., activated over 62,000 National Guard personnel in response to the unrest.[106][26]

In Seattle, starting in early June, protesters occupied an area of several city blocks after the police vacated it, declaring it the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone, where according to protesters "the police are forbidden, food is free and documentaries are screened at night". On June 11, President Trump challenged mayor Jenny Durkan and governor Jay Inslee to "take back your city", and implying, according to Durkan, the possibility of a military response.[107][108]

On June 8, 2020, the police-free Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone was established in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle.

On June 10, thousands of academics, universities, scientific institutions, professional bodies and publishing houses around the world shut down to give researchers time to reflect and act upon anti-Black racism in academia.[109] Organizations involved with #ShutDownSTEM day included Nature Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the American Physical Society.

On June 14, an estimated 15,000 people gathered outside the Brooklyn Museum at Grand Army Plaza for the Liberation March, a silent protest in response to police brutality and violence against black transgender women. Frustrated by the lack of media coverage over the deaths of Nina Pop, who was stabbed in Sikeston, Missouri, on May 3 and Tony McDade, who was shot by police in Tallahassee, Florida, on May 27, artist and drag performer West Dakota and her mentor, drag queen Merrie Cherry, decided to organize a silent rally inspired by the 1917 NAACP Silent Parade.[110][111] The march generated widespread media attention as one of the largest peaceful protests in modern New York City history.[112][113]

On June 19, Juneteenth, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) shut down ports on the West Coast in solidarity with protesters. An educator from the University of Washington said that the union has a history of protest and leftist politics since its founding: "[The ILWU] understood that division along the lines of race only benefited employers, because it weakened the efforts of workers to act together and to organize together.[114] The UAW also asked members to join the protests by standing down for 8 minutes and 46 seconds, the amount of time Chauvin was initially reported to have held his knee to Floyd's neck.[115][116]

A protester being arrested in Columbus, Ohio, on May 30, 2020

On June 17, in response to the protests, three different police reform plans, plans from the Republicans, the Democrats, and the White House, were unveiled aiming to curb police brutality and the use of violence by law enforcement.[117] On June 25, NPR reported that the hopes for passage were doubtful because they were "short-circuited by a lack of bipartisan consensus on an ultimate plan [and] the issue is likely stalled, potentially until after the fall election".[118]

Protests continued over the weekend of June 19 in many cities, and observations of Juneteenth gained a new awareness.[14] Jon Batiste, bandleader for The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, took part in a Juneteenth day of protests, marches, rallies and vigils to "celebrate, show solidarity, and fight for equal rights and treatment of Black people" in Brooklyn. Batiste also appeared in concert with Matt Whitaker in a performance presented in partnership with Sing For Hope, performed on the steps of the Brooklyn Public Library.[119]

By the end of June, more than 4,700 demonstrations had occurred in the United States—a daily average of 140—with an estimate of 15 million and 26 million total participants.[120] Protests had occurred in over 40% of the counties in the United States.[16] Protests in the aftermath of Floyd's death were then considered the largest in United States history.[16][120]

As of July 3, protests were ongoing.[16] On July 4, the Independence Day holiday in the United States, several protests were held, including in several cities where protests had been going on since the day after Floyd's death.[121] On July 20, the Strike for Black Lives, a mass walkout intended to raise awareness of systemic racism, featured thousands of workers across the United States walking off their jobs for approximately 8 minutes, in honor of Floyd.[122]

The theme for the March on Washington held in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 2020, was, "Commitment March: Get Your Knee Off Our Necks", a reference to Floyd's arrest by Chauvin.[123]

Masked protesters in Philadelphia on June 2, 2020

Over the Labor Day holiday weekend, which the Saturday marked 100 nights of protests since Floyd's death marches and rallies where held in many cities.[124] In Miami, Florida, protesters on September 7, 2020, commemorated Floyd's death and pressured local authorities to enact changes to policing policies, such as banning chokeholds during arrests.[125]

To mark what would have been Floyd's 47th birthday, groups across the United States staged protest events on October 14, 2020.[126] Rallies and vigils were held in Minneapolis, Brooklyn, and Los Angeles, among other places. In Portland, Oregon, where Black Lives Matter protests had been held daily since Floyd's death, demonstrators staged a sit-in.[127]

For some Black Americans, particularly a group interviewed in George Floyd's hometown in Houston, Texas, the protests over Floyd's death transformed to greater political activity and increased voter turnout in the November 2020 election.[128] Terrance Floyd, George's brother, and other family members rallied voters in support of the candidacy of Joe Biden, and they made an appearance with the Biden family at a campaign event in Tallahassee, Florida. Terrence Floyd also rallied voters in New York City on the November 3, 2020, Election Day.[129]

By December, the protest movement was still "deeply rooted" at George Floyd Square, an occupied protest of the East 38th Street and Chicago Avenue intersection in Minneapolis where Floyd was killed."[68]

2021

In many parts of the United States, protests over Floyd's death gradually diminished over time. In Portland, Oregon, Floyd's unintentional killing resulted in a yearlong period of "near-continuous protests" over racial injustice and police violence, at times featuring clashes between demonstrators and authorities and resulting in property damage.[130]

In Boston, activists rallied on March 4, 2021, to demand the conviction of all four officers present at the scene of Floyd's death and for local authorities to investigate past cases where police officers used excessive force.[131] Two days later, thousands marched in Boston to call for justice for Floyd as part of a coordinated, 17-state set of rallies.[132] In Salt Lake City, activists protested Floyd's death by staging a car caravan on March 6, 2021.[133] Prayer vigils seeking justice for Floyd were held in conjunction with the Chauvin trial at several locations. In Houston, Texas, Floyd's family held an event on April 9, 2021.[134] In Maryland, a group gathered to pray that for justice for Floyd and his family as the jury began deliberations in the Chauvin criminal trial on April 19, 2021.[135]

People in many cities in the United States reacted to Chauvin's unintentional second and third degree murder, and second degree manslaughter conviction on April 20, 2021, with largely peaceful demonstrations. Some jurisdictions had proactively mobilized National Guard troops and declared states of emergency in preparation for possible violence,[136] and some businesses had boarded up to prevent potential looting.[137] Many activists perceived the guilty verdict as one step in the process to obtain justice.[138] At nearly a year after Floyd's death, civil rights activists continued to call for passage of the federal George Floyd Justice in Policing Act.[139][140] Many activists believed that "justice for George Floyd" required changing the systems of policing and criminal justice in a way that would have prevented his death.[141][139][140]

On April 23, 2021, in Austin, Texas, activists rallied outside the state's capitol to call for passage of the Texas’ George Floyd Act—reform legislation introduced to ban chokeholds and require officers to intervene to stop excessive use of force—that had stalled in the state legislature.[142] On May 6, 2021, Black mothers led a march in Washington, D.C., to encourage passage federal police reform legislation named after Floyd.[143] On May 19, 2021, in Nevada, protesters jammed phone lines to the state legislature after police reform legislation introduced as result of the global protest movement begun by Floyd's murder did not advance.[144]

By late May 2021, Floyd's death, and the video of it, had given way to a yearlong, nationwide movement featuring the largest mass protests in United States history.[10] To commemorate the one-year anniversary of his death in a several-day event titled "One Year, What's Changed", the George Floyd Memorial Foundation, a non-profit organization founded by Floyd's family, planned marches and rallies in Minneapolis, New York, and Houston for May 23, 2021, and called for two days of virtual activism everywhere in the United States in support of federal police reform legislation.[145][146][147]

At a rally in New York City outside Brooklyn Borough Hall on May 23, 2021, Terrance Floyd, George's brother, called on the crowd to continue advocating for police reform and for communities to “stay woke”.[148] Civil rights activist Al Sharpton said, "convicting Chauvin is not enough", and encouraged congress to pass the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act, as well as continued activism ahead of the criminal trials of Lane, Kueng, and Thao and the federal civil rights trial of all four officers.[149]

By May 25, 2021, the anniversary of Floyd's death, the United States had experienced a yearlong movement to address racial injustice in policing.[150] Several street protests were held in many locations in the United States to mark the anniversary.[120] In New York City, protesters marched and then knelt for 9 minutes and 29 seconds while blocking traffic.[151][120] A rally in Portland, Oregon, was peaceful in the afternoon, but at night, 150 demonstrators set fire to a dumpster outside the Multnomah County Justice Center and damaged other property. Police declared the gathering a riot and made five arrests.[152][153][120] Most demonstrations—which included street marches, prayer services, and festivals—in the United States were peaceful. At many rallies, protesters expressed disappointment with the lack of change to policing policies and budgets, and some said they would continue protesting and advocating for their desired goals.[120]

International

Protest at Alexanderplatz in Berlin on June 6, 2020
Main articles: List of George Floyd protests outside the United States and Reactions to the George Floyd protests § International

Solidarity protests over Floyd's murder quickly spread worldwide. Protests in Canada, Europe, Oceania, Asia, and Africa rallied against what they perceived as racial discrimination and police brutality, with some protests aimed at United States embassies.[154] Protesters globally also called on lawmakers in the United States to address the issues of police violence and the police-state structure.[141]

Over the weekend of June 7 and 8, surfers around the world held a "Paddle Out", a Hawaiian mourning tradition, for George Floyd and all the lives lost to police violence. Thousands observed the tradition in Honolulu, Hawaii,[155] La Jolla, Hermosa Beach and Santa Monica, California, Galveston, Hackensack, New Jersey, Rockaway Beach, New York,[156] Biarritz, France, Senegal and Australia.[157][158]

Floyd's death came as the global Black Lives Matter movement had been slowly building for years, but outrage over what was captured in a bystander's video and Floyd's dying words, "I can't breathe", resulted in solidarity protests in more than 50 countries and led to what was described as a "social awaking" on issues of racial injustice and brought renewed attention on past police brutality cases.[159] As a jury deliberated in Chauvin's criminal trial, a vigil for Floyd was held on April 19, 2021, in Melbourne, Australia.[160] By the conclusion of the criminal trial of Derek Chauvin on April 20, 2021, millions of people worldwide had viewed video footage of Floyd's murder and protests were ongoing internationally over issues of police brutality and systemic racism.[161] The murder conviction of Chauvin was celebrated by activists in many countries and several of them expressed their desire for further progress on racial justice and police accountability issues.[162][163]

For some, the so-called "George Floyd effect" had demonstrators and activists connecting historic racism and social injustice to contemporary, local examples of police brutality.[164] Movements spawned by Floyd's murder, which served as a catalyst,[163] were still active in Australia, Brazil, India, Japan, New Zealand, Nigeria, United Kingdom, and elsewhere by May 2021.[159] In Canada and France, where Floyd's murder initiated protests, activists were unsatisfied with the levels of reform made by officials at nearly a year after Floyd's murder.[165][166]

Protesters in London rallied outside the United States embassy on May 22, 2021. Protesters remarked that the Chauvin murder conviction was "a small amount of justice of what [George Floyd] really deserves". The protest was among of new set of peaceful protests in the United Kingdom to mark the one-year anniversary of Floyd's murder.[167] On May 25, 2021, protesters took the streets in Germany[168] and demonstrators took a knee in and raised their fists at rallies in Glasgow, London, and Edinburgh.[120] Rallies were held outside U.S. Embassies in Greece and Spain.[169][170]

Media coverage

The protests were the subject of extensive media coverage, documentaries, and television specials. The documentary Say His Name: Five Days of George Floyd, released in February 2021, contained footage of protests and unrest in a neighborhood of Minneapolis in the five days that elapsed between Floyd's murder and the criminal charges being filed against Derek Chauvin.[171][172] In August 2020, the occupied protests at 38th Street and Chicago Avenue in Minneapolis was the subject of a multi-part PBS News Hour series, "George Floyd Square: The epicenter of a protest movement that's swept the world"[173] and in December 2020, it was the subject of a monthlong series by Minnesota Public Radio, "Making George Floyd's Square: Meet the people transforming 38th and Chicago".[174]

Several documentaries and news specials were broadcast to coincide with first anniversary of Floyd's murder.[175] The ABC-produced After Floyd: The Year that Shook America examined the "generation-defining movement" of Floyd's death and Our America: A Year of Activism reflected on the year-long period of activism on social justice issues that followed. PBS-produced Race Matters: America After George Floyd reported on ongoing protests in communities over issues of police brutality a year after Floyd's death.[175]

The Minneapolis-based Star Tribune newspaper received the 2021 Pulitzer Prize for the breaking news it reported of Floyd's murder and the resulting aftermath. Danielle Frazier, the then 17-year old who filmed Floyd's arrest and murder on her cellphone, received a Pulitzer special citation recognition in 2021 for her video.[176]

Use of social media

Protesters wearing COVID masks marching down a Baltimore street on May 30
A George Floyd protest in Baltimore on May 30

Darneil Frazier's mobile phone recording of Floyd's fatal arrest went viral after she posted it to Facebook in the early morning on May 26.[177] Public outrage over the contents of the video became an inflection point that sparked the largest civil-rights protests in U.S. history as Americans confronted topics of structural racism and police reform. Protests had continued for over a year after Floyd's murder.[178][179]

Numerous individuals and celebrities used social media to document the protests, spread information, promote donation sites, and post memorials to George Floyd. Following Floyd's murder, a 15-year-old started a Change.org petition titled "Justice for George Floyd", demanding that all four police officers involved be charged.[180] The petition was both the largest and fastest-growing in the site's history,[180] reaching over 13 million signatures.[citation needed] During this time, multiple videos of the protests, looting, and riots were shared by journalists and protesters with many videos circulating widely on social media websites.[181]

A remix of Childish Gambino's song "This is America" and Post Malone's "Congratulations" was used heavily by protesters sharing footage of protests and police action on TikTok.[182] Others used personal Twitter pages to post video documentation of the protests to highlight police and protesters actions, as well as points of the protests they felt would not be reported.[183] One example was a viral photo that appears to show white women protesters standing with their arms locked between Louisville Metro Police Officers and protesters, with the caption describing the image and "This is love. This is what you do with your privilege."[184]

Viral images of officers "taking a knee" with protesters and engaging in joint displays against police brutality, highlighted by hashtags such as #WalkWithUs,[185] have circulated widely on social media.[186] These acts have been identified by some cultural critics as copaganda, or "feel-good images" to boost public relations.[187][188][189] Official social media accounts of police departments boosted positive images of collaboration.[188] In some cases, these displays of solidarity, such as police kneeling, have been recognized as occurring moments before police teargassed crowds or inflicted violence on them.[187][189] An article in The Fader characterized these acts as public relations tactics which were being undermined by police violence, "It feels like we go past the point of no return several times each day."[188]

List of related articles

Further information: Reactions to the George Floyd protests
Main article: Violence and controversies during the George Floyd protests
Further information: List of police violence incidents during George Floyd protests, List of vehicle-ramming incidents during George Floyd protests, and List of changes made due to the George Floyd protests
Main article: 2021 Minneapolis Question 2
Main article: List of police reforms related to the George Floyd protests
Main articles: List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests, List of name changes due to the George Floyd protests, and 2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States § Founding of PACT

See also

References

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  188. ^ a b c Darville, Jordan (June 2, 2020). "How to help in the George Floyd protests and beyond". The Fader.
  189. ^ a b LeBlanc, Cameron (June 2, 2020). "Let's Talk About That 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' Scene That's Going Around". Fatherly.

Further reading

Arrangement is chronological.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Floyd protests.
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