1990 Malaysian general election

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1990 Malaysian general election
← 1986 20 October 1990 (1990-10-20) – 21 October 1990 (1990-10-21) 1995 →
All 180 seats to the Dewan Rakyat
91 seats needed for a majority
Registered8,000,000
Turnout5,751,725 (72.3%)
  First party Second party Third party
  Mahathir 1984 (cropped).jpg Lim Kit Siang (3to4).jpg Tengku-razaleigh (closeup).jpg
Leader Mahathir Mohamad Lim Kit Siang Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah
Party UMNO DAP Semangat 46
Alliance BN GR APU
Leader since 28 June 1981 1 October 1969 1989
Leader's seat Kubang Pasu Tanjong Gua Musang
Last election 148 seats, 57.3% 24 seats, 21.1% New Party
Seats won 127 20 8
Seat change Decrease 21 Decrease 4
Popular vote 2,985,392 985,228 826,398
Percentage 53.4% 17.1% 14.8%
Swing Decrease 3.9% Decrease 4.0%
  Fourth party Fifth party
  File:Fadzil Noor 2.jpg Penampang Sabah Joseph-Pairin-Kitingan-02.jpg
Leader Fadzil Noor Joseph Pairin Kitingan
Party PAS PBS
Alliance APU GR
Leader since 1989 5 March 1985
Leader's seat No seat Keningau
Last election 1 seat, 15.5% 10 seats (part of Barisan Nasional)
Seats won 7 14
Seat change Increase 6 Increase 4
Popular vote 391,813 128,260
Percentage 7.0% 2.3%
Swing Decrease 9.5%
Prime Minister before election

Mahathir Mohamad
BN

Prime Minister-designate

Mahathir Mohamad
BN

A general election was held between Saturday, 20 October and Sunday, 21 October 1990 for members of the 8th Parliament of Malaysia. Voting took place in all 180 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament.[1] State elections also took place in 351 state constituencies in 11 (out of 13, except Sabah and Sarawak) states of Malaysia on the same day.

The result was a victory for the Barisan Nasional (BN) at the federal level and 10 of the 11 state elections. The opposition alliance Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU) won a landslide victory over BN in the state of Kelantan, winning all 39 state assembly seats. Voter turnout was 72.3%.

Background[edit]

The elections marked the first after United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) party split and the subsequent constitutional crisis in 1988. The reconstituted UMNO Baru (New UMNO), led by incumbent Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, and the newly formed Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (S46), led by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, contested for the first time in the elections.

It also marked the first time in country general election history when a credible, multi-ethnic coalition have been formed the challenge the dominance of Barisan Nasional. This also lead the country political scene from a dominant party system into two party system.[2] The Muslim opposition parties, Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Semangat 46, Barisan Jemaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia (BERJASA) and Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia (HAMIM) teamed up to form the Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU). On the other hand, Semangat 46, Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS), which withdrew from the Barisan Nasional (BN) at the eleventh hour of the general election, teamed up as Gagasan Rakyat. However, these two opposition alliances cooperated in the election but not openly due to the sensitivity of the secular DAP and the Islamic PAS working together.

Results[edit]

Dewan Rakyat[edit]

At the federal level, the BN coalition under the leadership of incumbent Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad won 127 of the 180 parliament seats to form the federal government.

Summary of the 20 – 21 October 1990 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results
Party Vote Seats
Votes % Won % +/–
National Front[a] BN 2,985,392 53.38 127 70.56 -21
United Malays National Organisation UMNO 71 39.44 -12
Malaysian Chinese Association MCA 18 10.00 +1
United Traditional Bumiputera Party PBB 101,243 10 5.56 +2
Malaysian Indian Congress MIC 6 3.33 0
United Sabah National Organisation USNO 6 3.33 +1
Malaysian People's Movement Party Gerakan 5 2.78 0
Sarawak Native People's Party PBDS 22,590 4 2.22 -1
Sarawak United People's Party SUPP 102,687 4 2.22 0
Sarawak National Party SNAP 35,754 3 1.67 -1
People's Progressive Party PPP 0 0.00 0
Parties in the informal coalition, Muslims Unity Movement[b] APU 1,218,211 21.78 15 8.33 New
Semangat 46 S46 826,398 14.77 8 4.44 New
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 391,813 7.01 7 3.89 +6
Parties in the informal coalition, People's Concept[c] GR 1,113,488 19.91 34 18.89 New
Democratic Action Party DAP 985,228 17.61 20 11.11 -4
United Sabah Party PBS 128,260 2.29 14 7.78 +4
Malaysian People's Party PRM 0 0.00 0
People's Justice Front AKAR 0 0.00 New
Sarawak Malaysian People's Association PERMAS 27,618 0 0.00 New
Sarawak United Labour Party PLUS 162 0 0.00 0
Independents and other parties 276,136 4.94 4 2.22 0
Valid votes 5,593,227
Invalid/blank votes 158,498
Total (turnout: 72.3%) 5,751,725 100.00 180 100.00 +3
Did not vote 2,248,275
Registered voters 8,000,000
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) 8,882,000
Malaysian population 17,764,000
Source: Nohlen et al. [1]
  1. ^ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
  2. ^ Parties in the informal coalition, Muslims Unity Movement (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.
  3. ^ Parties in the informal coalition, People's Concept (Gagasan Rakyat). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.

Results by state[edit]

Johor[edit]

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Johor
Party Candidates Vote Seats
Votes % Won % +/–
National Front[a] BN 18 18 100.00 0
United Malays National Organisation UMNO 12 12 66.67 0
Malaysian Chinese Association MCA 5 5 27.78 0
Malaysian Indian Congress MIC 1 1 5.56 0
Democratic Action Party DAP 0 0.00 0
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 0 0.00 0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)   100.00 18 100.00 0
Did not vote
Registered voters  
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)  
Johor's population  

Source:

  1. ^ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Kedah[edit]

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Kedah
Party Candidates Vote Seats
Votes % Won % +/–
National Front[a] BN 14 300,705 62.32 14 100.00 0
United Malays National Organisation UMNO 12 258,834 53.64 12 85.71 0
Malaysian Chinese Association MCA 2 41,871 8.68 2 14.29 0
Semangat 46 S46 8 99,007 20.52 0 0.00 New
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 6 76,936 15.94 0 0.00 0
Democratic Action Party DAP 1 5,360 1.11 0 0.00 0
Independents IND 1 537 0.11 0 0.00 0
Valid votes 482,545
Invalid/blank votes 14,838
Total votes (voter turnout: %) 497,383 100.00 14 100.00 0
Did not vote
Registered voters  
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)  
Kedah's population  

Source:

  1. ^ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Kelantan[edit]

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Kelantan
Party Candidates Vote Seats
Votes % Won % +/–
Semangat 46 S46 7 140,284 34.19 7 53.85 New
National Front[a] BN 13 134,273 32.73 0 0.00 -12
United Malays National Organisation UMNO 13 134,273 32.73 0 0.00 -12
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 6 133,251 32.48 6 46.15 +5
Independents IND 7 2,463 0.60 0 0.00 0
Valid votes 410,271
Invalid/blank votes 10,228
Total votes (voter turnout: %) 420,499 100.00 13 100.00 0
Did not vote
Registered voters  
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)  
Kelantan's population  

Source:

  1. ^ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Kuala Lumpur[edit]

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Kuala Lumpur
Party Candidates Vote Seats
Votes % Won % +/–
National Front[a] BN
United Malays National Organisation UMNO
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)   100.00   100.00  
Did not vote
Registered voters  
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)  
Kuala Lumpur's population  

Source:

  1. ^ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Labuan[edit]

Malacca[edit]

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Malacca
Party Candidates Vote Seats
Votes % Won % +/–
National Front[a] BN 5 4 80.00 0
United Malays National Organisation UMNO 3 3 60.00 0
Malaysian Chinese Association MCA 2 1 20.00 0
Democratic Action Party DAP 1 20.00 0
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 0 0.00 0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)   100.00 5 100.00 0
Did not vote
Registered voters  
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)  
Malacca's population  

Source:

  1. ^ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Negeri Sembilan[edit]

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Negeri Sembilan
Party Candidates Vote Seats
Votes % Won % +/–
National Front[a] BN 7 7 100.00 +2
United Malays National Organisation UMNO 4 4 57.14 0
Malaysian Chinese Association MCA 2 2 28.57 +2
Malaysian Indian Congress MIC 1 1 14.29 0
Democratic Action Party DAP 0 0.00 -2
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 0 0.00 0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)   100.00 7 100.00 0
Did not vote
Registered voters  
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)  
Negeri Sembilan's population  

Source:

  1. ^ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Pahang[edit]

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Pahang
Party Candidates Vote Seats
Votes % Won % +/–
National Front[a] BN 10 203,504 63.04 10 100.00 0
United Malays National Organisation UMNO 7 7 70.00 0
Malaysian Chinese Association MCA 3 3 30.00 0
Semangat 46 S46 5 66,337 20.55 0 0.00 0
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 3 29,960 9.28 0 0.00 0
Democratic Action Party DAP 2 23,030 7.13 0 0.00 0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)   100.00 10 100.00 0
Did not vote
Registered voters  
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)  
Pahang's population  

Source:

  1. ^ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Penang[edit]

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Penang
Party Candidates Vote Seats
Votes % Won % +/–
National Front[a] BN 11 213,532 51.00 5 45.45 0
United Malays National Organisation UMNO 4 85,315 20.38 4 36.36 0
Malaysian People's Movement Party Gerakan 4 64,485 15.40 1 9.09 0
Malaysian Chinese Association MCA 3 63,732 15.22 0 0.00 0
Democratic Action Party DAP 7 170,053 40.61 6 54.55 0
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 2 14,322 3.42 0 0.00 0
Malaysian People's Party PRM 1 13,620 3.25 0 0.00 0
Semangat 46 S46 1 7,174 1.71 0 0.00 New
Valid votes 418,701
Invalid/blank votes 9,371
Total votes (voter turnout: 73.75%) 428,072 100.00 11 100.00 0
Did not vote 152,336
Registered voters 580,408
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)  
Penang's population  

Source:

  1. ^ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Perak[edit]

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Perak
Party Candidates Vote Seats
Votes % Won % +/–
National Front[a] BN 23 391,628 56.17 19 82.61 0
United Malays National Organisation UMNO 11 47.83 0
Malaysian Chinese Association MCA 3 13.04 0
Malaysian People's Movement Party Gerakan 3 13.04 0
Malaysian Indian Congress MIC 2 8.70 0
Democratic Action Party DAP 11 186,147 26.70 4 17.39 0
Semangat 46 S46 8 82,865 11.89 0 0.00 0
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 4 33,955 4.87 0 0.00 0
Independent IND 2 2,623 0.38 0 0.00 0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)   100.00 23 100.00 0
Did not vote
Registered voters  
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)  
Perak's population  

Source:

  1. ^ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Perlis[edit]

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Perlis
Party Candidates Vote Seats
Votes % Won % +/–
National Front[a] BN 2 47,767 65.45 2 100.00 0
United Malays National Organisation UMNO 2 47,767 65.45 2 100.00 0
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 1 13,154 18.02 0 0.00 0
Semangat 46 S46 1 12,056 16.52 0 0.00 New
Valid votes 72,977
Invalid/blank votes 2,544
Total votes (voter turnout: 76.21%) 75,521 100.00 2 100.00 0
Did not vote 23,570
Registered voters 99,091
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)  
Perlis's population  

Source:

  1. ^ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Sabah[edit]

Summary of the 20 – 21 October 1990 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Sabah
Party Candidates Vote Seats
Votes % Won % +/–
United Sabah Party PBS 14 128,261 14 70.00 +7
National Front[a] BN 7 57,365 6 30.00 -2
United Sabah National Organisation USNO 6 30.00 -2
Democratic Action Party DAP 9 28,547 3 21.43 +1
People's Justice Front AKAR 4 12,655 6 30.00 -2
Independents IND 24 85,688 4 14.81 +2
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)   100.00 20 100.00 0
Did not vote
Registered voters  
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)  
Sabah's population  

Source:

  1. ^ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Sarawak[edit]

Summary of the 20 – 21 October 1990 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Sarawak
Party Candidates Vote Seats
Votes % Won % +/–
National Front[a] BN 27 262,274 57.09 21 77.78 0
Sarawak United People's Party SUPP 8 102,687 22.35 4 14.81 0
United Traditional Bumiputera Party PBB 10 101,243 22.04 10 37.04 +2
Sarawak National Party SNAP 5 35,754 7.78 3 11.11 -1
Sarawak Native People's Party PBDS 4 22,590 4.92 4 14.81 -1
Democratic Action Party DAP 8 87,017 18.94 2 7.41 +1
Sarawak Malaysian People's Association PERMAS 9 27,618 6.01 0 0.00 0
Sarawak United Labour Party PLUS 1 162 0.04 0 0.00 0
Independents IND 25 82,327 17.92 4 14.81 +2
Valid votes 459,398
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)   100.00 27 100.00 +3
Did not vote
Registered voters  
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)  
Sarawak's population  

Source:

  1. ^ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Selangor[edit]

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Selangor
Party Candidates Vote Seats
Votes % Won % +/–
National Front[a] BN 14 11 78.57 -1
United Malays National Organisation UMNO 7 7 50.00 0
Malaysian Chinese Association MCA 5 2 14.29 -1
Malaysian Indian Congress MIC 2 2 14.29 0
Democratic Action Party DAP 3 21.43 +1
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 0 0.00 0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)   100.00 14 100.00 0
Did not vote
Registered voters  
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)  
Selangor's population  

Source:

  1. ^ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Terengganu[edit]

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results in Terengganu
Party Candidates Vote Seats
Votes % Won % +/–
National Front[a] BN 8 141,855 54.14 6 75.00 -2
United Malays National Organisation UMNO 8 141,855 54.14 6 75.00 -2
Semangat 46 S46 4 62,006 23.66 1 12.50 New
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS 4 57,593 21.98 1 12.50 +1
Independents IND 2 566 0.22 0 0.00 0
Valid votes 262,020
Invalid/blank votes 7,068
Total votes (voter turnout: 82.44%) 269,088 100.00 8 100.00 0
Did not vote 57,328
Registered voters 326,416
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)  
Terengganu's population  

Source:

  1. ^ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

State Assemblies[edit]

Main article: 1990 Malaysian state elections

At the state level, the BN won 10 out of the 11 state elections. The APU won all 39 state seats in Kelantan to form the state government, with 24 seats going to PAS and 15 for Semangat 46.[3]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p152 ISBN 0-19-924959-8
  2. ^ Khong, (1991) Malaysia's General Election 1990: Continuity, Change, and Ethnic Politics, p1 ISBN 981-3035-77-3
  3. ^ Francis Kok-Wah Loh; Francis Loh Kok Wah; Boo Teik Khoo; Khoo Boo Teik (2002). Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 0-7007-1161-9.
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