Timeline of space exploration
This is a timeline of space exploration including notable achievements and first accomplishments or major events in humanity's exploration of outer space.
Pre-20th century
Date | Event leading to space exploration | Country | Researcher(s) | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1610 | First telescopic observation of the night sky: discovery of the Galilean moons, lunar craters and the phases of Venus. | ![]() |
Galileo Galilei | |
1668 | First reflecting telescope. | ![]() |
Isaac Newton | |
1781 | First telescopic discovery of planet (Uranus). | ![]() |
William Herschel | |
1801 | First discovery of asteroid (Ceres). | ![]() |
Giuseppe Piazzi | |
1813 | First exposition of the rocket equation based on Newton's third law of motion: Treatise on the Motion of Rockets. | ![]() |
William Moore | |
1840 | First clear telescopic photograph of another world: the Moon. | ![]() |
John William Draper | |
1845 | First proper observation of other galaxies which are termed "whirlpool nebulae". | ![]() |
William Parsons | |
1861 | A Journey Through Space makes first proposal of using rockets for space flight. | ![]() |
William Leitch | |
1895 | First proposal of space elevator. | ![]() |
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky |
1900–1956
Date | Mission success | Country | Mission name | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1903 | Publication of Exploration of the Universe with Rocket-Propelled Vehicles[1] that showed physical space exploration was theoretically possible, including the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation, multi staged rockets and using liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen in liquid propellant | ![]() |
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky | [2] |
1914 | Goddard files for and is subsequently awarded U.S. patents on multistage and liquid-fueled rockets. | ![]() |
Robert H. Goddard | |
1917 | First observation of an extrasolar planet (exoplanet) round Van Maanen 2 although it is not recognised as such at the time. | ![]() |
Adriaan van Maanen | |
1919 | Goddard's widely influential paper "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes" discussed solid- and liquid-fueled rocketry. | ![]() |
Robert H. Goddard | |
15 December 1923 | Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen ("By Rocket into Planetary Space") self-published after its rejection as a doctoral thesis. | ![]() |
Hermann Oberth | |
1924 | Society for Studies of Interplanetary Travel founded. | ![]() |
Members include Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Friedrich Zander, Yuri Kondratyuk | |
16 March 1926 | Goddard launches the first liquid-fueled rocket. | ![]() |
Robert H. Goddard | |
1927 | Verein für Raumschiffahrt (Society for Space Travel) formed; it includes many top European rocket scientists. | ![]() |
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1927 | Завоевание межпланетных пространств (The Conquest of Interplanetary Space) discusses rocket mechanics and orbital effects including the gravitational slingshot. | ![]() |
Yuri Kondratyuk | |
1928 | Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums – der Raketen-Motor (The Problem of Space Travel – The Rocket Motor) discusses space travel and its potential uses for scientific experiments. | ![]() |
Herman Potočnik | |
11 June 1928 | Lippisch Ente, first successful rocket-powered full-size aircraft, as part of Opel-RAK program. | ![]() |
Alexander Lippisch (designer), Fritz Stamer (pilot), Fritz von Opel and Max Valier (program heads) | [3] |
30 September 1929 | Opel RAK.1, first successful public flight of a rocket-powered aircraft, as part of Opel-RAK program. | ![]() |
Julius Hatry (designer), Fritz von Opel (pilot and program head), Max Valier (program head) | |
January 1933 | British Interplanetary Society founded. | ![]() |
Philip E. Cleator | |
April 1933 | First detection of radio waves from an astronomical object. | ![]() |
Karl Jansky | |
September 1933 | Establishment of the Soviet rocket research lab Reactive Scientific Research Institute (RNII) by combining the Group for the Study of Reactive Motion (GIRD) with the Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL). | ![]() |
Key people Sergei Korolev & Valentin Glushko | [4] |
20 June 1944 | V-2 rocket (MW 18014): First artificial object to cross what would later be defined as the Kármán line and hence first spaceflight in history. | ![]() |
Wehrmacht | |
October 1945 | Article in Wireless World, "Extra-Terrestrial Relays — Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?" makes first discussion of geostationary satellites as a means of communication. | ![]() |
Arthur C. Clarke | |
10 May 1946 | First space research flight (cosmic radiation experiments). | ![]() |
captured and improved V-2 rocket | |
24 October 1946 | First pictures of Earth from 105 km (65 mi). | ![]() |
V-2 | [5][6] |
20 February 1947 | First animals in space (fruit flies). | ![]() |
V-2 | [5][7] |
24 February 1949 | WAC Corporal missile mounted onto a V-2 rocket, producing the first two-stage liquid-fueled rocket, that sets a record altitude of 244 miles (393 km). | ![]() |
Bumper-5 | |
14 June 1949 | Albert II, a rhesus monkey, became the first primate and first mammal in space, flying on a V-2 rocket. | ![]() |
V-2 | |
20 September 1956 | The first rocket to pass the thermopause and enter the exosphere. At 682 miles (1,098 km) altitude and 3,335 miles range, the 3-stage Jupiter-C breaks both records and achieves MACH 18 velocity. | ![]() |
Jupiter-C (first launch) |
1957–1959
Date | Mission achievements | Country/organization | Mission name | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
21 August 1957 | First intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). | ![]() |
R-7 Semyorka/SS-6 Sapwood | |
4 October 1957 | First artificial satellite. First man-made signals from space. |
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Sputnik 1 | |
3 November 1957 | First mammal in orbit, the dog Laika. | ![]() |
Sputnik 2 | |
31 January 1958 | Confirmed existence of the Van Allen radiation belt. | ![]() |
Explorer 1 | |
17 March 1958 | First use of solar power in space. The oldest artificial object still in space. |
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Vanguard 1 | |
4 January 1959 | First rocket to reach Earth escape velocity; attempt to impact the Moon's surface; missed by 5,995 kilometers (3,237 nmi). First artificial object in heliocentric orbit. First detection of solar wind. |
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Luna 1 | |
7 August 1959 | First photograph of Earth from orbit. | ![]() |
Explorer 6 | |
13 September 1959 | First impact into the Moon. First delivery of national pennants to a celestial body. |
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Luna 2 | |
4 October 1959 | First photos of another world from space: the far side of the Moon. | ![]() |
Luna 3 |
1960–1969
Date | Mission success | Country/organization | Mission name | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
March 1960 | First solar probe. | ![]() |
Pioneer 5 | |
19 August 1960 | First plants and animals to return alive from Earth orbit. | ![]() |
Sputnik 5 | |
10 October 1960 | First probe launched to Mars (failed to reach target). | ![]() |
Mars 1M | |
31 January 1961 | First Hominidae or great ape in space, first tasks performed in space; Ham (chimpanzee). | ![]() |
M-R 2 | |
12 February 1961 | First launch from Earth orbit of upper stage into a heliocentric orbit. First mid-course corrections. First spin-stabilisation. |
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Venera 1 | |
12 April 1961 | First human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin). First human-crewed orbital flight. |
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Vostok 1 | [8][9] |
5 May 1961 | First human-piloted space flight (Alan Shepard). First human-crewed suborbital flight. First human space mission that landed with pilot still in spacecraft, thus the first complete human spaceflight by past FAI definitions. |
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Freedom 7 | [10][11][12] |
19 May 1961 | First planetary flyby (within 100,000 km of Venus – no data returned). | ![]() |
Venera 1 | |
6 August 1961 | First crewed space flight lasting over twenty four hours by Gherman Titov, who is also the first to suffer from space sickness. | ![]() |
Vostok 2 | |
7 March 1962 | First orbital solar observatory. | ![]() |
OSO-1 | |
26 April 1962 | First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon. | ![]() |
Ranger 4 | [13] |
11 August 1962 | First dual crewed spaceflight. First communication between two crewed space vehicles in orbit. |
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Vostok 3 & Vostok 4 | |
18 August 1962 | First auroral research rocket launched into the ionosphere. | Norway | Ferdinand 1 | |
November 1962 | First Mars flyby (11,000 km) but contact was lost. | ![]() |
Mars 1 | |
14 December 1962 | First successful planetary flyby (Venus closest approach 34,773 kilometers). | ![]() |
Mariner 2 | |
16 June 1963 | First woman in space (Valentina Tereshkova). | ![]() |
Vostok 6 | |
19 July 1963 | First reusable crewed spacecraft (suborbital). | ![]() |
X-15 Flight 90 | |
12 October 1964 | First multi-person crew (3) in orbit. | ![]() |
Voskhod 1 | |
18 March 1965 | First space walk/extra-vehicular activity (Alexei Leonov). | ![]() |
Voskhod 2 | |
March 1965 | First crewed spacecraft to change orbit. | ![]() |
Gemini 3 | |
14 July 1965 | First Mars flyby (closest approach 9,846 kilometers; returned pictures). | ![]() |
Mariner 4 | |
14 July 1965 | First close-up photographs of another planet: Mars. | ![]() |
Mariner 4 | |
15 December 1965 | First orbital rendezvous (parallel flight, no docking). | ![]() |
Gemini 6A/Gemini 7 | |
3 February 1966 | First soft landing on another world (the Moon). First photos from another world. |
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Luna 9 | |
1 March 1966 | First impact into another planet (Venus). | ![]() |
Venera 3 | |
16 March 1966 | First orbital docking between two spacecraft. | ![]() |
Gemini 8/Agena target vehicle | |
3 April 1966 | First artificial satellite around another world (the Moon). | ![]() |
Luna 10 | |
2 June 1966 | First soft-landing on the Moon. | ![]() |
Surveyor 1 | [14] |
23 August 1966 | First picture of Earth from another astronomical object (the Moon).
First probe to map the Moon. |
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Lunar Orbiter 1 | [15] |
8 May 1967 | First polar orbit around the Moon. | ![]() |
Lunar Orbiter 4 | [16] |
July 1967 | First photos of the Lunar south pole. | ![]() |
Lunar Orbiter 4 | [16] |
30 October 1967 | First automated (crewless) docking. | ![]() |
Cosmos 186/Cosmos 188 | |
17 November 1967 | First liftoff from another celestial body (the Moon). | ![]() |
Surveyor 6 | [17] |
September 1968 | First animals and plants to leave Earth orbit, to travel to and circle the Moon, and the first Moon mission with passengers to return safely to Earth. | ![]() |
Zond 5 | |
7 December 1968 | First orbital ultraviolet observatory. | ![]() |
OAO-2 | |
21 December 1968 | First piloted orbital mission of another celestial body (Moon). First Trans-Earth injection. First human space mission to enter the gravitational influence of another celestial body (25 December). |
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Apollo 8 | |
January 1969 | First docking between two crewed spacecraft in Earth orbit.
First crew exchange in space. |
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Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 | |
January 1969 | First spacecraft to parachute in Venus's atmosphere, lost contact before landing. | ![]() |
Venera 5 | |
23 May 1969 | First docking of two crewed spacecraft around another celestial body.
First lunar mission to include a lunar landing module. |
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Apollo 10 | [18] |
20 July 1969 | First human on another celestial body (the Moon).
First words spoken from another world. |
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Apollo 11 | [19] |
21 July 1969 | First space launch from another celestial body.
First sample return from another celestial body. |
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Apollo 11 | [19] |
19 November 1969 | First rendezvous on the surface of a celestial body.
First meet up between human explorers and a robotic spacecraft in space (on the Moon). |
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Apollo 12/Surveyor 3 | [20] |
1970–1979
Date | Mission success | Country/organization | Mission name | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
24 September 1970 | First automatic sample return from the Moon. | ![]() |
Luna 16 | |
17 November 1970 | First rover on another celestial body (the Moon).
First lunar rover. |
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Lunokhod 1 | |
12 December 1970 | First X-ray orbital observatory. | ![]() |
Uhuru | |
15 December 1970 | First soft landing on another planet (Venus). First signals from another planet. |
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Venera 7 | |
19 April 1971 | First space station. | ![]() |
Salyut 1 | |
June 1971 | First crewed orbital observatory. | ![]() |
Orion 1 | |
30 July 1971 | First motor vehicle on another celestial body (Lunar Roving Vehicle). | ![]() |
Apollo 15 | [21] |
14 November 1971 | First spacecraft to orbit another planet (Mars). | ![]() |
Mariner 9 | |
27 November 1971 | First spacecraft to impact another planet (Mars). | ![]() |
Mars 2 | |
2 December 1971 | First soft landing on Mars. First signals from Martian surface. First photograph from Martian surface. |
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Mars 3 | |
3 March 1972 | First spacecraft on a trajectory out of the solar system.
First spacecraft to use all-nuclear electrical power (SNAP-19 RTGs). |
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Pioneer 10 | [22] |
15 July 1972 | First spacecraft to enter the asteroid belt.
First spacecraft beyond the orbit of Mars. |
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Pioneer 10 | [22] |
15 November 1972 | First orbital gamma ray observatory. | ![]() |
SAS 2 | |
3 November 1973 | First mission sent to study Mercury. | ![]() |
Mariner 10 | [23] |
3 December 1973 | First flyby of Jupiter.
First spacecraft beyond the Inner Solar System. |
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Pioneer 10 | [22] |
January 1974 | First spacecraft to return data on a long-period comet. | ![]() |
Mariner 10 | [23] |
5 February 1974 | First gravity assist.
First mission to explore two planets in a single mission (Mercury and Venus). First use of solar wind for spacecraft orientation. |
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Mariner 10 | [23] |
29 March 1974 | First flyby of Mercury. | ![]() |
Mariner 10 | [23] |
21 Sept. 1974 | First spacecraft to flyby the same planet multiple times (Mercury). | ![]() |
Mariner 10 | [23] |
15 July 1975 | First multinational crewed mission. | ![]() ![]() |
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project | |
20 October 1975 | First spacecraft to orbit Venus. | ![]() |
Venera 9 | |
22 October 1975 | First successful photos from the surface of another planet (Venus). | ![]() |
Venera 9 | |
20 July 1976 | First successful photos and soil samples from the surface of Mars. | ![]() |
Viking Lander | |
26 January 1978 | First real time remotely operated ultraviolet orbital observatory. | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
International Ultraviolet Explorer | |
20 November 1978 | First spacecraft to orbit the Sun at Lagrange 1. | ![]() |
ISEE-3/ICE | [24] |
4 December 1978 | First extended (multi-year) orbital exploration of Venus (from 1978 to 1992). | ![]() |
Pioneer Venus Orbiter | |
5 March 1979 | Jupiter flyby (closest approach 349,000 km) Encounters with five Jovian moons. Discovery of volcanism on Io. |
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Voyager 1 | |
1 September 1979 | First flyby of Saturn.
First photograph of Titan from deep space. |
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Pioneer 11 |
1980–1989
Date | Mission success | Country/organization | Mission name | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
12 November 1980 | Saturn flyby (closest approach 124,000 km), close encounter of Titan and encounters with a dozen other moons. | ![]() |
Voyager 1 | |
12 April 1981 | First reusable crewed orbital spacecraft (Space Shuttle). | ![]() |
STS-1 | |
1 March 1982 | First Venus soil samples
First sound recording of another world (Venus). |
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Venera 13 | |
10 June 1982 | First spacecraft to conduct a deep survey of Earth's magnetic tail. | ![]() |
ISEE-3/ICE | [24] |
19 August 1982 | First mixed gender crew aboard space station, and first woman, Svetlana Savitskaya, on space station. | ![]() |
Salyut 7 | |
1982 | First plants grown in space (Arabidopsis). | ![]() |
Salyut 7 | [25][26] |
25 January 1983 | First Infrared orbital observatory. | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
IRAS | |
13 June 1983 | First spacecraft beyond the orbit of Neptune.
First spacecraft beyond all Solar System planets. |
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Pioneer 10 | [22] |
7 February 1984 | First untethered spacewalk (Bruce McCandless II). | ![]() |
STS-41-B | |
25 July 1984 | First spacewalk by a woman (Svetlana Savitskaya). | ![]() |
Salyut 7 | |
11 June 1985 | First balloon deployed on another planet (Venus). | ![]() |
Vega 1 | |
11 September 1985 | First spacecraft to flyby a comet (21P/Giacobini-Zinner).[note 1] | ![]() |
ISEE-3/ICE | [24] |
24 January 1986 | First spacecraft to flyby Uranus. | ![]() |
Voyager 2 | [27] |
19 February 1986 | First consistently inhabited long-term research space station. | ![]() |
Mir | |
13 March 1986 | First close up observations of a comet (Halley's Comet, 596 kilometers). | ![]() |
Giotto | |
July 1988 | First suspected detection of an exoplanet Gamma Cephei Ab.[note 2] | ![]() |
Astronomers Bruce Campbell, Gordon Walker and Stephenson Yang. | [28] |
8 August 1989 | First astrometric satellite. | ![]() |
Hipparcos | |
25 August 1989 | First spacecraft to flyby Neptune.
First spacecraft to study all four of the solar system's giant planets at close range. |
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Voyager 2 | [27] |
18 November 1989 | First orbital cosmic microwave observatory. | ![]() |
COBE |
1990–1999
Date | Mission success | Country/organization | Mission name | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
14 February 1990 | First photograph of the whole Solar System (Family Portrait). | ![]() |
Voyager 1 | [29] |
24 April 1990 | First telescope designed to be repaired in space. | ![]() ![]() |
Hubble Space Telescope | [30] |
2 July 1990 | First time a spacecraft coming from deep space uses the Earth for a gravity-assist manoeuvre. | ![]() |
Giotto | [31] |
21 October 1991 | First asteroid flyby (951 Gaspra closest approach 1,600 km). | ![]() |
Galileo | |
1992 | First confirmed observation of an exoplanet. | ![]() ![]() |
Aleksander Wolszczan & Dale Frail | |
8 February 1992 | First polar orbit around the Sun.
First mission to survey the space environment above and below the poles of the Sun. |
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Ulysses | [32] |
13 September 1992 | First spacecraft to map Venus in its entirety. | ![]() |
Magellan | [33] |
22 March 1995 | Record longest duration spaceflight to date (437.7 day by Valeri Polyakov). | ![]() |
Mir | |
7 December 1995 | First orbit of Jupiter. | ![]() |
Galileo | |
7 December 1995 | First spacecraft to enter the atmosphere of a gas giant (Jupiter). | ![]() |
Galileo's atmospheric entry probe | [34] |
1995 | First space laser-communication. | ![]() |
ETS-VI | [35] |
12 February 1997 | First orbital radio observatory. | ![]() |
HALCA | |
4 July 1997 | First operational rover on another planet (Mars). | ![]() |
Mars Pathfinder | |
17 September 1997 | First spacecraft to use aerobraking to enter orbit (Martian orbit). | ![]() |
Mars Global Surveyor | [36] |
20 November 1998 | First multinational space station. Largest artificial object built in space to date. |
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International Space Station |
2000–2030
Date | Mission success | Country/organization | Mission name | Ref(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
14 February 2000 | First orbiting of an asteroid (433 Eros). | ![]() ![]() |
NEAR Shoemaker | ||
12 February 2001 | First landing on an asteroid (433 Eros). | ![]() |
NEAR Shoemaker | ||
12 February 2004 | First human spaceflight launched by a private company (suborbital). First private astronaut (Mike Melvill). |
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SpaceShipOne Flight 15P | ||
1 July 2004 | First orbit of Saturn. | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Cassini–Huygens | ||
8 September 2004 | First sample return beyond lunar orbit (solar wind). | ![]() |
Genesis | ||
14 January 2005 | First soft landing on Titan. First soft landing in the outer Solar System. |
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Cassini–Huygens | ||
4 July 2005 | First spacecraft to impact a comet (Tempel 1). | ![]() |
Deep Impact | ||
19 November 2005 | First asteroid ascent (25143 Itokawa). First interplanetary escape without undercarriage cutoff.[clarification needed] |
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Hayabusa | ||
15 January 2006 | First sample return from comet (81P/Wild). | ![]() |
Stardust | ||
8 November 2008 | Discovery of lunar water in the form of ice. | ![]() |
Chandrayaan-1 | ||
6 March 2009 | First space telescope designated to search for Earth-like exoplanets. | ![]() |
Kepler Mission | [37] | |
13 June 2010 | First sample return from asteroid (25143 Itokawa). | ![]() |
Hayabusa | ||
18 March 2011 | First orbit of Mercury. | ![]() |
MESSENGER | ||
16 July 2011 | First orbit of giant asteroid Vesta. | ![]() |
Dawn | ||
25 August 2012 | First manmade probe in interstellar space. | ![]() |
Voyager 1 | ||
12 November 2014 | First artificial probe to make a planned and soft landing on a comet (67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko). | ![]() |
Rosetta | [38] | |
6 March 2015 | First orbit of dwarf planet (Ceres). First spacecraft to orbit two separate celestial bodies. |
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Dawn | ||
July 2015 | First flyby of dwarf planet (Pluto). Last original encounter with one of the nine major planets recognized in 1981. |
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New Horizons | ||
10 August 2015 | First food grown in space eaten (lettuce). | ![]() ![]() |
International Space Station | [39] | |
23 November 2015 | First propulsive landing of a rocket after sending something into space (suborbital). | ![]() |
New Shepard 2 | [40] | |
21 December 2015 | First propulsive landing of an orbital rocket. | ![]() |
Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests | ||
19 October 2017 | First known interstellar object detected passing through the Solar System. | ![]() |
Oumuamua | ||
21 September 2018 | First operational rover on asteroid (162173 Ryugu). | ![]() |
Hayabusa2 | [41] | |
1 January 2019 | First flyby of a classical Kuiper belt object (486958 Arrokoth).
First flyby of a contact binary. First spacecraft to make two different flybys in the Kuiper belt. |
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New Horizons | [42] | |
3 January 2019 | First soft landing on the far side of the Moon.
First germination of seeds on another celestial body. |
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Chang'e 4 | [43] | |
10 April 2019 | First direct photograph of a black hole and its vicinity. | ![]() |
Event Horizon Telescope | [44] | |
30 May 2020 | First orbital human spaceflight launched by a private company. | ![]() |
SpaceX Demo-2 | [45] | |
19 April 2021 | First aerodynamically-powered flight on another celestial body (Mars). | ![]() |
Ingenuity | [46] | |
20 July 2021 | First person to go to space on their own spacecraft (Jeff Bezos).[note 3]
First person born in the 21st century in space and first teenager in space (Oliver Daemen) |
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Blue Origin NS-16 | [47] | |
16 September 2021 | First orbital launch of an all-private crew. | ![]() |
Inspiration4 | [48] | |
5 October 2021 | First movie filmed in space by professional film-makers (The Challenge).[note 4] | ![]() |
Soyouz MS-19 | [49] | |
14 December 2021 | First spacecraft to fly through the atmosphere of a star (the Sun's corona). | ![]() |
Parker Solar Probe | [50] | |
25 December 2021 | Launch of the largest space telescope to date. | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
James Webb Space Telescope | [51] | |
26 September 2022 | First asteroid measurably deflected by a spacecraft.
First spacecraft to make contact with an asteroid moon (impact on Dimorphos). |
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DART | [52] | |
23 August 2023 | First landing of the lunar south pole by a spacecraft. | ![]() |
Chandrayaan 3 | [53] | |
23 February 2024 | First successful landing of a private spacecraft on another celestial body. | ![]() |
IM-1 | [54] |
See also
- Discovery and exploration of the Solar System
- Timeline of Solar System exploration
- Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
- Timeline of space travel by nationality
- Timeline of spaceflight
References
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Notes
- ^ Soviet spacecraft Vega 1 and Vega 2 and ESA spacecraft Giotto all made a flyby of Halley's Comet the year after, in 1986.
- ^ Although the discovery was retracted in 1994, and not confirmed until 2002.
- ^ On July 11, 2021, billionaire Richard Branson travelled onboard his own spacecraft Virgin Galactic Unity 22. However, the flight reached a peak altitude of 53.5 miles (86.1 km), never crossing the Kármán line, the common definition for the boundary of outer space.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
returnfromorbit
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
External links
- Chronology of Space Exploration archive of important space exploration missions and events, including future planned and proposed endeavors
- Crewed spaceflight 1961-1980
- Crewed spaceflight chronology
- History of crewed space missions Archived 2009-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
- Timeline of the Space Race/Moon Race
- Chronology: Moon Race at russianspaceweb.com
- Space Timeline in 3d