White ethnostate

From Justapedia, unleashing the power of collective wisdom
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Part of a series on
Discrimination
Emojione 1F6AB.svg
Forms
Attributes
Social
Religious
Ethnic/national
Manifestations
Policies
Countermeasures
Related topics

A White ethnostate is a proposed type of state in which residence or citizenship would be limited to whites, and would exclude non-whites, such as blacks, Asians, Jews, Middle Easterners and North Africans and Hispanics. Within the Anglosphere, such an exclusion also includes the natives of their respective countries, such as of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

In the United States, proposals for such a state are advanced by White supremacist and White separatist factions such as Ku Klux Klansmen and Neo-Nazis whether through claiming a certain part or the whole of the country to have a white majority.[1][2] Most white ethnostate movements envision a state inhabited solely by White Anglo-Saxon Protestants and/or of Northern European descent.

Historical attempts at establishing a white ethnostate include that in Apartheid-era South Africa, wherein the black population was pushed into areas known as Bantustans through various means, including deportations and racial segregation, with the aim of establishing separate states out of the resulting ethnically cleansed areas, the largest of which would be a white state.[3]

Proposed white ethnostates

North America

A map that shows the suggested boundaries of The Northwest Territorial Imperative in red.

Historically, as well as in modern times, the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho and a portion of Montana) has been proposed by many white supremacists as a location for the establishment of a white ethnostate. This Northwest Territorial Imperative was promoted by Richard Girnt Butler, Robert Jay Mathews, David Lane, and Harold Covington, alongside the white supremacist terrorist organization The Order, the Neo-Nazi Christian Identity organization Aryan Nations, the white power skinhead group Volksfront, and the Northwest Front, among others. The Northwest Territorial Imperative also has loose overlap with the Cascadia independence movement, which also seeks to create an independent republic between the Northwest and parts of Northern California in the United States and British Columbia in Canada.[4][5] Some in the far-right use the term American Redoubt to describe a similar migration to the Northwestern United States.[6]

Other areas have been looked into as sites for a potential white ethnostate by certain groups, most notably the South and the self-proclaimed "Southern Nationalist" League of the South (LS) given the region's history of secessionism and once being an independent nation known as the Confederate States of America (1861–1865). Another example is Billy Roper's Shield Wall Network (SWN), a neo-Nazi organization located in Mountain View, Arkansas which seeks to build a "white ethnostate" in the Ozark region and is affiliated with other separatist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK); the Knights Party, located near Harrison, Arkansas; the League of the South (LS); and the National Socialist Movement (NSM) of now-defunct Nationalist Front.[7] Conversely, the Ozarks have been a "hotbed" for adherents of the Christian Identity movement including the Church of Israel and various members of the Christian Patriot movement who have set up paramilitary training camps to prepare for a coming Armageddon.[7][8][9] The defunct neo-Nazi organization Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP), led by Matthew Heimbach, also sought to create a white ethnostate called "Avalon", built upon the ideological principles of Nazism, various strands of European fascism such as Legionarism and British Fascism, and Eastern Orthodoxy.

South Africa

Volkstaat as proposed by the Freedom Front Plus and the Volkstaat Council

After the end of apartheid, some Afrikaner nationalist organizations, including Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, started to promote the idea of a Volkstaat that would be created in the Western Cape region.[10]

In January 2010, Beeld, an Afrikaans newspaper, held an online survey. Out of 11,019 respondents, 56% (6,178) said that they would move to a Volkstaat if one were created, a further 17% (1,908) would consider it while 27% (2,933) would not consider it as a viable option.[11]

Historical attempts at creating a white ethnostate

United States

The United States had historically white nationalist ideas, beginning with the Naturalization Act of 1790, which allowed only whites to apply for citizenship if they have lived in the United States for two years without breaking any laws, and continued to recognize only whites— with rare exceptions— as citizens for decades afterward. Only after the American Civil War did laws begin to change, gradually admitting citizenship rights to minority populations. Non-white foreigners as of the Johnson–Reed Act[12] in 1924 were allowed to immigrate to America following a quota of 2% of the number of people from their country of origin living in America per the 1890 Census. The 1952 McCarran–Walter Act revised the former 1924 act and decreased the percentage of people coming into America. It also removed the ban on immigration from Asia.[13] Discrimination in immigration ended legally by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. In 2013, white supremacist Craig Cobb attempted to take over the small town of Leith, North Dakota, and turn it into a neo-Nazi enclave; this failed due to Cobb's violent behavior towards Leith residents, which got him arrested. The events form the basis of the documentary Welcome to Leith.

Nazi Germany

See also: Generalplan Ost and Lebensraum

Adolf Hitler's plan was to create a Nordic/Aryan superstate that would rule over most of Europe and dominate its geopolitical landscape and eradicate everyone who was not considered "pure" by the Nazis. The objective of Nazi Germany was to turn a large part of central and eastern Europe into an "Aryan" homeland by cleansing its population through the genocide and mass deportation of non-Aryans such as Jews, Slavs (i.e. Poles, Serbs, etc.), Roma/Gypsies, and homosexuals.

See also: Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia and Category:War crimes committed by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army

In 1943-1945, forces of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the Bandera faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, with some support from the local Ukrainian population, committed genocide of around 85,000 Poles (primarily women and children) in the regions of Volhynia and Eastern Galicia that were at that time occupied by the military of Nazi Germany.[14][15] The aim of the OUN-B and its UPA military organisation was to create a homogenuous Ukrainian ethnostate without the Polish, Russian, Jewish, and Czech minorities that inhabited those lands at the time.[16] The UPA sometimes worked together with the Ukrainian SS under German command to carry out other massacres of Polish minorities.[17][18][19]

Australia

From 1901 until the mid-20th century, Australia maintained a series of policies, collectively nicknamed the White Australia policy, that actively restricted immigration of non-white migrants. The policy was originated after the passage of the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, which aimed to exclude non-Europeans from migrating to the country.[20] These policies were gradually dismantled over the following years, and the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 was repealed in 1958 and replaced by the Migration Act 1958.[21] The White Australia policy was definitively ended in 1973, after the Whitlam government passed legislation that made selection of migrants on the basis of race unlawful.[22]

New Zealand

Similar to Australia, what was dubbed "White New Zealand Policy" saw legislation enacted that aimed to keep out Asians and other non-Europeans from immigrating to the country.[23] After the Second World War, a 1953 Department of External Affairs memorandum set out the intent in more clear terms. The laws were relaxed only in the 1970s and the 1980s. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage described it thus: "Our immigration is based firmly on the principle that we are and intend to remain a country of European development. It is inevitably discriminatory against Asians – indeed against all persons who are not wholly of European race and colour. Whereas we have done much to encourage immigration from Europe, we do everything to discourage it from Asia".[24]

South Africa

During the apartheid era, the South African government, led by the National Party, attempted to turn South Africa into a whites-only state by forcing millions of black people to move to bantustans.[3][clarification needed] Post-apartheid, some Afrikaner groups such as Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) and Afrikaner Volksfront have promoted the idea of a Volkstaat or a homeland for Afrikaners only. The town of Orania, Northern Cape is a manifestation of the Volkstaat idea.[25]

Rhodesia

In November 1965, Ian Smith, the Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia, declared the independence of Southern Rhodesia to prevent black Africans from ruling the country and to preserve white culture.[26][27][28] Southern Rhodesia became independent as Rhodesia.

See also

References

  1. ^ Dickson, Caitlin (2 February 2018). "The Neo-Nazi Has No Clothes: In Search Of Matt Heimbach's Bogus 'White Ethnostate'" – via Huff Post.
  2. ^ Rosenberg, David (24 October 2017). "Opinion Richard Spencers Israeli Ethno-state Is a neo-Nazi's Nightmare". Haaretz.
  3. ^ a b "Bantustan - historical territory, South Africa". Britannica.
  4. ^ Barry J. Balleck (2014). Allegiance to Liberty: The Changing Face of Patriots, Militias, and Political Violence in America. Praeger. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-1440830952. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  5. ^ Buck, Christopher (2009). Religious myths and visions of America : how minority faiths redefined America's world role. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0313359590. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  6. ^ Walters, Daniel. "Does this anti-"sodomite," slavery-defending, Holocaust-denying Idaho pastor lead a hate group?". Inlander.
  7. ^ a b "Shield Wall Network (SWN)". Anti-Defamation League.
  8. ^ https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/combating-hate/Gayman-Dan-EIA-1.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  9. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-11-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. ^ Bevan, Stephen (31 May 2008). "AWB leader Terre'Blanche rallies Boers again". Archived from the original on June 4, 2008 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  11. ^ Pieter du Toit (12 January 2010). "Volkstaat hou g'n heil in". Beeld. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  12. ^ "Milestones: 1921–1936 - Office of the Historian".
  13. ^ "Milestones: 1945–1952 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov.
  14. ^ Massacre, Volhynia. "What were the Volhynian Massacres?". Volhynia Massacre. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
  15. ^ "Wołyń 1943 – Rozliczenie" (PDF), Konferencje IPN, 41: 27–30, 2010
  16. ^ "Clash of victimhoods: The Volhynia Massacre in Polish and Ukrainian memory".
  17. ^ Pure Soldiers Or Sinister Legion (in English)
  18. ^ Mikolaj Falkowski, "Podkamień. Perła Kresów. Miejsce pamięci ofiar UPA." Official webpage of the Polish Radio.
  19. ^ Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Chapter 5, p. 284. Accessed 9 September 2009. Archived 11 September 2009.
  20. ^ "The Immigration Restriction Act 1901". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  21. ^ "Migration Act 1958 (Cth)". Federal Register of Legislation.
  22. ^ "Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy". Australian Department of Immigration. Retrieved 14 June 2006.
  23. ^ "White New Zealand policy introduced | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  24. ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "1946–1985: gradual change". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  25. ^ Schonteich, Martin; Boshoff, Henri (2003). 'Volk' Faith and Fatherland. The Security Threat Posed by the White Right (PDF). Institute for Security Studies. p. ee. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  26. ^ Duignan, Peter (1985). Politics and Government in African States 1960–1985. Taylor & Francis Books. ISBN 978-0709914754.
  27. ^ Raeburn, Michael (1978). We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas. Random House. ISBN 978-0394505305.
  28. ^ Raftopolous, Brian (2009). Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the pre-colonial period to 2008. Weaver Press. ISBN 978-1779220837.
  29. ^ "The Village Where the Neo-Nazis Rule". der Spiegel. 3 January 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
Retrieved from "https://justapedia.org/index.php?title=White_ethnostate&oldid=1119839403"