List of wars involving France
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This is a list of wars involving France and its predecessor states. It is an incomplete list of French and proto-French wars and battles from the foundation of Francia by Clovis I, the Merovingian king who united all the Frankish tribes and northern Gallo-Romans in the 5th century, to the current Fifth Republic.
Francia and West Francia[a]
| Conflict | Franks & allies | Frankish opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Frankish conquest of Turnacum and Cameracum (c. 445 – c. 450[1]) Location: Gallia Belgica |
Salian Franks | Roman Empire | Salian Frankish victory |
| Battle of Vicus Helena (c.448) Location: Gallia Belgica |
Salian Franks | Roman Empire | Roman victory |
| Campaigns of Clovis I (486–508) Location: Europe |
Francia | Various enemies |
|
| Franco-Visigothic Wars (492–508) |
Francia | Visigothic Kingdom | Frankish victory, Gallia Aquitania annexed by Franks |
| Frankish-Burgundian War (523–533) Location: France |
Francia | Kingdom of the Burgundians | Frankish victory |
| Battle of the Unstrut River (531) (531) Location: Thuringia |
Francia | Thuringii | Frankish victory |
| Gothic War (535–554) |
Ostrogoths, Franks, Alamanni, Burgundians |
East Roman Empire, Huns, Heruli, Sclaveni, Lombards |
Short-term East Roman conquest of Italy, long-term devastation of Italy |
| Conquest of the Alemanni (536) Location: Upper Rhine |
Francia | Alemanni | Frankish victory |
| Conquest of Bavaria (555) Location: Bavaria |
Francia | Baiuvarii | Frankish victory |
| Fredegund–Brunhilda wars, or Merovingian throne struggle (568–613) Location: Francia |
Neustria (Fredegund) | Austrasia (Brunhilda) | Victory for Fredegund's son, Chlothar II of Neustria |
| Frisian–Frankish wars (7th century–793) Location: Low Countries |
Francia | Frisian Kingdom | Frankish victory |
| Neustrian war of succession (673) Location: Neustria |
Neustria (Ebroin) | Neustrian rebel noblemen Austrasia (Childeric II) |
Victory for Childeric II of Austrasia |
| Frankish war of succession (675–679) Location: Francia |
Neustria (Ebroin) | Austrasia (Pepin II & Martin) | Victory for Ebroin of Neustria |
| Neustrian invasion of Austrasia (686–687) Location: Francia |
Neustria (Berchar) | Austrasia (Pepin II) | Victory for Pepin II of Austrasia |
| Frankish Civil War (fr, nl) (715–719) Location: Francia |
Carolingian faction (Austrasian) Charles Martel Chlothar IV (717–718) Pippinid faction (Austrasian) |
Neustrian faction Ragenfrid Dagobert III (†715) Chilperic II Redbad of Frisia (716–718) Odo of Aquitaine (independent until 718) |
Carolingian victory (Charles Martel)
|
| Umayyad invasion of Gaul (719–759) Location: Southern Gaul |
Francia | Umayyad Caliphate
Andalusi commanders (as of 750) |
Frankish victory |
| Siege of Laon (741)
Location: Francia |
Carloman Pepin the Short |
Grifo | Carloman/Pepin victory
|
| War against the Lombards (755–758) Location: Lombardy |
Francia | Lombards | Donation of Pepin |
| War of Aquitaine (761–768) Location: Aquitaine |
Francia | Aquitani | Frankish victory |
| Saxon Wars (772–804) Location: Low Countries, Germania |
Francia | Saxons | Frankish victory |
| War against the Lombards (773–774) Location: Lombardy |
Francia | Lombards | Frankish victory
|
| War against the Avars and Slavs (791–805) Location: Pannonia |
Francia Carolingian Empire (800) |
Avars & Slavs | Frankish victory |
| Frankish–Breton War (843–851) Location: Francia |
Carolingian Empire | Duchy of Brittany | Breton victory
|
| Viking raids in the Rhineland (834–923) Location: Francia |
Carolingian Empire, later: | Vikings |
|
Kingdom of France (987–1792)
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First French Republic (1792–1804)
| Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| War of the First Coalition (1792–1797) Location: France, Central Europe, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain, West Indies |
 France
|
 Army of Condé
|
French victory |
| War of the Pyrenees (1793–1795) Location: Pyrenees |
France
|
 Kingdom of Spain Kingdom of Portugal
|
French victory |
| Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) Location: Saint-Domingue |
 Slave owners Kingdom of France French Republic
|
 Ex-slaves French royalists Captaincy General of Santo Domingo (1793–1795)  Great Britain Ex-slaves (1802–1803)
|
Haitian victory
|
| War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802) Location: Europe, Middle East, Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean Sea |
France
|
 Holy Roman Empire (until 1801)[r]
|
French victory
|
| Peasants' War (1798) Location: Southern Netherlands |
France
|
 Brigands
|
French victory |
| Quasi-War (1798–1800) Location: Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, and the Mediterranean |
France
|
 United States
|
Convention of 1800 |
| War of the Oranges (1801) Location: Portugal |
France
|
Kingdom of Portugal
|
French victory
|
First French Empire (1804–1814, 1815)
Bourbon Restoration (1814–15, 1815–1830)
| Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis (1823) Location: Spain |
 Kingdom of France Armée de la Foi
|
Partisans of the Cortes
|
French and Spanish Royalist victory |
| Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) Location: Greece |
1821: Filiki Eteria Greek revolutionariesAfter 1822: .svg){kind=small} Hellenic RepublicSupported by:  Romanian Revolutionaries (1821) Philhellenes United Kingdom (after 1826) Russian Empire (after 1826) Kingdom of France (after 1826) Serb and Montenegrin volunteers
|
.svg){kind=small} Ottoman Empire
|
Greek victory
|
| Franco-Trarzan War of 1825 (1825) Location: Waalo, West Africa |
 France
|
Trarza | French victory |
| Irish and German Mercenary Soldiers' Revolt (1825) Location: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
 Empire of Brazil France United Kingdom
|
Irish mercenaries German mercenaries |
Revolt Suppressed |
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July Monarchy (1830–1848)
Second French Republic (1848–1852)
| Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| First Italian War of Independence (1848–1849) |
 Austrian Empire Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia France (1849)
|
 Kingdom of Sardinia
Supported by: |
French-Austrian Victory
|
| French invasion of Honolulu (1849) |
France
|
 Hawaiian Kingdom
|
Victory |
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Second French Empire (1852–1870)
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French Third Republic (1870–1940)
| Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Annexation of the Leeward Islands (1880–1897) Location: Society Islands |
France Tahiti (French protectorate)
|
 Raiatea-Tahaa Huahine Bora Bora
|
French Victory |
| French conquest of Tunisia (1881) Location: Tunisia |
France
|
 Beylik of Tunis
|
French victory
|
| Mandingo Wars (1883–1898) Location: West Africa |
France
|
 Wassoulou Empire
|
French victory |
| First Madagascar expedition (1883–1885) Location: Madagascar |
France
|
 Merina Kingdom
|
French victory |
| Sino-French War (1884–1885) Location: Southeast mainland China, Taiwan, northern Vietnam |
France
|
 ChinaBlack Flag Army Nguyễn dynasty |
Both sides declared victory
|
| Tonkin Campaign (1883–1886) Location: Northern Vietnam |
France
|
 Qing dynasty Black Flag Army Nguyễn dynasty
|
French victory |
| First Franco-Dahomean War (1890) Location: Ouémé Department of modern Benin |
France
|
 Dahomey
|
French victory
|
| Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–1894) Location: Ouémé Department and Zou Department of modern Benin |
France
|
Dahomey
|
French victory
|
| Franco-Siamese War (1893) Location: French Indochina, Siam |
French Republic
|
 Siam
|
French victory
|
| First Italo-Ethiopian War (1894–1896) |
 EthiopiaSupport: Russia[13][14][15] France[16][17]Eritrean rebels[18] |
Italy
|
Ethiopian victory |
| Second Madagascar expedition (1894–1895) Location: Madagascar |
France
|
Merina Kingdom
|
French victory |
| Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)
Location: Crete |
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|
 Ottoman Empire
|
French victory
|
| Boxer Rebellion (1899) Location: North China |
France British Empire
Russia Japan Germany United States Italy Austria-Hungary Netherlands Belgium Spain Mutual Protection of Southeast China
|
 Boxers Qing Dynasty
|
Allied victory |
| Rabih War (1899–1901) Location: West Africa |
France
|
 Kanem–Bornu Empire
|
French victory |
| 1904–1905 uprising in Madagascar (1904–1905) Location: Madagascar |
France
|
Rebels | French victory
|
| Ouaddai War (1909–1911) Location: Ouaddai Empire |
France
|
Ouaddai Empire | French victory
|
| French conquest of Morocco (1911–1934) Location: North Africa |
France
|
Zaian Confederation Varying other Berber tribes |
French victory |
| Zaian War (1914–1921) Location: French protectorate of Morocco |
France
|
Zaian Confederation Varying other Berber tribes Supported during the First World War by the Central Powers |
French victory |
| First World War (1914–1918) Location: Europe, Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Pacific Islands, and coast of North and South America |
Allied Powers
|
Central Powers |
Allied victory
|
| Volta-Bani War (1915–1917) Location: Burkino Faso, Mali |
France
|
Marka, Bwa, Lela, Nuni, and Bobo people | French victory |
| Kaocen revolt (1916–1917) Location: Northern Niger |
France
|
Tuareg guerrillas | French victory |
| Thái Nguyên uprising (1917–1918) Location: Northern Vietnam |
France
|
.svg){kind=small} Vietnamese rebels
|
French victory
|
| Hungarian-Romanian War (1918–1919) Location: Hungary, and Transylvania |
 RomaniaSupported by: France
|
 Hungarian Republic(until 21 March 1919)  Soviet HungarySupported by:  Soviet Russia
|
Romanian victory |
| Franco-Turkish War (1918–1921) Location: Cilicia and Upper Mesopotamia |
France
|
 Grand National Assembly
|
French loss
|
| Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War (1918–1920) |
|
|
Allied withdrawal
|
| 1919 Luxembourgish rebellion (January 1919) Location: Luxembourg |
French Third Republic Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
|
 Comité de Salut Public (Luxembourg) Republic of Luxembourg
|
French and Luxembourgish monarchist victory
|
| Bender Uprising (1919) Location: Tighina, Kingdom of Romania (present day Bender, Moldova) |
France Romania
|
 Red Guards Ukrainian SSR
|
Franco-Romanian victory |
| Franco-Syrian War (1920) Location: Syria |
France
|
 Arab Kingdom of Syria
|
French victory
|
| Rif War (1920–1927) Location: Morocco |
Spain France (1925–1926) Jebala tribes |
 Republic of the RifJebala tribes |
Franco-Spanish victory
|
| Occupation of the Ruhr (1923–25) |
France Belgium
|
 Germany
|
French Military Victory |
| Great Syrian Revolt (1925–1927) Location: French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon  Damascus in flames as the result of the French air raid on October 18, 1925. |
France
|
Syrian rebels | French victory |
| Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–1931) Location: French Equatorial Africa, French Cameroon |
France
Co-belligerents: |
Gbaya people and clans
Co-belligerents: |
French victory |
| Yên Bái mutiny (1930) Location: Vietnam |
France
|
 Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
|
French victory
|
| Second World War (1939–1945) Location: Europe, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, Oceania, North and South America |
Allied Powers
|
Axis Powers
|
Allied victory
|
The
Vichy France (1940–1944)
| Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Franco-Thai War (1940–1941) Location: French Indochina |
France
|
 Thailand
|
Indecisive
|
French Fourth Republic (1946–1958)
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French Fifth Republic (1958–present)
Wars France was not involved in but provided support (material, political, advisory etc.)
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Civil wars and revolutions
| Conflict | French Government | Rebels | Outcome | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shepherds' Crusade (1251)
Location: France |
.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of FranceCatholic Church in France Civilians (especially Jews) |
French peasant crusaders | French government victory
| ||||
| Shepherds' Crusade (1320)
Location: France, Crown of Aragon |
Kingdom of France Crown of AragonCivilians (especially Jews) |
French peasant crusaders | Franco–Aragonese victory
| ||||
| War of the Public Weal (1465) Location: France |
 Kingdom of France
Loyal Nobles: Supported by: |
Rebellious Nobles:
Supported by: |
Louis makes concessions to the rebels in the Treaty of Conflans before going back on them in the following years.[56][57] | War in the Cevennes[58] (1702–1710) Location: Cévennes |
Kingdom of France
|
Camisards | French victory |
| French Revolution (1789–1799) Location: France |
Kingdom of France
|
Revolutionairies | French Republican victory
| ||||
| War in the Vendée (1793-1796) Location: Western France |
French First Republic:
|
French Royalists:
Supported by:
|
French Republican victory | ||||
| July Revolution (July 1830) Location: France |
Bourbon Restoration (Legitimists)
|
Orléanists | Orléanist victory
| ||||
| June Rebellion (1832) Location: Paris, France |
July Monarchy
|
Republicans
|
Orléanist victory, rebellion crushed | ||||
| French Revolution of 1848 (February 1848) |
July Monarchy Supported by: United Kingdom
|
Republicans Socialists
|
Republican victory
| ||||
| June Days uprising (June 1848) Location: France |
French Second Republic
|
Socialist rebels
|
Second Republic victory
| ||||
| Paris Commune (1871) Location: Paris |
French Third Republic
|
Communards National Guards
|
Third Republic victory | ||||
| November 1918 in Alsace-Lorraine
Location: Alsace-Lorraine |
French Third Republic
|
 Alsace-Lorraine Soviet Republic
|
Third Republic victory
|
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See also
- Anglo-French Wars
- Franco-Spanish War (disambiguation)
- ISIL-related terror attacks in France
- List of battles involving France
- List of wars in the Low Countries until 1560
- List of wars in the southern Low Countries (1560–1829)
- Military history of France
Notes
- ^ West Francia is considered first polity of France.
- ^ Fought against England during Despenser's Crusade.
- ^ Fought with England during the Caroline War.
- ^ Fought with England during Despenser's Crusade.
- ^ a b Reconciled with the Emperor and switched sides in the Peace of Prague (1635).
- ^ Portugal declared its independence from Spain in 1640, triggering the Portuguese Restoration War. Although the Portuguese were already engaged in the Dutch–Portuguese War since 1602, they agreed to a 10-year truce with the Dutch Republic in Europe (1640–1650) while both were fighting for independence from Spain; nevertheless, the colonial war between the Portuguese and the Dutch West India Company (WIC) in the Americas (especially Dutch Brazil) continued.
- ^ Lord Wentworth's Regiment was integrated into the Spanish army.
- ^ The French Revolutionary Army overthrew the Dutch Republic and established the Batavian Republic as a puppet state in its place.
- ^ Formed in French-allied Italy in 1797, following the abolition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Third Partition in 1795.
- ^ Re-entered the war as an ally of France after signing the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso.
- ^ Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, of which the Austrian Netherlands and the Duchy of Milan were under direct Austrian rule. Also encompassed many other Italian states, as well as other House of Habsburg states such as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and Liechtenstein
- ^ Left the war after signing the Peace of Leoben with France.
- ^ Left the war after signing the Peace of Basel with France.
- ^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of Paris with France.
- ^ Left the war after signing the Peace of Basel with France.
- ^ Abolished following the restoration of the neutral Papal States in 1799.
- ^ Short lived state that replaced the Kingdom of Naples in 1799.
- ^ Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, of which the Austrian Netherlands and the Duchy of Milan were under direct Austrian rule. Also encompassed many other Italian states, as well as other Habsburg states such as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
- ^ Duchy of Warsaw as a state was in effect fully occupied by Russian and Prussian forces by May 1813, although most Poles remained loyal to Napoleon.
- ^ From 1854
- ^ a b From 1855
- ^ Until 1855
- ^ Until 1854
- ^ The Anti-Terrorist Liberation Groups (GAL) was supported by some officials of the Spanish government, most notably José Barrionuevo.
- ^ Battle of Daugavpils
- ^ After 1920
- ^ a b Volunteers
- ^ From 1936 until it surrendered in 1937 to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie in the Santoña Agreement.
- ^ The only party under Francisco Franco from 1937 onward, a merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side.
- ^ a b c d 1936–1937, then merged into FET y de las JONS
References
Citations
- ^ According to Lanting & van der Plicht (2010), the conquest of Turnacum and Cameracum probably happened in the period 445–450. Lanting, J. N.; van der Plicht, J. (2010). "De 14C-chronologie van de Nederlandse Pre- en Protohistorie VI: Romeinse tijd en Merovische periode, deel A: historische bronnen en chronologische thema's". Palaeohistoria 51/52 (2009/2010) (in Dutch). Groningen: Groningen Institute of Archaeology. pp. 46–47. ISBN 9789077922736. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Tuchman, 548
- ^ The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of latin christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226
- ^ Valerii︠a︡ Fol, Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief, (Riga, 1999), 103.
- ^ Alexandru Madgearu, The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins, ed. Martin Gordon, (Scarecrow Press, 2008), 90.
- ^ "into line with army of Gabriel Bethlen in 1620." Ágnes Várkonyi: Age of the Reforms, Magyar Könyvklub publisher, 1999. ISBN 963-547-070-3
- ^ Croxton 2013, pp. 225–226.
- ^ "Belgian Corps 1832-35 in Portugal's Liberal Wars". 11 June 2006. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
- ^ "Siege of Rome | Summary | Britannica".
- ^ Brown 1976, p. 239.
- ^ Brown 1976, p. 240.
- ^ Robert Ryal Miller (1961). "The American Legion of Honor in Mexico". Pacific Historical Review. Berkeley, California, United States: University of California Press. 30 (3). ISSN 0030-8684. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
- ^ "The activities of the officer the Kuban Cossack army N. S. Leontjev in the Italian-Ethiopic war in 1895–1896".
- ^ Richard, Pankhurst. "Ethiopia's Historic Quest for Medicine, 6". The Pankhurst History Library. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03.
- ^ Patman 2009, pp. 27–30
- ^ "Soviet Appeasement, Collective Security, and the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935 and 1936". libcom.org.
- ^ Thomas Wilson, Edward (1974). Russia and Black Africa Before World War II. New York. pp. 57–58.
- ^ Haggai, Erlich (1997). Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897. African World Press.
- ^ Rettig, pp. 316–317.
- ^ Radvanyi, Janos (1980). "Vietnam War Diplomacy: Reflections of a Former Iron Curtain Official" (PDF). Paramaters: Journal of the US Army War College. Carlise Barracks, Pennsylvania. 10 (3): 8–15.
- ^ Teretta 2013, pp. 178–179.
- ^ "Cameroon - Moving toward independence | history - geography". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ^ French Soldiers Quit Mali After 9 Years, Billions Spent and Many Lives Lost
- ^ France suspends military, budgetary support to Central African Republic, 8 June 2021
- ^ Olesen, Jens E. (2008). "Schwedisch-Pommern in der schwedischen Politik nach 1806". In North, Michael; Riemer, Robert. Das Ende des Alten Reiches im Ostseeraum. Wahrnehmungen und Transformationen (in German). Böhlau. pp. 289. ISBN 3-412-20108-1.
- ^ Nicole Grimaud (1 January 1984). La politique extérieure de l'Algérie (1962-1978). KARTHALA Editions. p. 198. ISBN 978-2-86537-111-2.
L'armée française était en 1963 présente en Algérie et au Maroc. Le gouvernement français, officiellement neutre, comme le rappelle le Conseil des ministres du 25 octobre 1963, n'a pas pu empêcher que la coopération très étroite entre l'armée française et l'armée marocaine n'ait eu quelques répercussions sur le terrain. == The French Army was in 1963 present in Algeria and Morocco. The French government, officially neutral, as recalled by the Council of Ministers on October 25, 1963, could not prevent the very close cooperation between the French army and the Moroccan army from having some repercussions on the ground.
- ^ Ottaway 1970, p. 166.
- ^ Brian Latell (24 April 2012). Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, The CIA, and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-137-00001-9.
In this instance, unlike several others, the Cubans did no fighting; ; Algeria concluded an armistice with the Moroccan king.
- ^ "Within weeks the war ended in stalemate." Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 edited by Alexander Mikaberidze Read here.
- ^ Diamond, Stanley (2007). "Who Killed Biafra?". Dialectical Anthropology. 31 (1/3): 339–362. doi:10.1007/s10624-007-9014-9. JSTOR 29790795. S2CID 144828601.
- ^ a b c d "The Biafran War, Nigerian History, Nigerian Civil War". Archived from the original on 12 March 2008.
- ^ "Biafran Airlift: Israel's Secret Mission to Save Lives." Press, Eitan. United With Israel. www.unitedwithisrael.org Published 13 October 2013. Accessed 13 January 2017.
- ^ Genocide and the Europeans, 2010, p. 71.
- ^ a b There's A Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture, 2007. Page 213.
- ^ The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars 1945–1980, 1986, p. 91.
- ^ Hurst, Ryan (21 June 2009). "Republic of Biafra (1967–1970)".
- ^ "Republic of Biafra 1967-1970". 21 June 2009.
- ^ "NIGERIAN REJECTS HELP FROM GROUPS THAT AIDED BIAFRA". The New York Times. 14 January 1970.
- ^ "ASM_35_129.pdf - Page 138" (PDF).
- ^ Griffin, "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War" (2015), p. 122. "Starting in October 1967, there were also direct Czech arms flights, by a network of pilots led by Jack Malloch, a Rhodesian in contact with Houphouët-Boigny and Mauricheau-Beupré."
- ^ Malcolm MacDonald: Bringing an End to Empire, 1995, p. 416.
- ^ Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, 2001, p. 54.
- ^ Africa 1960–1970: Chronicle and Analysis, 2009, p. 423.
- ^ Griffin, "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War" (2015), p. 122. "The most important dimension of French military assistance was the shipment of weapons to Biafra, which had severe shortages of not only heavy weapons, but also small arms and ammunition. Portugal also provided weapons to Biafra, as did Czechoslovakia, until the Soviet invasion in 1968. The Biafrans set up an office in Paris called the 'Biafran Historical Research Centre', which was Ojukwu's contact point with Mauricheau-Beupré, Falques and Denard. The Centre allowed Ojukwu to purchase arms directly from European arms dealers. Denard would purchase arms from Czechoslovakia and ship them by sea to Biafra via Libreville. Starting in October 1967, there were also direct Czech arms flights, by a network of pilots led by Jack Malloch, a Rhodesian in contact with Houphouët-Boigny and Mauricheau-Beupré."
- ^ Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (25 October 2005). "Nigerian Civil War". 2001-2009.state.gov.
- ^ "Israel, Nigeria and the Biafra Civil War, 1967–1970".
- ^ Nigeria Since Independence: The First Twenty-five Years : International Relations, 1980. Page 204
- ^ Sadleman, Stephen (2000). The Ties That Divide. p. 86. ISBN 9780231122290. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
- ^ Stearns, Jason K. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa (2011), p. 115.
- ^ Wrong, Michela. In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo (2000), p. 266.
- ^ Biafra Revisited, 2006. Page 5.
- ^ Spencer C. Tucker, The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History, (ISBN 9781440842948)
- ^ McSherry, J. Patrice (2011). "Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America". In Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein (eds.). State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies). Routledge. p. 107. ISBN 978-0415664578.
- ^ Greg Grandin (2011). The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War. University of Chicago Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780226306902
- ^ Walter L. Hixson (2009). The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy. Yale University Press. p. 223. ISBN 0300151314
- ^ Saenger 1977, p. 7.
- ^ Kendall 1974, pp. 179–207.
- ^ Onnekink, David (2013). War and Religion after Westphalia, 1648–1713. Ashgate Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 9781409480211. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
Bibliography
- Brown, Kenneth L. (1976). People of Sale: Tradition and Change in a Moroccan City, 1830–1930. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-66155-4.
- Croxton, Derek (2013). The Last Christian Peace: The Congress of Westphalia as A Baroque Event. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-33332-2.
- Kendall, Paul Murray (1974). Louis XI. Cardinal.
- Ottaway, David (1970), Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, ISBN 9780520016552
- Patman, Robert G. (2009). The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa: The Diplomacy of Intervention and Disengagement. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-10251-3.
- Saenger, Paul (Spring 1977). "Burgundy and the Inalienability of Appanages in the Reign of Louis XI". French Historical Studies. 10 (1): 1–26. doi:10.2307/286114. JSTOR 286114.
- Teretta, Meredith (2013). Nation of Outlaws, State of Violence: Nationalism, Grassfields Tradition, and State Building in Cameroon. Athens: Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821444726.
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