Wye College

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The College of St Gregory and St Martin at Wye
File:The crest of Wye College.png
Other name
Wye College
Former name
  • South Eastern Agricultural College
  • Imperial College at Wye
Motto
Luce et labore
Motto in English
By enlightenment and work[1]
Active1447–2009
FounderCardinal John Kempe
Academic affiliation
University of London
Location
Wye, Kent, England

51°11′02″N 0°56′20″E / 51.18400°N 0.93893°E / 51.18400; 0.93893Coordinates: 51°11′02″N 0°56′20″E / 51.18400°N 0.93893°E / 51.18400; 0.93893

The College of St Gregory and St Martin at Wye, more commonly known as Wye College, was an education and research institution in the village of Wye, Kent. In 1447, Cardinal John Kempe founded his chantry there which also provided education.[2][3]

Wye College, 1984

For over a hundred years it was the college of London University most concerned with rural subjects including agricultural sciences; agriculture and horticulture; economics; business management, and the environment.[4][5][6]

History

Chantry

Latin School from Wye Churchyard, 2012

In 1432, John Kempe, then Archbishop of York and a native of Olantigh, was granted royal licence by King Henry VI to found the College of Saints Gregory and Martin in the parish of Wye. In 1447, he obtained about an acre of land, including dwellings known as Shalewell, Goldsmyth and Shank, from the Abbot and Convent of Battle who owned the Manor of Wye. Kempe constructed the Latin School, and buildings around a cloistered quadrangle, for the accommodation of secular priests. There were up to ten priests at any one time in his chantry. Kempe had also rebuilt the adjoining Wye Church in 1447 and the Archbishop of Canterbury granted its vicarship to the college. The priests acted as a college of canons for the now collegiate church; performed their chantry duties, and included a teacher of grammar (latin). The master had to be a scholar of theology and member of Merton College.[7][2][8][3][9][10]

The dedication to Saint Gregory and Saint Martin mirrors that of Kempe's adjoining church. The earlier, 1290 Wye Church, on the site, had been dedicated to Saint Gregory. A further dedication of both the college and church to Saint Martin may have been to recognise the role of Battle Abbey, itself dedicated to him.[9]

By 1450, Kempe's college had appropriated the church of Boughton Aluph, and acquired land in Canterbury, Wye, Boughton Aluph, Crundale, Godmersham, Bethersden and Postling. King Edward IV granted it the churches of Newington, Brenzett and Broomhill in 1465.[10]

The statutes of Kempe's chantry were not universally upheld. In 1511, Master Goodhewe was reported to Archbishop Warham for appointing himself, rather than other fellows, to the College's remunerated positions, and taking the entire benefit of its endowment to the neglect of divine service and the cure of souls. He failed to annually proclaim Kempe's statutes and maintained a relationship with a woman, in breach of them. Goodhewe also found time to be Rector of Staplehurst without papal dispensation to hold two incompatible benefices. He was however not removed from office for his misconduct. By 1534 the college had annual gross income of £125 15s 41⁄2d, or over £94,000 at 2022 values.[9][10][11]

Masters of Wye College 1448-1545[10]
Richard Ewan Appointed 1448
Thomas Gauge In post 1450, resigned 1462
Nicholas Wright Appointed 1462, in post 1470
John Goodhewe Appointed 1500, ceased in post 1519[9]
Richard Waltare / Walker In post 1525, 1534 and 1535
Edward Bowden Surrendered the college 1545

The college was surrendered in 1545 under the Abolition of Chantries Act of that year, the assets appropriated for the Court of Augmentations. An inventory was valued at £7 1s 1d plus a silver salt at £3; silver spoons at 27s 6d, and two old masters at 6s 8d. Apart from its buildings the college owned Perycourte and Surrenden manors, together with the rectory and advowson of Broomhill. These properties were granted first to Catherine Parr's Secretary, Walter Buckler for £200, who promptly sold them in 1546 to his brother in law, and property speculator, Maurice Denys. Following Denys' disgrace the college was acquired by William Damsell in 1553.[10][2][8][7][12]

As the seized property passed from The Crown, and onwards, it did so subject to conditions requiring the owner to provide education, as before. Those terms were met haphazardly in the coming years.[2][8]

The college buildings were converted to a substantial private residence in 1610 for the Twysden family, incorporating a fine Jacobean staircase and imposing fireplaces to the Hall and Parlour.[2][8][13]

In 1627, a grammar school for boys opened on the site.[2]

Lady Thornhill and Sir George Wheler

Wye College dining hall, 1983

Cardinal Kempe's nephew Thomas Kempe sold Olantigh to the Thornhills in 1607. The 1708 will of Lady Joanna Thornhill, the daughter of Sir Bevil Grenville, second wife of Richard Thornhill and Woman of the Bedchamber to Queen Catherine of Braganza provided funds to care for, and educate, the children of Wye. Her nephew Sir George Wheler purchased his old school for that purpose in 1713. The transaction left the college part owned by Lady Thornhill's trust, and on Wheler's death in 1724, part by his. A grammar school continued to operate in the Latin School and buildings around the cloistered quadrangle, and the charity schools for boys and girls in the College Hall and Parlour respectively.[2][14][15][16]

The college cloister quad was rebuilt with brick arches for the Wheler Trust about 1750. The trustees of Lady Thornhill's charity school, requiring more space for girls, converted outbuildings at the north east of the grammar school garden, belonging to Sir George Wheler's Trust, for the purpose in 1850. That subsequently became the college 'Wheelroom'.[2]

In 1878 the Wheler and Thornhill trusts owning the grammar and charity school premises were combined. The 1850 girls school in the Wheelroom was leased to the Wye and Brook School Board for use as an infant school in 1880.[2][17]

Main entrance, 2009

South Eastern Agricultural College

Old Flying Horse student accommodation, 1983

Duty imposed upon beer and spirits under the Local Taxation (Customs and Excise) Act 1890, commonly known as the Whiskey Money, was intended to compensate licencees in the country required to close. It created an income which Sir Arthur Dyke Acland instead proposed to Parliament be earmarked for County Councils to spend on technical instruction. His amendment, it is reported, was adopted by a lethargic and half empty house.[6][18][19]

There were many institutions offering short courses in Agriculture but few opportunities for three year degree courses. The Normal School of Science, shortly to merge and form Imperial College, had only graduated seven agricultural students per year between 1878 and 1887.[2][6]

In 1891 the Earl of Winchilsea proposed the school and farms owned by the combined Thornhill Trust should form the basis of an agricultural college for Kent, Surrey and Sussex using the Whiskey Money. Sussex County Council dropped out of the scheme, and the farms were not immediately available, but negotiations took place for Kent County Council and Surrey County Council to purchase the school premises and a lease was arranged for Coldharbour Farm. Coldharbour was considered difficult, inhospitable, and a suitable challenge for the college to prove its ability in front of the local, farming community.[2][6]

In 1892, Kent and Surrey County Council obtained the school premises for £1,000, the schools moving elsewhere in the village, and in 1894 opened the South Eastern Agricultural College there. They appointed Alfred Daniel Hall as Principal and he opened with thirteen students. It was then the first and only college founded and maintained by public money solely for the benefit of agriculture in England. At the time, it was compared favourably with the state funded French Agricultural Institutes; German Research Institutes; Danish Folk Schools, and American Land Grant Colleges. The student roll grew to 46 in 1900; 71 in 1902, and 124 in 1913.[6][20]

Between 1892 and 1894 the existing buildings were refurbished; a lecture theatre (Old Lecture Theatre) was abutted to the Parlour, and biological laboratory (Lecture Room A) constructed west from the cloistered quadrangle. The original premises to the east of the quadrangle accommodated the Principal. A chemistry laboratory was arranged in an existing wooden building, and a service wing formed between the old buildings and Wheelroom. First floor space at the south of the quadrangle, and above the new biological laboratory and service wing provided 20 student rooms. Others were to be accommodated in village houses.[2]

1895 Cottages on the High Street, between the college and Olantigh Road, purchased. Initially for student accommodation but later demolished to make way for the main entrance.[2]
1898 The college became a school within the University of London.[20]
1901 West quadrangle built out to the college boundary, including a lecture hall (Lecture Room B); botany and zoology rooms; museum; drawing office and common room. A new chemistry wing (Lecture Room C) constructed to the south and 30 student rooms provided on the first floor.[2]
1902 First illumination of Wye Crown memorial, carved by the college's students for King Edward VII's coronation.[20][21]
Alfred Daniel Hall moved to Rothamsted.[6]
1904 Workshops (Maintenance Department) constructed along Olantigh Road to the south of existing buildings.[2]
1906 Construction of north and south quadrangles with gymnasium on the later dining hall site. The enclosure comprised research laboratories; offices (Agriculture Department), and student rooms on the first floor.[2]
1912 North, and part of the east, to what would become the front quadrangle, constructed incorporating research, laboratory and student space.[2]
1914 Gateway and porters' lodge constructed completing the front quadrangle.[2]
During World War I, student numbers shrank as students enlisted. A 28 bed reception hospital operated from 1915-1916 and subsequently a Red Cross supply depot was organised by Mrs Barnard of Withersdane Hall. The War Office presented the college with a German field gun in gratitude.[2][22]
1923 Poultry research station opened.[20]
1925 Pig research unit opened.[20]
Row of Houses (Squires) to north of the college on Olantigh Road purchased. They had been built in 1905.[2]
Taper of land north of the college to the Occupation Road crossroads purchased. Initially the space was used as garden, but would be developed as laboratories and the New Lecture Theatre.[2]
Annual cost of Wye College to its councils is £3,000.[23]
1927 Amage, Coldharbour and Silks Farm purchased.[20]
1931 Squash courts constructed at the crossroads of Olantigh and Occupation Roads.[2]
1935 Guinness Laboratories constructed, north of the main college buildings, for the Hop Research Department.[20][2]
1939 College farm visited by Betteshanger Summer School. Lord Northbourne, the originator of the term organic farming hosted the biodynamic agriculture study week and was a Governor of the college.[24]
During World War II, the college was closed and requisitioned for use by the Women's Land Army.[2]
The college dining hall (Wheelroom) provided a space for servicemen's Catholic Mass, the first time it had been celebrated in Wye since the Reformation.[9]
1945 Withersdane Hall purchased for £10,000 from Florence Barnard to house the students of Swanley College. Initially they lived in the house, and temporary buildings erected on the site.[25][26]
Dunstan Skillbeck appointed Principal. He remained in post for 23 years.[27][28]
Louis Wain returned to Wye as head of the two person chemistry department. He had previously been a temporary chemistry lecturer between 1937 and 1939. Wain went on to become honourary head of Wye's ARC Plant Growth Substances and Systemic Fungicides Unit, and contributed to agricultural chemistry research at the college for fifty years[27]
1946 Boiler house complex constructed north of the workshops.[2]
1947 Wye College Beagles formed.[28]
Amalgamation of South Eastern Agricultural College with Swanley Horticultural College as the School of Agriculture and Horticulture within the University of London. Swanley College's former premises had been heavily damaged during the war and it was decided to rebuild at a combined college rather than in Swanley.[20][27]

Wye College

1948 Wye College incorporated by Royal Charter of King George VI.[20]
Three storey student accommodation block incorporating warden's flat constructed at Withersdane Hall.[26]
1949 Foyer, cloakrooms, and student rooms above, built at Withersdane Hall.[26]
1951 Toilet behind the college's Jacobean staircase converted to a chapel with paintings by principal Dunstan Skilbeck's father, and pews salvaged from the collapsed Eastwell Church.[28]
Swanley Hall auditorium (named for Swanley Horticultural College), kitchens, and rooms above completed at Withersdane Hall. Withersdane Hall officially opened by Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone.[26][29][30]
1953 Withersdane Hall hosts artist Evelyn Dunbar's only solo exhibition.[31]
1954 Gymnasium demolished and replaced with dining hall.[2]
1957 Court Lodge farm and house purchased.[32]
1959 Brook Agricultural Museum established at Court Lodge.[20]
1961 Swimming pool excavated adjacent to future student union building location.[2]
Construction of single storey research and teaching laboratories, and New Lecture Theatre, alongside diagonal footpath at the north of the college.[2]
Agricultural Research Council Unit of Plant Nutrition and Morphogenesis moved to Wye College under Francis John Richards.[33]
1964 Two storey biological science laboratories built facing onto Olantigh Road.[2]
1967 Harold Darling becomes Principal.[28]
1968 Russell Laboratories opened facing Olantigh Road past the Occupation Road junction. Named for Sir John Russell.[2]
1970 Cafeteria extension added to dining hall.[2]
Undergraduate Rural Environment Studies course commenced, commonly known both by its acronym RES and alternative expansion "Real Easy Studies".[34][35][5]
1974 Student Union building opened.[2]
1975 CEAS premises built at Withersdane Hall.[26]
1977 Jubilee building opened. Involved destruction of the Kempe Mound.[2]
Ian Lucas appointed Principal, a role he held until 1988.[36]
1980 Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother admitted as a Fellow of the college and shown the courtyard garden at Withersdane Hall named for her.[29]
Undergraduate Agricultural Business Management Course began. Following the 2004 closure of agricultural sciences at the college, University of Kent ran the course at Wye until 2009.[37]
1986 Lloyds Bank hall of residence opened at Withersdane Hall.[26]
1987 External Programme founded.[20]
New Lecture Theatre expanded and renamed Carr Lecture Theatre.[citation needed][when?]
1992 Dunstan Skillbeck Hall opened at Withersdane Hall named for the former Principal.[26]
1993 Bernard Sunley Hall opened at Withersdane Hall. The scheme, assisted by the Bernard Sunley Foundation, included larger, family accommodation for postgraduates.[26]
1996 Principal's house, Court Lodge, sold for £300,000 as a private dwelling.[38]
1997 Kempe Centre, named for Cardinal John Kempe, opened at junction of Olantigh and Occupation Roads. The building was praised for its aesthetic grandeur and environmental efficiency, and received a RIBA Award. It subsequently formed the nucleus of Wye School.[20][39][40]
Mug decoration for Alice themed Commemoration Ball in Withersdane Hall foyer, 1985

In 2000, Wye College had students enrolled from 50 countries; 477 undergraduates; 259 MSc and PhD students, and 200 on short courses. The growing External Programme had registered 975 mid-career professionals from 120 countries.[41]

Imperial College at Wye

Former Wye College library, 2013

In 2000, Wye College merged with Imperial College and was renamed Imperial College at Wye. It ceased to be an independent College of London University. The justification claimed was a decline in demand for agricultural qualifications so that student numbers could not cover overheads.[41][20]

Imperial College retained agricultural teaching and research on the campus. Social science and economics faculty of the External Programme formed the Centre for Development, Environment and Policy at SOAS, University of London, initially from the Wye campus.[41]

In 2004, the new Rector of Imperial College, Richard Sykes, announced the Department of Agricultural Sciences was closing, and that most teaching and research at Wye would end. Provost, Jeff Waage resigned.[42][43][41][44]

Imperial College scheme

In 2005, Imperial College announced it intended to convert Wye College's estate into a research centre for non-food crops and biomass fuels, and that it had support from Kent County Council and Ashford Borough Council. Leaked documents revealed Imperial College expected to gain £100 million by building 4,000 houses on 250 acres in the Kent Downs, and provoked national as well as local opposition.[45][46][47][48][30]

The plan was seen as a test case for other attempts to build on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty. In 2006, Ashford Borough Council withdrew its support, and Imperial College abandoned its plans. Campaigners hailed the decision as a key victory to preserve the status of protected areas, and Wye as a village.[48]

Closure

2007 The University of Kent ran undergraduate business management courses from Wye College, before transferring them back to its main campus.[49][37]
2008 Science staff relocated to Imperial College's South Kensington or Silwood Park sites.[20]
2009 The last students graduated and Wye College campus was closed in September. Thereafter Imperial College sought to develop the estate, or to find suitable tenants for it.[50]
2010 A proposal to restore the college, with accreditation from the University of Buckingham was advanced but did not proceed.[51]
2013 Wye Free School opened the former Kempe Centre to Year 7 pupils in September.[52]
2014 Imperial College leased Withersdane Hall as a rehabilitation clinic.[53]
2015 Village campus and premises sold to Telereal Trillium.[54]
2019 Imperial College sold Withersdane Hall to the private, for profit, Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano who intend to accommodate approximately 250, mainly Italian and French, students there.[55]
Telereal Trillium granted planning permission to convert Squires Hostel to three dwellings.[56]
Wolfson hostel sold and demolished to make way for six houses.[56]
Coldharbour farm house, bungalows, buildings and associated land for sale.[56]
Numbers 30 - 32, High Street; Wolfson Lecture Theatre and car park to the rear have planning permission to convert and build six dwellings.[56]
Pig, sheep and poultry (Agricultural Field Station / Farm Mechanisation Unit) units sold[56]

In 2021, Telereal Trillium obtained planning permission to convert the traditional college buildings to 38 dwellings.[3][57]

Conversion:

  • Entrance quadrangle; dining hall; second quadrangle, and Wheelroom (Grade II listed)
  • Latin School and rooms around the cloistered quadrangle including the solar (Grade I listed)

Preserved and available for public access one day a month:

Community use

  • Former estates office / noisy common room area by the main college entrance, as a long term home for the Wye Heritage charity.

Estate and facilities

Wye College Kempe Centre, 2013

The Wye College Estate extended to about 390 hectares (960 acres), largely between the villages of Wye and Brook. The college farmed approximately 300 hectares (740 acres), and 25 hectares (62 acres) was employed for horticulture, both on a commercial basis. The remainder accommodated hop gardens, woodland, recreation space, research and buildings.[58]

Withersdane gardens, 1983

By 1984, the college owned much of Wye Village across the High Street from the main entrance, over to Bridge Street and some premises on Oxenturn Road. That was variously used for administration, student hostels, car parking, a clinic, laundry and offices. Wye College owned the NIAB facility at Coldharbour Farm; the MAFF / Defra regional offices and laboratories on Olantigh Road; Regional Veterinary Investgation Centre off Coldharbour Lane; Agricultural Field Centre; Farm Mechanisation Unit; beagle kennels; Court Lodge; Brook Agricultural Museum; sport fields on Cherry Garden Lane, and an SSSI site at Wye Crown and quarry.[5][2][58]

By 2000, teaching and research resources included extensive glasshouses; climate-controlled growth rooms; a containment facility for transgenic plants; dedicated laboratories for plant molecular biology; genomics and gene sequencing; electron microscopy; use of radiochemicals; soil analysis, and plant/animal cell culture.[41]

Research was carried out at the Dairy, Pig, Hop and Sheep Units on the College Farm; in the Horticulture Department; on the chalk grasslands, and amongst commercial crops.[58]

Accommodation

Daniel Hall Hostel, 1983

Student bedrooms were available at Withersdane Hall, or on the first floor of the main campus above teaching and administration space. Alternatively, the college owned student hostels in Wye village, including Daniel Hall, Old Fly, Squires, Blue Shutters, Old Vicarage, Wolfson, New Kempes, Coldharbour and Harwood. Some of the hostels were self catering. Other student accommodation was available in college and privately owned houses.[5][59]

Withersdane Hall

Withersdane Hall, 1983

Withersdane Hall is a post-war, purpose-built hall of residence constructed around the pre-existing, Barnard family's mansion. It included Swanley Hall auditorium; facilities for breakfast catering; lounges; laundry; formal gardens; tennis courts; woodland car parking; extensive lawns, and could be configured as a residential conference centre. CEAS operated from premises on the site. Between 1986 and 1993 the Lloyds Bank; Dunstan Skillbeck and Bernard Sunley halls of residence were added to the complex.[5][20][26][25][60]

Withersdane Hall walled garden, 1983

The name Withersdane derives from Wider's Farmstead, being Widres tun in Old English. Tun became corrupted to don, den and then finally to the present name. In the 18th century Withersden was described as a hamlet, formerly a manor, "full of small inclosures, and the soil deeper".[61][15]

Withersdane Hall, 1983

Withersane Hall was constructed in the early 1810s as a grand country mansion near the site known for its curative mineral well named for Saint Eustace. The original hall is Grade I listed.[30][62][60][26][15]

Coldharbour Farm and Withersdane Hall from Wye Crown

Artist Evelyn Dunbar's husband Roger Folley was a lecturer at Wye College. In 1957 she donated her large 1938 work, An English Calendar to the college and it hung at Withersdane Hall for many years. Post closure, the painting passed to Imperial College.[63][64]

Russell Hoban repurposed Withersdane as "Widders Dump" in his 1980, post apocalyptic novel Riddley Walker. Wye became "How"; The Devil's Kneading Trough, "Mr Clevvers Roaling Place", and Pet Street, "Pig Sweet".[65][66][67]

c1810 Withersdane Hall originally constructed as a grand, three storey, country mansion.[30]
c1840 Occupied by Captain Arthur Davies who farmed 300 acres (120 ha) with 16 labourers and a further eight domestic staff.[30]
1867 Following Davies' death, the property was acquired by John Erle-Drax of Olantigh.[30]
1903 The georgian mansion at Olantigh was destroyed by fire. Wanley Elias Sawbridge-Erle-Drax moved his household to Withersdane during reconstruction.[30][68]
Withersdane acquired by Andrew Bigoe Barnard CIE, former Deputy Director Criminal Intelligence of the Bengal Police Department[69][30]
1928 Norman Barnard, commonly known as Chippy, inherited the hall on his father's death. He "presided over a gilded era of garden parties and social events straight out of the pages of P G Wodehouse".[30]
1930s Lord Dunsany, a relation of the Erle-Drax former owners, produced pageants at Withersdane Hall, once playing Nick Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream.[30]
Visitors included future Lord Chancellor Quintin Hogg, and author Anthony Powell whose A Dance to the Music of Time roman-fleuve portrayed a golden era of country house parties, just like those he attended at Withersdane Hall.[30]
1939 Norman Barnard worked for the Committee of Imperial Defence and was deputed to the underground Cabinet War Rooms.[30]
Barnard moved his children from their London town house, to the ostensibly safer countryside at Withersdane. Young evacuees from East London were billeted with them. The conflict was not entirely distant; gas mask practice was frequent, and a bomb exploded nearby killing three sheep.[30]
1940 On Monday April 22nd 1940, Major Barnard and his wife visited their children. During the return to London their car left the road on Charing Hill. Mrs Barnard suffered a broken leg, but he died later of head injuries.[30]
1941 Withersdane Hall was requisitioned and fortified for the war effort It become a headquarters for the 43rd Wessex, and then the 56th (London), Divisions housing the divisional general and intelligence section. As of 2022, bunkers and pill boxes are extant from that period.[30][26]
1945 Withersdane Hall purchased for £10,000 from Mrs Barnard to house the students of Swanley College. Initially they lived in the house, and temporary buildings erected on the site.[25][26][30]
1946 Horticulture lecturer Mary Page redesigned the 3 hectares (7.4 acres) garden at Withersdane Hall to include extensive informal areas and a series of formal spaces separated by yew hedges within the walled garden.[25][70]
1947 Amalgamation of South Eastern Agricultural College with Swanley Horticultural College as the Schools of Agriculture and Horticulture within the University of London. Swanley College's former premises had been heavily damaged during the war and it was decided to rebuild at a combined college rather than in Swanley.[20][27]
1948 Three storey student accommodation block incorporating warden's flat constructed at Withersdane Hall.[26]
1949 Foyer, cloakrooms, and student rooms above, built at Withersdane Hall.[26]
1951 Swanley Hall (named for Swanley Horticultural College), kitchens, and rooms above completed at Withersdane Hall. Withersdane Hall officially opened by Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone.[26][29][30]
1953 Withersdane Hall hosts artist Evelyn Dunbar's only solo exhibition.[31]
1975 CEAS premises built at Withersdane Hall.[26]
1980 Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother admitted as a Fellow of the college and shown the courtyard garden at Withersdane Hall named for her.[29]
1986 Lloyds Bank hall of residence opened at Withersdane Hall.[26]
1992 Dunstan Skillbeck Hall opened at Withersdane Hall named for the former Principal.[26]
1993 Bernard Sunley Hall opened at Withersdane Hall. The scheme, assisted by the Bernard Sunley Foundation, included larger, family accommodation for postgraduates.[26]
2014 Imperial College leased Withersdane Hall as a rehabilitation clinic.[53]
2019 Imperial College sold Withersdane Hall to the private, for profit, Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano who intend to accommodate approximately 250, mainly Italian and French, students there.[55][71]

Jacobean staircase

The grade I listed, Jacobean, three flight staircase adjacent to Wye College's cloistered courtyard has been compared in significance to the grand staircases at Knole House. Its seven newel finials are large painted statues, two male and seven female, commonly referred to as the Ancient Britons. The beechwood, Flemish style statues were separated from the newel posts, to protect them from students, and placed for safe display on the minstrels gallery in the nearby Old Hall.[72][13]

Imperial College sold the statues in 2009 as 'reproductions'. English Heritage and Ashford Borough Council ordered that Imperial College repurchase and return them, which it did.[72]

Painted glass

Wye College main quadrangle, Christmas 1983

In about 1996, it was discovered the low ground floor window from the college's cloistered quadrangle to Wye Churchyard was medieval painted glass and bore the crest of both's founder, Cardinal Kempe. The window was in a precarious position by the publicly accessible churchyard on the one side, and in a space used for student parties and ball games on the other. The college decided to replace it with a modern replica and sell the original. York Minster purchased the medieval glass at auction and incorporated it in their new Zouche Chapel, with other glasswork relating to Kempe.[citation needed]

Student Union

Card decoration from Alice themed Commemoration Ball, 1985

A dedicated Student Union building opened in 1974 on Olantigh Road, beyond the science laboratories, replacing the Wheelroom complex in the older part of the college.[5][2][20]

The new building provided a club bar; mercery; offices; committee room; printing press; darkroom; television lounge; careers library; pigeonholes for undergraduate and postgraduate student mail; a gymnasium; workshop, and spaces for events, coffee, or quiet recreation. Outside there was a swimming pool.[5]

Student union swimming pool, 1983

The Wye College Union of Students, commonly WCUS, was NUS affiliated and a constituent union of ULU. In 2000 it merged with Imperial College Union[5][73]

Wye Crown and quarry

During a parish meeting in 1902, the South Eastern Agricultural College's principal offered to celebrate the coronation of King Edward VII with a hill figure, carved into the scarp face of the North Downs, above the college. Horses and humans carved into hillsides are well known, but the 180 foot (55 m) tall crown motif chosen was to be unique. It had to be distorted to take account of the viewpoint below and took 35 students four spring days, and 7,000 wheelbarrow loads of turf, soil and chalk to excavate. The King's 30th June coronation was delayed by illness, but there was still a bonfire on the Crown. When the coronation did take place on 7th August the Crown was illuminated by 1,500 candles. The King was able to view the Crown himself, as a guest of Baron Gerard at Eastwell Manor, two years later when it was lit by electric lights.[21][74]

Charity week bonfire under construction on Wye Crown, 1983

Wye Crown has been a focus of celebrations for royal and national occasions, as well as Wye College students' charity week bonfires. In 2020, it was illuminated to mark the 75th anniversary of VE Day.[75][5][76]

During the First and Second World Wars the Crown had to be camouflaged from enemy aircraft to prevent it being used as a landmark.[21] Students regularly scoured and rebuilt the edges of the chalk figure until 1991 when gabions, filled with white-washed flint, were embedded to delineate the edges and reduce maintenance. In 2003, a bench and carved slate compass rose were installed above the Crown, on the North Downs Way, to celebrate the Millennium.[77][21][74]

Behind the bench and way marker are numerous small hollows believed to be ancient ironstone pits. The features acquired a mythology amongst Wye College students and spoof traditions were attributed to inscriptions on stone tablets supposedly found there.[5][21][78]

The college's quarry, below the Crown was a source of flint and chalk, the chalk likely burnt for construction lime. Wye College students used the quarry for clay pigeon shooting and spectacular parties. In 1991, part of the slope was converted to seating arranged as a natural, outdoor amphitheatre.[78][5][79]

The Wye Crown and quarry form part of the Wye National Nature Reserve. The thin, seasonally grazed chalk grassland provides an ideal habitat for orchids.[58][80]

Wye College farm today

Wye Crown and estate, 2009

Imperial College retains ownership of the Wye College farmland. Most of it is leased to a former student, with other parts to Ripple Farm Organics; The Wooden Spoon, and Michael and Wendy Barnes. The main farm lease runs to 2025.[81]

Sport field

As of 2022, the former college sport field off Cherry Garden Lane is used by Wye Football Juniors.[82]

External Programme

The Wye College External Programme, established in 1988 under Ian Carruthers, was the first use of exclusively, distance learning by the University of London. The programme built upon the college's established research and teaching links to the rural developing world, especially in Africa. It combined resources from the departments of Agricultural Economics; Agriculture and Horticulture; Environment, and Biological Sciences to offer cross disciplinary MSc and Postgraduate Diploma courses.[4][83]

Learning resources were initially on paper, supplemented by audio cassettes; videotapes, and 24 hour telephone support. The World Wide Web was embraced later.[4]

By 2000, the External Programme had 975 mid-career professionals registered from 120 countries, and was growing. The Programme became the Centre for Development, Environment and Policy at SOAS, University of London, albeit initially from the Wye campus.[41][84]

Hop research

Research greenhouse viewed from Squires hostel with Guinness Laboratories, laundry and Jubilee Building in background, 1983

Ernest Stanley Salmon established the college's hop research programme in 1906. It was the world's first systematic hop breeding programme and formed a model for those that followed. He bred varieties such as Brewer's Gold (1934), Bullion (1938), and Northern Brewer (1944). It was estimated in 2005 that over half of all the hops grown commercially worldwide were descended from Salmon's original seedlings. Ray Neve succeeded Salmon in 1953 and bred varieties such as Wye Northdown (1971), Wye Challenger (1971), and Wye Target (1972).[85][86]

In 1981 Peter Darby took over the programme and concentrated on dwarf hops such as First Gold (1995); aphid resistance (Boadicea, 2004), and flavour.[87]

As Imperial College sought to close their Wye campus in 2007, hop research activities transferred to Wye Hops Ltd, a subsidiary of the British Hop Association.[88]

Cyclamen Persicum

In the 1960s, Allan Jackson's breeding program at Wye crossed large flowered cyclamen with wild forms, producing smaller houseplants with scented flowers and attractively marked foliage. These became known as the "Wye College Hybrids" and continue to be produced commercially.[89][35]

Wye College Beagles

Entrance to Wye College Beagles kennels, 1983

The Wye College Beagle pack was established in 1947, by then Principal Dunstan Skilbeck, and largely run by students of the college. It was disbanded in 2014 following closure of the campus. In 2001, the Animal Liberation Front raided the kennels and took approximately 47 of the pack. It was reported they had only caught one hare in the previous year.[90][91][5][28]

Wye Double Digger

Wye College research greenhouses on Occupation Road, 1983

The Wye Double Digger was developed at Wye College in the 1980s and incorporated a conventional mouldboard plough with a rotary cultivator operating in the open furrow. It was designed to break up soil compaction layers below plough depth; mix topsoil with subsoil, and allow deep incorporation of soil nutrients. The rotary cultivator helped provide forward propulsion for the plough. The Double Digger was tested around the world, notably at Purdue University. A business was established to market the cultivator, and a commercial two furrow version built, before development ceased.[92][93]

John Nix Pocketbook

John Nix published the first edition of his Farm Management Pocketbook in 1966 and sales were estimated at 250,000 copies by the time he retired in 1989. As of 2022, it is in its 55th edition and known as the John Nix Pocketbook for Farm Management. Contents include information for budgeting, or benchmarking, that seeks to anticipate forthcoming trends.[94][95]

For many years, Nix's colleague in the Wye College Farm Business Unit, Paul Hill, researched and co-authored the pocketbook. Nix died in 2018, and his pocketbook is published, as of 2022, by The Andersons Centre.[96][95][94]

The pocketbook was described in the International Journal of Agricultural Management as a "standard reference for business in agriculture".[94]

Brook Agricultural Museum

Brook Museum Barn

In 1948, the college agreed to be custodian of a collection of old agricultural implements acquired by former staff members. Students including Michael Nightingale undertook the transfer, cataloguing and arrangement of items, from East Malling Research Station to Coldharbour Farm. When Wye College purchased Court Lodge Farm, Brook in 1957, the growing collection was transferred to the 14th century Manorial Barn there.[32]

In 1996 Wye College decided to sell the adjoining Principal's House at Court Lodge. The Wye Rural Museum Trust, again led by Michael Nightingale, was established to take over the collection. With the help of grants and donations the Trust purchased its barn at Brook in 1997.[32][97]

CEAS

CEAS, Withersdane Hall, 1983

The Centre for European Agricultural Studies was conceived at Wye College in 1971, within the Department of Agricultural Economics. As the UK joined the European Common Market, agricultural affairs in Britain were expected to be strongly influenced by their Common Agricultural Policy. The centre was intended to be an independent research centre focused on the implications for UK food, farming and rural communities of the new policy directions.[98]

A 1973 appeal raised £463,000 to support the research and in 1975, the centre moved into purpose-built premises at Withersdane Hall, where it also operated a European Documentation Centre on behalf of the European Union.[98][26]

CEAS Consultants (Wye) Ltd incorporated in 1985 to undertake commercial consultancy work, and Wye College held a 2⁄11 ownership stake that subsequently passed to Imperial College. In 2006, CEAS Consultants (Wye) Ltd moved from Withersdane Hall to Bramble Lane, Wye and as of 2022, it operates, as Agra CEAS Consultants Ltd, at an address in Berkshire.[99][100]

Following changes to Common Agricultural Policy priorities, the centre was renamed the Centre for European Agri-Environmental Studies. In 2006, it left the closing Wye Campus and became a Centre of the University of Kent in Canterbury.[98][99]

In popular culture

2007 television drama Cape Wrath includes scenes filmed at Wye College. The Old Lecture Theatre's steeply tiered oak benches masquerade as a London academic institution.[101]

Alumni

Agricola Club

The Wye College Agricola Club is an association of former students and staff of the college. It was founded in 1901 for former students of the South Eastern Agricultural College, and from 1951 to 1995 was named the Wye College Agricola Club and Swanley Guild. From 2000 to 2009 it formed part of Imperial College's Imperial Alumni, but as of 2020 it is an independent entity with some 3,000 members. The Club publishes an annual journal, Wye: The Journal of The Wye College Agricola Club.[102][103]

Staff

Students

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