Democratic Party of Korea

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"Minjoo" redirects here. For the other parties, see Minjudang. For the given name, see Min-ju.

Democratic Party of Korea
더불어민주당
LeaderLee Jae-myung[1]
Floor leaderPark Hong-keun
Secretary-GeneralKim Min-ki
Chair of the
Policy Planning Committee		Kim Sung-hwan
Founded26 March 2014 (as the New Politics Alliance for Democracy)
28 December 2015 (as the Democratic Party)
Merger ofDemocratic Party
New Politics Alliance
Headquarters7, Gukhoe-daero 68-gil, Yeongdeungpo District, Seoul
Think tankThe Institute for Democracy
Youth wingDemocratic Party of Youth
Membership (2019)4,065,408[2]
Ideology
Colours  Blue (Democratic)[19]
  Sea blue (NPAD)[20]
Seats in the National Assembly
169 / 300
Metropolitan Mayors and Governors
5 / 17
Municipal Mayors
63 / 226
Provincial and Metropolitan Councillors
322 / 824
Municipal Councillors
1,348 / 2,927
Democratic Party of Korea
Hangul
더불어민주당
Hanja
더불어民主黨
Revised RomanizationDeobureominjudang
McCune–ReischauerTŏburŏminjudang
New Politics Alliance for Democracy
Hangul
새정치민주연합
Hanja
Revised RomanizationSaejeongchi Minju Yeonhap
McCune–ReischauerSaejŏngch'i Minju Yŏnhap
Headquarters of the Democratic Party

The Democratic Party of Korea (DPK),[b] formerly the New Politics Alliance for Democracy (NPAD), is a liberal political party in South Korea. Controlling the unicameral National Assembly as of 2022, the DPK is regarded as one of two major parties in South Korea, along with its rival, the People Power Party.

The party was founded on 26 March 2014 as a merger of the Democratic Party and the preparatory committee of the New Political Vision Party (NPVP).

History

Formation and Ahn–Kim leadership (March–July 2014)

Logo of the NPAD (2014–2015)

The Democratic Party was formed as the New Politics Alliance for Democracy[22] (새정치민주연합; Saejeongchi Minju Yeonhap) on 26 March 2014 after an independent group led by Ahn Cheol-soo, then in the process of forming a party called the New Political Vision Party, merged with the Democratic Party led by Kim Han-gil. The former Democratic Party was absorbed into the NPAD while the preparatory committee of the NPVP was dissolved, with members who supported the merger joining the NPAD individually. Ahn and Kim became joint leaders of the new party.[23] When the party performed poorly in by-elections that July, both leaders stepped down, having served for three months. Leadership of the party was then assumed by an emergency committee.[24]

Ahn–Moon split (2015–16)

The next year, at a party convention on 7 February, Moon Jae-in was elected the new chairman of the party.[25] Moon, who had previously served as chief of staff for former president Roh Moo-hyun,[25] was the leader of the party's "pro-Roh" faction, which was opposed to Ahn and Kim. Moon came under fire for imposing a "pro-Roh hegemony" in the party, as Ahn and Kim were jeered and harassed at a memorial service for Roh held in May 2015.[26]

As the factional conflict intensified, the party lost support, falling from around 40 to 30 percent in opinion polls.[27] A survey conducted on 12–14 November 2015 showed that supporters of the party wanted Ahn and Seoul mayor Park Won-soon to assume the leadership alongside Moon.[28] On 29 November, Ahn rejected a proposal from Moon to establish a joint leadership,[29] and presented Moon with a demand to call a convention to elect a new party leader. Moon rejected his demand,[30] and Ahn left the party.[31]

Ahn was followed by a number of NPAD assembly members, including his former co-leader Kim Han-gil[32][33] and Kwon Rho-kap, a former aide of President Kim Dae-jung from the party's stronghold of Honam.[34] Ahn and Kim merged their group with that of another defector from the NPAD, Chun Jung-bae, to form the People's Party.[35]

Following the defections, the NPAD was renamed the Democratic Party of Korea on 27 December 2015, and Moon resigned as party leader on 27 January 2016.[36] Kim Chong-in, an academic and former assemblyman who served as an economic advisor to President Park Geun-hye, was appointed party leader.[37][38] Kim was seen as an unexpected choice, as he had previously worked for the conservative Chun Doo-hwan and Roh Tae-woo administrations in the 1980s,[39] serving as an assembly member for the ruling Democratic Justice Party and as health and welfare minister.[40]

Under Kim Chong-in (January–August 2016)

Kim Chong-in viewed the pro–Roh Moo-hyun faction and what he considered the extremist wing of the party as responsible for the party's troubles, and pledged to diminish their influence.[41]

In the lead-up to the 2016 legislative election he deselected Lee Hae-chan, who had been Prime Minister under Roh and was now chairman of the Roh Moo-hyun Foundation as a candidate.[42] Lee left the party in response.[41] Many of Kim's nominations for the party's list were rejected by the rest of the party leadership, while favored candidates of Moon were ranked near the top of the approved list. Kim offered to resign in March, but stayed on as leader after a visit from Moon.[43] Kim stated that he would continue to attempt to change the party's image, saying that the events had shown the party was "still unable to move on from its old ways".[37]

2016 legislative election

Though losing votes to the People's Party formed by Ahn, Chun and Kim Han-gil—particularly in Honam[27]—the party emerged as the overall winner of the election, receiving a plurality of seats (123 seats) in the National Assembly with a margin of one seat over the Saenuri Party. Lee Hae-chan returned to the Assembly as an independent representing Sejong City. Following its electoral victory, Kim announced that the Democratic Party would shift its focus from welfare to economic growth and structural reform. Kim stated that the party would also change its position to support the establishment of for-profit hospitals, in contrast to the party's earlier opposition to the policy.[44]

Under Choo Mi-ae (August 2016–August 2018)

President of South Korea, Moon Jae-in (2017–2022)

2017 presidential election

See also: 2017 South Korean presidential election

After the constitutional court impeached President Park Geun-hye for bribery, the Democratic Party's Moon Jae-in won the presidential election with 41.1% of votes, with Hong Joon-pyo of Liberty Korea coming second with 24%.

Under Lee Hae-chan (August 2018–August 2020)

2020 legislative election

See also: 2020 South Korean legislative election

On 15 April 2020, the Democratic Party won an absolute majority with 180 seats in the 300-member National Assembly with its allies. The main opposition United Future Party (UFP) won 103 seats.[45]

Under Lee Nak-yon (August 2020–March 2021)

On 9 March 2021, Lee Nak-yon resigned as the leader of the Democratic Party of Korea to run for president in the 2022 South Korean presidential election.[46]

2021 by-elections

Following the major losses in the 2021 by-elections, party leadership was reorganized.[47] Do Jong-hwan became the interim party President.[47]

Under Song Young-gil (May 2021–present)

2022 presidential election

In October 2021, the Democratic Party nominated Lee Jae-myung as its nominee in the 2022 presidential election over other contenders such as former Democratic Party leaders Lee Nak-yon and Choo Mi-ae. Lee ultimately lost the election with 47.83% of the vote.[48]

Ideology

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Democratic Party of Korea is primarily portrayed as a "centrist-liberal" party[49] However, the DPK is one of the two main political parties in South Korea, which has been classified as center-left in the context of South Korean politics because it forms an opposition to the right-wing PPP.[50]

As of October 2022, the centrist/moderate faction centered on allies of Moon Jae-in or Lee Nak-yeon (친문or 친낙) and the center-left/radical faction centered on allies of Lee Jae-myung (친명,이재명계) are at odds.[51] However, there are several non-mainstream factions within.

Political stance

Economic and labour policies

The DPK supports the expansion of fiscal expenditures to gradually increase welfare alongside elements of economic liberalism and fiscal conservatism. The party supports the market economy, but also values the need for state intervention in the market.[52] In 2020, the party pledged to implement a version of the Green New Deal to move South Korea towards carbon neutrality by 2050.[53]

The party takes a favorable stance on government intervention in the market, while keeping some distance from labour politics and labour movements. For this reason, the DPK has been labelled as a "conservative liberal" party.[54]

However, Lee Jae-myung supports New Deal liberalism, which is economically progressive and labor-friendly, unlike Moon Jae-in, who was a pro-Chaebol centrist. Therefore, it is actively supported by former and current executives of major labor unions in South Korea.[55] Lee Jae-myung was compared to "FDR's New Deal Coalition" because he formed a big tent political coalition based on liberalism that brought together socially conservative people (antifeminist "Dixiecrat"), reformist liberals, left-wing socially progressives, and anti-Chaebol labor activists.[56]

Social policies

The DPK's social stances are inconsistent. The DPK is generally classified as a liberal political party, but it is also influenced by Christian movements, so it has some socially conservative character.[c] The party opposed the legalization of same-sex marriage during the 2018 local elections.[59][13][60][61] However, the DPK opposes discrimination against homosexuals outside of marriage and argues that they should be treated with dignity.[59][62]

Many DPK politicians are friendly to the etiquette and Confucian traditions of Korean culture.[63][64] The Hankyoreh and Hankook Ilbo, South Korean socially liberal newspapers, strongly criticized the DPK for holding a discussion on the pros and cons of the anti-discrimination law and giving anti-LGBT activists the right to speak.[65][66]

The DPK's Christian influences have also been criticized by other religious groups. In December 2021, the Moon Jae-in government invested 1.2 billion won (US$1,000,000) in a campaign to promote carol music in stores such as restaurants and cafes. The Buddhist community protested, calling it a policy that gives preferential treatment to a specific religion.[67]

The DPK's social conservatism on issues related to LGBT rights and feminism mainly draws from Christianity,[13] but outside of those topics the DPK demonstrates moderate-to-liberal social policy. The DPK opposes corporal punishment for children and led the complete abolition of laws that justified corporal punishment for children in the past. The DPK also supports strengthening punishments for domestic violence.[68][69]

The DPK views South Korea's dog meat intake culture negatively and has criticized it from a liberal perspective. President Moon Jae-in said he was considering a legal ban on dog meat in September 2021.[70] The DPK also actively supports the rights of vegetarians and vegan citizens.[71] In addition, the DPK supports liberal reforms on student rights issues.[72]

The DPK's position on abortion is undefined, and varies for each politician. There are some socially conservative politicians who oppose women’s right to abortion care, but most of the DPK is pro-choice. Lee Jae-myung, the DPK candidate for the 2022 South Korean presidential election, insisted on expanding health insurance for abortion and contraceptives.[73]

The DPK takes an ambiguous position that neither supports nor opposes the abolition of the National Security Act.[74]

Foreign policy

The DPK's view of Japan varies from individual politician to politician, but the DPK's major politicians view Japanese conservatism negatively.[75] On the other hand, the DPK maintains a friendly stance on the United States. The Moon Jae-in government deployed four additional THAAD launchers in 2017, for which the progressive Justice Party criticized the Moon Jae-in administration as a "poodle of Trump".[76] Moon Jae-in said in September 2017 in front of Trump and Shinzo Abe, "The United States is our ally, but Japan is not our ally".[77]

The DPK's pro-U.S. tendency tends to go with the conciliatory tendency toward North Korea. Song Young-gil, a former DPK leader, proposed to the United States to make North Korea a pro-U.S. country like Vietnam in 2021.[78]

The DPK a recognizes China as a vicious hegemonic country that afflicts Korea, similar to Japan. Lee Jae-myung and other major DPK politicians criticize China for robbing and invading Korean culture.[79] Some DPK politicians, including Kim Dong-yeon, are also active supporters of VANK, which shows anti-Japan and anti-China tendencies based on liberal anti-imperialism.[80] However, DPK officially is pro-immigration, so it opposes racism against Chinese and Japanese people.[81]

The DPK has a somewhat favorable attitude toward Israel. In 2018, the Moon Jae-in government abstained from the UN resolution ES-10/L.23 vote criticizing the Israeli response to the 2018 Gaza border protests. The Moon Jae-in government officially signed a free trade agreement with Israel in 2021.[82]

Reunification of North and South Korea

The party strongly supports the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and aims for peaceful relations with North Korea. The party also officially advocates increasing exchanges and cooperation with the North to create a foundation for reunification.[83]

Controversy

The DPK supports a policy that prohibits discrimination against Japanese people living in South Korea. But apart from that, the DPK is criticized for taking a liberal hawkish stance on Japan diplomatically, promoting a 'politics of hatred' similar to the speech of right-wing Japanese nationalists to attack the opposition and promote the views of unified citizens. Geum Tae-sub, who was a DPK member at the time, but had a fairly friendly view of Japan, was criticized by some DPK supporter, saying, "Do you have a jjokbari among your ancestors?" (혹시 조상 중에 쪽바리가?).[84] In addition, Geum Tae-sub was repeatedly bullied online by numerous DPK supporters due to his Japanese-friendly diplomat, and eventually he left the DPK. For reference, Geum Tae-sub was known as the most pro-LGBT rights politician in the DPK.[85][86] Critics say the DPK's aggressive anti-Japanese left-wing nationalism rather encourages the party's rigidity and conservativeization. Although JP is a more progressive party than DPK, the Sim Sang-jung indirectly criticized the rigidity of the Democratic Party's diplomacy with Japan, saying, "I will not use anti-American, anti-Chinese and anti-Japanese sentiment in politics" in the 2022 South Korean presidential election.[87]

On April 9, 2020, when the Japan–South Korea trade dispute intensified, Lee Hae-chan, then DPK representative, criticized conservatives, including PPP members who had dovish views on Japan as "Native Wokou" (토착왜구), causing political controversy in South Korea.[88] A column in the JoongAng Ilbo, a moderate conservative media, criticized the expression Native Wokou as similar to (liberal version) McCarthyism.[89] In an article written in the center-left liberal media Hankyoreh, left-wing socialist Hong Se-hwa criticized it as "government-led nationalism" (관제 민족주의) that has nothing to do with left-wing nationalism and criticized right-wing Japanese nationalism and hostile symbiosis.[90]

Although Japan's 'anti-Korean Japanese nationalism' is caused by historical denialism, South Korea's 'anti-Japanese Koreans nationalism' is different in that it is caused by anti-imperialism, experts say that the conflict between the two countries intensifies the most when a conservative (Mainly LDP) regime is established in Japan and a liberal (Mainly DPK) regime is established in South Korea. Ian Buruma described the relationship between the two countries as "Where the Cold War Never Ended" in which the two directions were intensified by different nationalist regimes.[91]

List of leaders

Current leadership

Emergency Response Committee of the Democratic Party of Korea
Office Officer(s)
Co-Chair Yun Ho-jung
Park Ji-hyun
Floor leader in the National Assembly Park Hong-keun
Appointed members Kim Tae-jin
Kwon Ji-woong
Chae Yi-bae
Bae Jae-jung
Cho Eung-chun
Lee So-young

Leaders

  • Note: ERC - as head of Emergency Response Committee
No. Name Photo Term of office Election results
Took office Left office
1 Co-leadership
Kim Han-gil   Ahn Cheol-soo
(resigned) 		Kim Han-Gil (cropped).jpg Ahn Cheol-Soo cropped (cropped).jpg 26 March 2014 31 July 2014 no election
— Park Young-sun
(ERC) 		4 August 2014 18 September 2014 appointed
— Moon Hee-sang
(ERC) 		Moon Hee-sang in 2019.jpg 18 September 2014 9 February 2015 appointed
2 Moon Jae-in
(resigned) 		Moon Jae-in crop.jpg 9 February 2015 27 January 2016
Moon Jae-in – 45.3%
Park Jie-won – 41.8%
Lee In-young – 12.9%
— Kim Chong-in
(ERC) 		Kim Jongin's press conference in 2016 (cropped to Kim).jpg 27 January 2016 27 August 2016 appointed
3 Choo Mi-ae Choo Mi-ae ministerial portrait.png 27 August 2016 25 August 2018
Choo Mi-ae – 54.03%
Lee Jong-kul – 23.89%
Kim Sang-gon – 22.08%
4 Lee Hae-chan 25 August 2018 29 August 2020
Lee Hae-chan – 42.88%
Song Young-gil – 30.73%
Kim Jin-pyo – 26.39%
5 Lee Nak-yon South Korean Prime Minister Lee - 2017 (36235112603) (cropped).jpg 29 August 2020 9 March 2021
Lee Nak-yon – 60.77%
Kim Boo-kyum – 21.37%
Park Joo-min – 17.85%
— Kim Tae-nyeon
(acting) 		김태년.png 9 March 2021 8 April 2021 succeeded
— Do Jong-hwan
(ERC) 		도종환 국회 교육문화체육관광위원회 간사.jpg 8 April 2021 16 April 2021 appointed
— Yun Ho-jung
(ERC) 		16 April 2021 2 May 2021 succeeded
6 Song Young-gil 2 May 2021 10 March 2022
Song Young-gil – 35.60%
Hong Young-pyo – 35.01%
Woo Won-shik – 29.38%
— Co-leadership
Yun Ho-jung   Park Ji-hyun
(ERC) 		13 March 2022 7 June 2022 appointed
— Woo Sang-ho
(acting) 		At Namdaemun Market in Jung-gu, Seoul on the morning of 23rd Woo Sang-ho are Taking commemorative photos (3) (cropped).jpg 7 June 2022 28 August 2022 succeeded
7 Lee Jae-myung 이재명-경기도.jpg 28 August 2022 incumbent
2022
Lee Jae-myung – 77.77%
Park Yong-jin – 22.23%

Floor leaders

No. Name Term of office
Took office Left office
1 Jun Byung-hun [ko] 26 March 2014 7 May 2014
2 Park Young-sun 7 May 2014 2 October 2014
— Kim Yung-rok
(acting) 		2 October 2014 8 October 2014
3 Woo Yoon-keun [ko] 8 October 2014 6 May 2015
4 Lee Jong-kul 6 May 2015 4 May 2016
5 Woo Sang-ho 4 May 2016 16 May 2017
6 Woo Won-shik 16 May 2017 11 May 2018
7 Hong Young-pyo 11 May 2018 8 May 2019
8 Lee In-young 8 May 2019 7 May 2020
9 Kim Tae-nyeon 7 May 2020 8 April 2021
10 Yun Ho-jung 16 April 2021 24 March 2022
11 Park Hong-keun 24 March 2022 incumbent

Secretary-General

No. Name Term of office
Took office Left office
1 Ahn Gyu-back 27 August 2016 16 May 2017
2 Lee Choon-suak [ko] 16 May 2017 3 September 2018
3 Yun Ho-jung 3 September 2018 31 August 2020
4 Park Kwang-on 31 August 2020 4 May 2021
5 Youn Kwan-suk 4 May 2021 24 November 2021
6 Kim Yeong-jin 25 November 2021 incumbent

Election results

Presidential elections

Election Candidate Votes % Result
2017 Moon Jae-in 13,423,800 41.08% Won
2022 Lee Jae-myung 16,147,738 47.83% Lost

General elections

Election Election leader Constituency Party list Seats +/– Status
Votes % Votes %
2016 Kim Chong-in 8,881,369 37.0 (#2) 6,069,744 25.5 (#3)
123 / 300
 Decrease 4 Opposition
2020 Lee Hae-chan 14,345,425 49.9 (#1) 9,307,112 33.4 (#2)
180 / 300
 Increase 57 Government

Local elections

Election Metropolitan Mayors
and Governors 		Provincial and
Metropolitan Councillors 		Municipal
Mayors 		Municipal
Councillors 		Election leader
2014
9 / 17
349 / 789
78 / 226
1,157 / 2,898
 Kim Han-gil
Ahn Cheol-soo
2018
14 / 17
652 / 824
151 / 226
1,638 / 2,927
 Choo Mi-ae
2022
5 / 17
322 / 872
63 / 226
1,348 / 2,987
 Park Ji-hyun
Yoon Ho-jung

By-elections

Election National
Assembly 		Metropolitan Mayors
and Governors 		Municipal
Mayors 		Provincial and
Metropolitan Councillors 		Municipal
Councillors 		Election leader
July 2014
4 / 15
 — — —
0 / 1
 Kim Han-gil
Ahn Cheol-soo
Oct 2014 — — — —
0 / 2
 Moon Hee-sang
April 2015
0 / 4
 — —
0 / 1
2 / 7
 Moon Jae-in
Oct 2015 — —
0 / 1
2 / 9
0 / 14
 Moon Jae-in
2016 — —
3 / 8
9 / 17
11 / 26
 Kim Chong-in
April 2017
0 / 1
 —
1 / 3
1 / 7
5 / 19
 Choo Mi-ae
May 2017 — — —
1 / 1
2 / 4
 Choo Mi-ae
2018
11 / 12
 — — — — Choo Mi-ae
2019
0 / 2
 — — —
0 / 3
 Lee Hae-chan
2020 — —
5 / 8
6 / 17
15 / 33
 Lee Hae-chan
2021 —
2 / 8
0 / 2
0 / 2
2 / 9
 Kim Tae-nyeon
March 2022
0 / 5
 — — — — Song Young-gil
June 2022
2 / 7
 — — — — Park Ji-hyun
Yoon Ho-jung

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The DPK is considered a "liberal" or "social-liberal" party because it advocates moderate Keynesian economic policies, opposition to PPP, liquidation of right-wing authoritarianism and political reform. However, there is controversy that the DPK does not support policies that conform to social liberalism in policy (especially on cultural issues). Some of the DPK's are American style liberals and some are socially conservative liberals.
  2. ^ Korean: 더불어민주당; Hanja: 더불어民主黨; RR: Deobureominjudang; lit. Together Democratic Party, abbreviated 민주당,[21] 민주 or 더민주
  3. ^ Historically, South Korea's Christianity traditionally belonged to the liberal camp because it supported of anti-Confucian conservatism, scientific rationalism, Korean independence movement, and Korean democracy movement.[57][58] As 'cultural liberal' issues such as LGBT, Muslim immigration, abortion, and feminism emerged in the 21st century when 'political liberal' was fully established in South Korea after democratization, Christian groups in South Korea were more likely to have friendly relations with right-wing conservative camp, including more conservative/skeptical PPP, than liberal camp like progressive/active Justice Party and the more moderate/compassionate Democratic Party of Korea.

References

  1. ^ SEO JI-EUN (28 August 2022). "Lee Jae-myung takes control of DP". Korea JoongAng Daily.
  2. ^ National Election Commission. "2019년도 정당의 활동개황 및 회계보고" (in Korean).
  3. ^ Steven Borowiec (24 February 2016). "South Korean lawmakers try first filibuster since 1969 to block anti-terrorism bill". Los Angeles Times. In recent years, the main liberal party, now the Minjoo Party, has changed its name, and had many high-profile members defect amid infighting and electoral defeats.
  4. ^ Jesús Velasco (4 July 2019). American Presidential Elections in a Comparative Perspective: The World Is Watching. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 154. ISBN 978-1498557580.
  5. ^ "South Korean President Moon Says Open to North Korea Visit". Voice of America. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  6. ^ "South Korea Is a Liberal Country Now". Foreign Policy. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  7. ^ "South Korea: Seoul Mayor Park Won-soon found dead in apparent suicide". Deutsche Welle. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2021. Park Won-soon was a member of President Moon Jae-in's liberal Democratic Party and had been touted for a run at becoming South Korea's president in the country's next national elections in 2022.
  8. ^ JUNHYOUNG LEE; JORGE TAMAMES (25 March 2020). "Lecciones de Corea del Sur". politicaexterior.com (in Spanish). El Partido de la Libertad de Corea (conservador) ha criticado al actual gobierno (del socio-liberal Partido Demócrata) por promover iniciativas en este ámbito.
  9. ^ "South Korea ahead of legislative elections" (PDF). European Parliamentary Research Service. 7 April 2016. The social-liberal Minjoo Party of Korea (MPK, Together Democratic Party) is the main opposition force.
  10. ^ "An Identity Crisis for South Korea's Opposition". The Diplomat. 31 December 2015. South Korea's main opposition social-liberal party is reeling (again) from intraparty factional struggle. Rebranded earlier this week "the Minjoo Party of Korea" (formerly New Politics Alliance for Democracy), the party is searching for a new identity and direction after high profile and popular assemblyperson Ahn Cheol-soo defected on December 13.
  11. ^ "The loser in South Korea's last presidential race has another go". The Economist. 30 March 2017. The country now faces a snap presidential election on May 9th. After almost a decade of conservative rule, the ballot looks likely to be a victory for the more socially liberal Minjoo party: its support is the highest it has ever been, at 50%. Mr Moon, who led the party until January last year, has topped the polls for president for almost three months. The latest sounding puts his support at 35% in a crowded field.
  12. ^ "How religion spurs homophobia in South Korean politics". Nikkei Asia. 26 March 2021.
  13. ^ a b c "South Korea After Park". Jacobin magazine. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2021. ... At the same time, however, he belongs to the Catholic Church and holds some socially conservative views. When asked during a debate about the military’s persecution of gay soldiers, Moon responded that he opposed homosexuality in general.
  14. ^ "더불어민주당".
  15. ^ "김누리 "한국은 미국 모방한 약탈적 자본주의에서 벗어나야"". 15 January 2021.
  16. ^ "'여소야대 뒤집은 盧·Dj처럼'…尹시대 정계개편 시나리오 현실성은 [정치쫌!]". 13 May 2022.
  17. ^ "After Choi-gate". Jacobin magazine. 12 June 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  18. ^ Shin, Hyonhee (14 September 2021). "'S.Korea's Bernie Sanders' tops presidential polls with talk of universal basic income". Reuters. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  19. ^ Democratic Party of Korea. "더불어민주당 로고(Logo of the Democratic Party of Korea)" (in Korean).
  20. ^ Park, Cheoljoong (16 March 2014). 바다파랑 '새정치민주연합', 썩지 않는 바다처럼 (in Korean). News1. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  21. ^ "Main Opposition To Be Called 'The Minjoo Party Of Korea'". tbs.seoul.kr. Traffic Broadcasting System. 30 December 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  22. ^ Choi, He-suk (20 March 2014). 새정치민주연합 영문 당명 확정 (in Korean). The Korea Herald. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  23. ^ "Democratic Party, Ahn Cheol-soo agree to create new party". The Dong-A Ilbo. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  24. ^ "Co-chairmen quit amid election rubble". Korea JoongAng Daily. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  25. ^ a b "Main opposition party picks ex-Roh aide as new leader".
  26. ^ "Roh son's speech creates stir". The Korea Times. 24 May 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  27. ^ a b "In liberal stronghold, voters give main opposition party a lashing". The Hankyoreh. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  28. ^ "NPAD supporters wish for troika". Korea JoongAng Daily. 18 November 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  29. ^ "Ahn rejects Moon's call for joint NPAD leadership". The Korea Herald. 29 November 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  30. ^ "NPAD's Moon rejects Ahn demand". Korea JoongAng Daily. 9 December 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  31. ^ "Ahn Cheol-soo calls it quits with NPAD". The Korea Times. 13 December 2015. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  32. ^ "Kim departs party he co-founded". Korea JoongAng Daily. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  33. ^ "Ahn vows to move forward as 3rd political force". The Korea Herald. 4 January 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  34. ^ "Former Kim DJ aide exits Minjoo Party". The Korea Herald. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  35. ^ "Ahn Cheol-Soo, Chun Jung-Bae To Create New Party". TBS eFM. 25 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
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  49. ^ The Democratic Party of Korea is described as a centrist party by numerous sources:
  50. ^
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  55. ^ ""노동중심 사회 만들어 갈 이재명 지지"". 3 March 2022.
  56. ^ "[아무튼, 주말] 한국 대선에서 루스벨트, 처칠, 마크롱이 맞붙는다고?". 19 January 2022.
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  61. ^ "윤호중 "극우·극좌와는 연합 못해 ... 이념·성소수자문제 소모적"". Yonhap News Agency. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
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  63. ^ "경기도의회,배수문 의원, 학교 현장에 필요한 교육복지사 태부족 지적". 경인투데이뉴스. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  64. ^ "문경희 경기도의회 부의장, '나를 낮추고 상대를 높이는 다례교육' 참여". 서울신문. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
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  66. ^ "속 보이는 민주당 차별금지법 토론회". 한국일보. 26 November 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
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  68. ^ ""법으로 아이 체벌 금지"···신현영 의원, '여행가방' 아동학대 등 관련 개정안 발의". 경향신문. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
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  71. ^ ""채식도 기본권!" ... 서울시 조례로 보호한다". Hankook Ilbo. 6 March 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
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  74. ^ "152석 열린우리당 때 실패한 '국보법 폐지' 재부상 ... 與 일단 "논의안해"" [The issue of "abolishing the National Security Act", which failed during the 152-seat Uri Party, has resurfaced ... The ruling party DPK said, "We will not discuss it."]. The Chosun Ilbo. 17 April 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  75. ^ "문정인 "일본, 친북·친중 프레임 씌워 文정권 바꾸려는 것"". JoongAng Ilbo. 21 July 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
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  79. ^ "이재명 측 "한복 넘보는 중국 문화공정, 이대로 방치하지 않겠다"". 5 February 2022.
  80. ^ "반크 찾은 김동연 예비후보 "독도 못 가봐, 부끄럽다"". 25 October 2021.
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  84. ^ "'I♥Japan' 금태섭, '조상 중 쪽바리?' 누리꾼에게 받은 메세지 공개". 23 January 2019.
  85. ^ "퀴어축제 참석한 금태섭 "민주당, 부스 설치하라"". 14 July 2018.
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  87. ^ "심상정 "반미·반중·반일 감정, 정치에 이용 않겠다"". March 2022.
  88. ^ "통합당, 민주당 이해찬 대표 '토착왜구' 발언에 "막말 원조"". 10 April 2020.
  89. ^ "반지성주의 표본 조국·유시민…'비이성적 열광' 뿌리는 이것". 31 May 2022.
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  91. ^ [Opinion] Where the Cold War Never Ended. New York Times. Aug. 12, 2019

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