Fraud factory

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Fraud factories in Southeast Asia
2022年海外求職陷阱宣導.jpg
Poster by the Taiwanese government warning against job scams.
DateJune 2021 - present
LocationChina、Taiwan、Hong Kong、Macau、Cambodia、Myanmar、Thailand、Laos、Malaysia、Vietnam
Also known asSoutheast Asia Job Hunting Scams
Typehuman trafficking
CauseEconomic downturns due to COVID-19 pandemic
Participants Republic of China
Triads
Middlemans and scam groups[1][2]
Anti-scam organizations
Global Anti-Scam Organization
Casualties
At least 370
Deathsunknown
Missing120 (2022/08/16 statistics)
Arrests450

Fraud factories in Southeast Asia, particularly in Cambodia and Myanmar, are human trafficking operations by criminal gangs in the region. They were also known as the Southeast Asia Job Hunting Scam or Transnational Job Hunting Scam referring to the human trafficking industrial chain that began in June 2021 across Taiwan, Cambodia, and Myanmar.[3][4][5][6][7]

Fraud factory operators lured unsuspecting victims to places where they are forced into modern slavery scamming westerners into buying cryptocurrencies via social media and online dating apps.

Trafficking victims' passports are confiscated, and they are threatened with organ harvesting and forced sex work if they do not scam sufficiently successfully.

Nomenclature

The term fraud factory first appeared in a Sydney Morning Herald article about the Southeast Asian scams and human trafficking industry[8] and was coined by Jan Santiago of Global Anti-Scam Organization (GASO), a victims advocacy group, in describing scamming operations in the region.[9][10]

The term was used by Kenya's Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the activity of trafficking victims to Asia where they use digital media to meet westerners and sell them cryptocurrencies.[11] In Chinese, the term "fraud industrial park" (Chinese: 詐騙園區; pinyin: zhàpiàn yuánqū; lit. 'fraud park zone') has emerged in reference to these operations.

Background

The fraud factories name is used by Kenya's Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the activity of trafficking victims to Asia where they use digital media to meet westerners and sell them cryptocurrencies.[11]

Online gambling

Makati center in Phillipines, one of the major casino hubs in Philippines

Since the 2010s, the transnational online gambling industry, which is in the gray area, has been booming, and has driven the economic development of the Philippines, Myanmar, and Cambodia due to the southward migration of employees in the industry. Among them, the criminal syndicates that integrate gambling and fraud are based in the Philippines, and through the authorization of the local authorized online gambling companies, they claimed that they are operating legally, but they often abscond with the money and shut down their websites, which has given rise to a lot of fraudulent crimes. In this process, many Taiwanese work in the gambling industry in high-hour, high-risk, illegal and money-laundering jobs, earning extremely high wages; however, there are also cases where people are coaxed to go to the Philippines and Cambodia to engage in online gambling with the promise of high wages, preferential conditions including food and accommodation, and diversified overseas job development, and abuse and trafficking, class system, restriction of liberty, militarized management, and a wide range of illegal means of gaining profit.[12][13]

The online gambling industry in several Asian countries is shrinking under a policy change led by the People's Republic of China. In Sihanoukville, which was originally invested in by the People's Republic of China and Cambodia with the assistance of the "Belt and Road" program, the gambling industry was transformed into a fraudulent industry as a result of the Cambodian government's ban on gambling on New Year's Day 2020, which halted a large number of construction projects and pulled people out of the city. As the government of the People's Republic of China cracked down on overseas telecom fraud, a large number of fraudsters surrendered to their home countries, resulting in a shortage of labor, making Chinese-speaking Taiwanese the target of human snake syndicates and fraud syndicates. Most of these frauds are controlled by mainland Chinese, and most of the victims are Chinese from mainland China or other regions.[12][14]

Effects of COVID-19 pandemic

Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, criminal syndicates have been placing online advertisements for overseas jobs. Because of high wages, the desire to work abroad, or the difficulty in finding jobs during the epidemic, and because the New Southbound Policy government encourages people to move to Southeast Asia, a large number of Taiwanese have been lured to work in Southeast Asian countries such as Cambodia and Myanmar. However, the job seekers were transferred to fraudulent parks in Cambodia and forced to engage in illegal jobs such as cross-border telecom fraud or online gambling. The fraudulent parks and companies are heavily guarded, seizing victims' passports, inflicting violence, illegal detention, abuse, sexual assault, and restricting civil liberties in order to coerce them to work or to resell them as commodities to other companies, or even to trade their organs.[11]

The scamming incidents, which expanded in mid-August 2022, generated extensive media coverage and attention in the wider Chinese media, including China, Hong Kong and Macau, alongside international media Al Jazeera while involving other countries such as Malaysia, where residents were also subjected to fraud and illegal human trafficking in this manner.[15][16][17][18][19][20]

Manpower issues

In early 2021, the regional/provincial governments of Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Fujian, Zhejiang, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces in China issued a "Circular on Advising People Stranded in Burma", also known as the "Great Advice Campaign", in the name of combating fraud and crime. In addition to publicizing the residence, headshots, and identifying information of the PRC nationals stranded in Burma, the Circular also demanded that they return to the PRC to turn themselves in, or else their PRC household registrations would be canceled and their bank accounts would be frozen. At the same time, the relatives of the victims were also implicated and faced penalties in terms of schooling, employment, wages, bank accounts, etc. Subsequently, the scope of the "Great Exhortation" was expanded from Burma to Southeast Asia and the United Arab Emirates.[12]

In September of the same year, Liu Zhongyi, Director of the Criminal Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China, stated that 54,000 fraudsters had been persuaded to return from northern Burma, and that the operation was still ongoing.[12] The "persuasion list" circulating on the Internet shows that more than 140,000 citizens of the People's Republic of China have been targeted for persuasion.[12] The "Great Exhortation Campaign" has resulted in a large number of PRC nationals turning themselves in, but it has also resulted in a rapid loss of fraudulent human resources. In the past, most fraud syndicates were backed by PRC moneymakers, resulting in a large number of PRC employees supporting the fraudulent activities.[12] As more and more fraudulent companies began to fail to recruit staff, some companies even increased the "price" of a staff member from a few thousand RMB to 30,000-40,000 RMB.[12]

After the government of the People's Republic of China's "Great Persuasion Campaign" created a huge gap in human resources, many triads, human smuggling organizations, local intermediaries, and fraud syndicates began to target Taiwanese, who also speak Chinese, as targets for recruitment and sale.[12] These criminals began to conspire to trick Taiwanese into working in Cambodia, Myanmar, and Laos for the sake of Chinese-speaking talent, with the price for a Taiwanese being around US$20,000 or more[12]. The original victims trapped in the Cambodian city of Sihanoukville were mainly from the People's Republic of China (PRC), but there were also victims from Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and India. However, as a result of the PRC government's policy of cracking down on fraud, the victims have gradually shifted to Taiwanese and Malaysian Chinese, who also speak Chinese.[21]

Human trafficking victims

Between August and late September 2022, the Kenya embassy to Thailand facilitated the rescue of 76 trafficking victims.[11] The victims were mostly Kenyan, but also include Ugandans and a Burundian.[11] The criminal gangs who operate the fraud factories target young and educated Africans.[11] In November 2022, one Kenyan died after a botched organ harvesting operation associated with a fraud factory in Myanmar.[22][11]

Myanmar is also an emerging destination for international labour trafficking, especially along its border areas.[23] Victims in Myanmar include nationals from throughout Asia, including China,[24] Hong Kong,[24] India,[25] Indonesia,[24] Malaysia,[24] Nepal,[24] the Philippines,[26] Taiwan,[27] and Thailand.[28] Victims are lured by the false promise of high-paying jobs, and are trafficked through major cities like Yangon and Bangkok, and transit points like Mae Sot and Chiang Rai.[23] They are then forced to work in "special economic zones" along the country's borders such as Shwe Kokko.[23]

In late 2023, the United Nations estimated that at least 120,000 people in Myanmar are being held in online scam compounds, while at least 100,000 people are being held in similar circumstances in Cambodia.[29]

Operations

Cambodian fraud factories are reportedly located in Sihanoukville city.
The Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone by the banks of the Mekong River

BBC News reported the locations of fraud factories as being in Laos and Myanmar, notably in Kachin where the Kachin conflict is occurring, a factor that makes rescues difficult.[11] The Japan Times reported that factories which initially started operations in Cambodia later switched locations to Laos and that victims were held special economic zones in Laos and Myanmar (and also specifically Myawaddy), as well as casinos in Cambodia.[30] The trafficked victims are lured with job offers, one victim the BBC of traveled to Thailand for a job before being driven to Laos.[11]

Fraud factory workers are trained to create online social media and dating personas which they use to built up trust with westerners and engage in fake romance scams with the goal of encouraging the westerners to buy cryptocurrencies.[11][30] The targets of the bait and switch cyber crime were predominantly US citizens.[11] The process of fraudulently building up trust with victims online in order to sell them cryptocurrencies is known as pig butchering.[30]

The trafficked Kenyans were prevented from leaving unless they paid 1.2m Kenyan shillings and were threatened with forced sex work and organ harvesting if they did not meet work performance targets.[11] Two victims who spoke to the BBC were rescued by Awareness Against Human Trafficking.[11] Trafficking victims have their passports confiscated by the traffickers, some have returned to Kenya with broken limbs, as result of beatings from their captors.[11]

Fraud factories

Fraud factories are operated by Chinese criminal gangs.[30] The gang's traditional revenue stream of gambling reduced during the COVID-19 pandemic and their activities increasingly focus on fraud factories to regain lost revenue.[30]

In Cambodia, fraud factories are mostly located in Sihanoukville city. As early as 2010, an agreement was reached between Cambodia and China to develop the Sihanoukville economic area. Since the area permits legal gambling, many casinos have been set up there as well among many investments by Chinese businesspersons. Within the Sihanoukville economic area there consist of many fraud factories which consist of commerical, hotel, casino and entertainment center buildings, while some are undergoing expansion.[31][32][33][34]

Forced labor

Fraud factories tend to confiscate the victims' passports and restrict civil liberties.[35][36][37] Such locations usually consist of a military-led administration with a large number of hired mercenaries in the form security, military or police shift stations that manage the entrance and exit, mostly equipped with weapons. The company also has a "inside security" service that helps fraudsters crack down on the security services, or a long-term surveillance system for gun-related security services. The hostel building is a mix of men and women and is forbidden to leave under the watchful eye of a group of scammers. The social media platforms are available in the park, however, and some companies will require mobile phones to be handed over to the company's unified management when working. The victims have been hard pressed to escape from the rigorously guarded scams in the neighborhood, as the companies and neighborhoods have been guarded; while the fraud factories have established good relations with the police, there are no pipelines for victims to seek help, and many people have even committed suicide because they cannot escape.[38][39][40]

Impact

People's Republic of China

On 6 and 7 July 2022, the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Cambodia twice warned that Chinese citizens visiting Cambodia for work must follow the formal channels, sign formal employment contracts, not trust false advertisements for high-paying recruits, and reported that citizens of the People 's Republic of Chinese were kidnapped for believing false advertisements, and that victims were rescued after cooperation with China and Cambodia.[41][42]

On August 18, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China responded to the incident, with spokesman Liu Feng pointing fingers at the consulate in the relevant country in the PRC, which is in close contact with the government, actively searching for and rescuing the people involved. The government also stressed the high importance of protecting the consulates and the full protection of the security and legal rights of overseas citizens, including Hong Kong and Taiwanese citizens. He also urged the people of China to be vigilant about fake recruitment information on the Internet, strictly comply with laws, ensure personal safety, report fraudulent information on gambling, such as emergencies, call the local police promptly, and contact the Chinese Embassy in the country.[43][44]

On August 20, the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Cambodia sent a letter to the people of Taiwan in Cambodia stating that "compatriots of Taiwan are Chinese citizens and that it is the duty of the Chinese consulate abroad to protect the legitimate interests of Taiwanese citizens".[45]

On August 29, the spokesman for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Xi Jinping, revealed that he had received help messages on Sina Weibo about a person who was trafficked to Cambodia and who had been rescued back to the country. The report also highlights the importance of the media's attention to such cases.[46]

On 7 September, the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Cambodia reminded Chinese citizens to seek help from the Embassies in a timely manner when they are stuck and announced a new channel for Chinese citizens to apply for help in Cambodia.[47]

Malaysia

In late March 2022, according to reports in media, the Director of Public Service Emergency Complaints at the Malaysian Chinese Association revealed that he had received more than a dozen victims since January that year, almost all of whom were Chinese. He pointed out that the fraudsters mistakenly thought they were "making a lot of money" from doing phone marketing in Cambodia, and that the result was that they knew they were doing fraud. The police have been sent to different suburbs, where they are being monitored by gunmen, working 15 hours a day, and the targets of the fraud are Malaysian citizens.[48]

On 17 August 2022, Malaysian media revealed that at least 16 Malaysians were being scammed and travelled to Cambodia as "customer workers", resulting in entrapment as victims of a fraud group.[49]

Vietnam

On August 19, 2022, a segment of the video went viral online, pointing out that a large number of Vietnamese people escaped a Cambodian online casino company and jumped upstream to the other side of the Mekong river into Vietnamese territory, that most casino security forces were chasing them with sticks, that there were media reports of illegal gambling. On the location, where nearly 60 people rushed out of buildings, some holding sticks to stop but unsuccessfully, many fled to the other side of the river. The Cambodian media reported that a large number of people were lured by recruiters to work in a casino in Sihanoukville, but were detained at a casino in an other province instead, and the same day the Vietnamese rebelled and fled, with some lucky enough to reach Vietnam.[50]

In popular culture

See also

References

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