Wedding of Mary I of England and Philip II of Spain

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Mary I of England and Philip II of Spain
Several portraits and depictions of Mary I of England are thought to show the jewels brought to her at Guildford Castle
Mary lodged at the old Bishop's Palace in Winchester, known as Wolvesey Castle.[1]
The wedding took place in Winchester Cathedral on 25 July 1554
Painted decoration at the Westgate Museum, probably made in connection with the Royal Wedding

Mary I of England (1516-1558) and Philip II of Spain (1527-1598) married at Winchester Cathedral on Wednesday 25 July 1554.[2]

Surrey and Hampshire

The English Parliament made provision for the marriage by the Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain passed in April 1554.[3] The Spanish courtier Pedro Dávila y Zúñiga, Marques de las Navas (1498-1567) arrived in England at Plymouth in June and was met by the Earl of Pembroke. Edward Sutton, 4th Baron Dudley, wrote to the royal council in London from Basing describing the reception of the Marquess de las Navas, who had travelled to Shaftesbury and to Wilton House, where he enjoyed hare coursing and planned to meet Mary at Guildford Castle.[4] He brought a gift of a diamond jewel from Philip.[5] A courtier, Juan de Varaona, recorded that Mary wore the diamond and ruby presented by de las Navas on the wedding day.[6] Mary wrote to the Mayor of Exeter from Guildford on 22 June, thanking him for looking after the Marquess.[7] The Marquess would act as Mary's interpreter for her Spanish guests.[8]

Philip II left A Coruña on 12 July 1554. He sailed in the Espíritu Santo commanded by Martín Jimenez de Bertendona.[9] His fleet was escorted by 31 English ships, including the Mary Willoughby and the Salamander.[10] Mary went to wait at the Palace at Bishop's Waltham. She heard news of his embarkation by 17 July and wrote to Lord Clinton to approach her court and await the king at Guildford, Farnham, or Alton.[11] The surveyor of royal works, Laurence Bradshawe was ordered to make some modifications at the Bishop's Palace in Winchester, Wolvesey Castle, making a new door from the hall to an audience chamber for the queen.[12]

At Southampton, Philip II went first to the Holyrood Church to give thanks for his safe voyage.[13] Philip was greeted by Anthony Browne, who told him that Mary had appointed him his master of his horse.[14] The arrival of Philip II at Southampton was proclaimed in London on Saturday 21 July. The Mayor of London ordered celebratory bonfires. Aristocrats were summoned to Winchester.[15] Mary went to Winchester, where the Mayoress Helen Lawrence (wife of William Lawrence) and her sisters, who were standing in line on a carpet, presented her with a gold cup. After attending a service in the cathedral she went to her lodging at Wolvesey Castle, "with a right goodly company of noblewomen and ladies".[16] On 22 July, Philip's favourites Ruy Gómez de Silva and Juan Rodriguez de Figueroa came to Winchester bringing Mary another jewel.[17]

Wedding at Winchester

An account of the wedding was written by a Scottish observer, John Elder, as a letter to Robert Stewart, Bishop of Caithness. Elder is best known as a tutor of Lord Darnley.[18] Elder's letter shares some material with an account of the wedding included in editions of Robert Fabyan's New Chronicle.[19] There were several narratives of the marriage, published in English, Spanish, Italian, German and Dutch. The publications were intended to celebrate to glory of the Habsburgs and the benefits of the marriage to England and Catholic Europe. Subsequent chronicles seem to follow the narratives closely, though English versions are less enthusiastic about the match.[20]

Philip II arrived in Winchester on 23 July riding through the rain on a white horse. He changed horses at the Hospital of St Cross.[21] He went to the cathedral and then to his lodgings in the Dean's House, adjacent to Wolvesey Palace. They met for half-an-hour. Juan de Varaoana (or Barahona) says that Philip reached Mary by a spiral stair from the castle garden.[22] Andrés Muňoz, a servant in the Spanish entourage,[23] wrote that the couple walked in the water meadows by the River Itchen. The Spanish courtiers identified their experience of England with the locations of romance stories in books of chivalry.[24] Both Elder and Muňoz relate that Mary taught Philip how to say "Goodnight" to the English lords.[25]

On Tuesday, Mary sent her tailor Richard Tisdale to Philip with a choice of cloaks to wear for the wedding.[26] They met again in the great hall of Wolvesey Castle.[27] The room was called "Poncia", according to Muňoz. The name may derive from John of Pontoise, a Bishop of Winchester.[28] Mary's gentlewomen wore purple velvet.[29] On this occasion Philip wore a black coat embroidered with silver, and white hose on his legs.[30]

They were married on Wednesday 25 July, the feast of Saint James, patron saint of Spain. Mary had chosen a plain gold ring with no stone, saying that had been the custom with maidens of old. Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby gave the bride away. After the marriage with the ring, Philip and Mary processed to the high altar in the quire of the Cathedral. At the conclusion of the service, Philip and Mary were proclaimed joint rulers.[31]

Costume for a co-monarchy

Chair at Winchester Cathedral
Wedding guests went to see the round table at Winchester Castle

Descriptions of the costumes in the narrative accounts seem to vary in detail, evoking primarily the cost and luxury of fabrics and embroidery. A gown of Mary's described in a later royal inventory may have been the one worn on her wedding day; a French gown of rich gold tissue, with a border of purple satin, all over embroidered with purls of damask gold and pearls, lined with purple taffeta. Elizabeth I's tailors unpicked the small pearls from this garment for re-use.[32]

The Venetian ambassador Giacomo Soranzo noted that on state occasions Mary wore wide sleeves in the French fashion. The costume of Englishwomen in general, he thought, was French in character.[33] One of the Spanish accounts mentions that women in London wore masks or veils when walking outside, and black stockings.[34]

An Italian account of the wedding, published by Guido Raviglio Rosso in 1558, described her costume as French in style, with gown and robe of piled velvet brocade (black velvet according to Andrés Muňoz), with a long train, and embellished with very large pearls and diamonds of great size. Her turned-back lined sleeves were dressed with gold, enriched with pearls and with diamonds; her veil with two diamond-set borders. On her breast she wore the costly diamond sent to her by Philip from Spain. Her skirts were of white satin, embroidered with silver, the stockings scarlet, she wore black velvet shoes.[35]

Raviglio Rosso's description is related to other similarly worded Italian accounts of Mary's costume printed as festival books, Il trionfo delle superbe nozze fatte nel sposalitio del principe di il Spagna [et] la regina d'Inghilterra, and the Narratione assai piu particolare.[36] The spelling differs slightly, and the version printed as Il trionfo delle superbe nozze does not mention shoes or stockings.[37] These texts describe the brocade of Mary's gown as "riccio sopra riccio".[38]

The jewel sent by Philip was a "diamond mounted on a setting in the form of a rose, with a huge pearl hanging down onto the chest".[39] This jewel, including a square "table diamond" and a pendant pearl may be represented in her portraits by Hans Eworth and Anthonis Mor.[40] A large pearl with a complex history known as "La Peregrina", once owned by Elizabeth Taylor, was thought to have been Mary's.[41] Juan de Varaona said she wore the jewel brought by the Marquess de las Navas between her breasts, including a ruby and a diamond, "en medios de los pechos el diamente y rubí que le invió el Rey con el Marques de las Navas". The pendant pearl, estimated at 5,000 scudi, was mentioned in an Italian narrative.[42] Mary included the table diamond in her will.[43] Varaona also states that their cloaks were in the French style, while Mary's hair and hat or headdress of black velvet embroidered with pearls was in the English fashion.[44]

Their matching brocade clothes were white cloth of gold, or made of white brocade with matching cloaks or mantles of cloth of gold trimmed with velvet.[45] Some part of Philip's outfit had been selected by Mary. She had sent him alternative cloaks or robes, and he had chosen one that was less ostentatious.[46]

Philip wore a jewelled collar of the Order of the Garter which she had commissioned for 7 or 8,000 crowns. The clothes emphasised their co-monarchy and political union.[47] The French fashion was not particularly to the taste of Spanish observers, being the costume of their political rivals in Europe.[48]

Dancing at Wolvesey Castle

After the wedding, the royal couple dined in the Bishop's Palace, Wolvesey Castle.[49] There was a tall buffet or cupboard displaying 120 pieces of gold and silver plate. Mary on Philip sat on a raised dais under a canopy. On the right side of the hall there was a table for lords and gentlemen, ladies and gentlewomen sat on the left side.[50] Muñoz says the diners were Spanish, English, German, Hungarian, Bohemian, Polish, Flemish, Italian and Irish, and there was an Indian, hasta un seňor indiano, porque hubiese indio.[51] After the meal the Spanish guests chatted with the ladies in such Latin as they could muster. They had brought perfumed gloves as gifts but the language barrier hindered the customary formalities of gift giving.[52]

Edward Underhill wrote about his experience as a server at the meal. He said the Spanish lords were jealous of the dance moves of Lord Braye and Master Carew.[53] A Spanish account says that Philip ordered two diplomats, Pedro Lasso de Castilla and Hernando de Gamboa, to dance a Spanish Alemana, and then Mary and Philip followed. After this there were other dances, following by supper.[54] Munoz thought the English gentlewomen's Spanish-style dancing was not quite as splendid as their English dance.[55] The Alemana was a popular dance at the Spanish court. Twelve male masquers dressed as gods and nymphs had danced an Alemana before Philip at Brussels at Mardi Gras in February 1550, including his favourite Ruy Gómez de Silva who was present at Winchester.[56] There was another ball on Sunday evening, and on subsequent days, the ladies of the court who were not attending in the queen's chamber were in the hall or antechamber of Wolvesey Castle dancing or conversing with guests.[57]

Festival decoration: a marriage of sable and silver

A 16th-century chair in Winchester Cathedral covered with velvet (velvet not original) is thought to have been used at the wedding.[58] A fragment of painted decoration on timber boards painted in white and black, now displayed in the Westgate Museum, with portrait medallions and the motto 'Vive le Roi' and the initials of John White, warden of Winchester College, is probably connected with the wedding festivities. John Elder mentions other painted inscriptions in black and white, and he equates these colours with sable and silver in heraldry, an association which likely held with the use of black and white in the wedding costume.[59] Andrés Muňoz developed a theme of gold and white or silver in his account. Philip was silver in deference to Mary's gold.[60]

Progress to London and the Royal Entry

The Spanish party went to Winchester Castle to see King Arthur's Round Table displayed in the Great Hall, where it remains.[61] On 28 July, the ambassador of Charles V, Pedro Lasso de Castilla gave Mary a diamond jewel and a large pearl. This pearl was perhaps worn as a pendant with the other jewels and depicted in Mary's portraits.[62] One of the Italian accounts, the Narratione assai piu particolare, says that Mary wore a pendant pearl on her wedding day.[63]

After continuing the festivities at Winchester with masques and sports, Mary and Philip went to Basing House, and in August progressed to Reading, and Windsor Castle. Philip was installed as a member of the Order of the Garter. On Tuesday 7 August there was hunting in Windsor forest over a four or five mile long course or "toyle", probably in the Little Park where deer were killed with crossbows.[64] From Richmond Palace they went by boat to Suffolk Place in Southwark. On 19 August, they made their Royal Entry to London.[65]

The ceremonial route in the city was similar to previous royal entries. The first pageant in Gracechurch Street included the Nine Worthies and an image of Henry VIII with a book and the caption verbum dei, the word of God. Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, objected to this image as it appeared to be Protestant in character, and the painter was asked to make changes. One of the organisers, John Sturgeon, was a haberdasher and Protestant, a friend of Hugh Latimer, who had contributed to Philip's entry to Antwerp in 1549. Other imagery presented included Gogmagog and Corineus Britannus, a legendary archer who had fought with the Trojan leader Brutus to defeat the primitive giants of Albion. Pageants in the leather tanner's street and Cornhill represented other famous Philips, from the Apostle to the husband of Joanna of Castile.[66]

Mary and Philip ended their ceremonial route at St Paul's Cathedral and retired to Westminster Palace. On Tuesday 21 August they rode to Westminster Abbey. As Mary entered the church her train was carried by Elizabeth, Marchioness of Winchester and Anne of Cleves, who had written to Mary from Hever on 4 August asking to attend the King and Queen in London. After the service in the Abbey was sung by the Spanish men of the chapel, Philip visited the tomb of Henry VII.[67]

Another pageant represented Mary and Philip's common descent from Edward III of England, as a literal family tree.[68] Andrés Muñoz did not describe the Royal Entry, but he concluded his account with remarks on the history of Britain, mentioning King Arthur's round table, Brutus, and the giants.[69]

References

  1. ^ Martin Biddle, Beatrice Clayre, Michael Morris, 'The Setting of the Round Table', Martin Biddle, King Arthur's Round Table: An Archaeological Investigation (Boydell, 2000), p. 69.
  2. ^ Mitchell Gould, 'Philip II of Spain: King, Consort, Son', Aidan Norrie, Carolyn Harris, J. L. Laynesmith, Danna R. Messer, Elena Woodacre, Tudor and Stuart Consorts: Power, Influence, and Dynasty (Palgrave Macmillan, 2022), p. 167.
  3. ^ Robert Tittler & Judith Richards, The Reign of Mary I (Routledge, 1983), p. 24.
  4. ^ Calendar State Papers Domestic (London, 1862), p. 62, TNA SP11/4/26, printed James E. Nightingale, 'Some Notice of William Herbert', Wiltshire Archeological and Natural History Magazine, 18 (Devizes, 1879), pp. 108-9: Patrick Fraser Tytler, England Under the Reigns of Edward VI and Mary, vol. 2 (London, 1839), pp. 419-20: Rawdon Brown, Calendar State Papers Venice, vol. 5 (London, 1873), pp. 516 no. 904, 520 no. 915.
  5. ^ David Loades, Mary Tudor (London, 2006), p. 121: Rayne Allinson & Geoffrey Parker, 'A King and Two Queens', Helen Hackett, Early Modern Exchanges: Dialogues Between Nations and Cultures (Ashgate, 2015), p. 99.
  6. ^ 'Marriage of Philip II and Mary', Bentley's Miscellany, 22 (London, 1847), p. 466.
  7. ^ George Oliver, History of the City of Exeter (Exeter 1861), p. 102.
  8. ^ 'Marriage of Philip II and Mary', Bentley's Miscellany, 22 (London, 1847), p. 467.
  9. ^ Martin A. S. Hume, 'The Visit of Philip II', The English Historical Review, 7:26 (April 1892), pp. 264-5.
  10. ^ C. S. Knighton & David Loades, Navy of Edward VI and Mary I (Navy Records Society, 2011), pp. 276, 436, 440-1.
  11. ^ HMC 13th Report Part II, Portland, vol. 2 (London, 1893), p. 10.
  12. ^ Hilton (1968), pp. 46-7: Chronicle of Queen Jane (1850), p. 135.
  13. ^ Henry Ellis, New Chronicles of England and France, in Two Parts; by Robert Fabyan (London, 1811), p. 715: Ambassades de messieurs de Noailles en Angleterre, vol. 3 (Leyden, 1763), p. 286.
  14. ^ Martin A. S. Hume, 'The Visit of Philip II', The English Historical Review, 7:26 (April 1892), p. 267.
  15. ^ John Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, Queen Mary, vol. 3 (London, 1721), pp. 127-8: John Gough Nichols, The Chronicle of Queen Jane (London: Camden Society, 1850), p. 77: Diary of Henry Machyn (London, 1848), p. 66: William Douglas Hamilton, A Chronicle of England by Charles Wriothesley (London, 1877), p. 118: Charles Lethbridge Kingsford, Camden Miscellany XII: Two London Chronicles from the Collections of John Stow (London, 1910), p. 37
  16. ^ llustrations of Ancient State and Chivalry (London, 1840), pp. 46-9: Calendar State Papers Foreign Mary (London, 1861), p. 107 no. 241.
  17. ^ Samson (2020), p. 105: Hilton (1938), p. 49.
  18. ^ John Gough Nichols, The Chronicle of Queen Jane (London: Camden Society, 1850), p. 136.
  19. ^ Henry Ellis, New Chronicles of England and France, in Two Parts; by Robert Fabyan (London, 1811), pp. 715-7.
  20. ^ Corinna Streckfuss, 'Spes maxima nostra: European propaganda and the Spanish match', Alice Hunt & Anna Whitelock, Tudor Queenship (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 146, 152, 251-2: Johanna C. E. Strong, 'Happily Ever After? Elizabethan Representations of Mary I and Philip II's Marriage', Valerie Schutte & Jessica S. Hower, Mary I in Writing: Letters, Literature, and Representation (Palgrave Macmillan, 2022), pp. 221-245.
  21. ^ Hilton (1938), p. 50.
  22. ^ Bentley's Miscellany, 22, p. 464: Himsworth (1962), p. 97.
  23. ^ Teofilo F. Ruiz, A King Travels: Festive Traditions in Late Medieval and Early Modern Spain (Princeton, 2012), p. 1.
  24. ^ Alexander Samson, Mary and Philip: The marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain (Manchester, 2020), pp. 107-8, citing Andrés Muňoz, Viaje de Felipe II a Inglaterra (Zaragoza, 1554): Ducie, 'Expedition of Philip II to England', The Fortnightly, 25/31 (London, 1879), pp. 723, 726.
  25. ^ John Gough Nichols, The Chronicle of Queen Jane (London: Camden Society, 1850), p. 140: Ducie, p. 723: Bentley's Miscellany, 22, p. 466.
  26. ^ Himsworth (1962), p. 91: Alison J. Carter, 'Mary Tudor's Wardrobe', Costume, 18 (1984), p. 28.
  27. ^ llustrations of Ancient State and Chivalry (London, 1840), p. 50.
  28. ^ Ducie (1879), pp. 723-4: Himsworth (1962), p. 84.
  29. ^ Himsworth (1962), p. 91.
  30. ^ John Gough Nichols, The Chronicle of Queen Jane (London: Camden Society, 1850), p. 140: New Chronicles of England and France, in Two Parts; by Robert Fabyan (London, 1811), p. 715.
  31. ^ John Gough Nichols, The Chronicle of Queen Jane (London: Camden Society, 1850), p. 141: William Douglas Hamilton, A Chronicle of England by Charles Wriothesley (London, 1877), p. 121.
  32. ^ Maria Hayward, 'Dressed to Impress', Alice Hunt & Anna Whitelock, Tudor Queenship: The Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 84-5: Maria Hayward, Dress at the court of Henry VIII (Maney, 2007), p. 52: Janet Arnold, Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd (Maney, 1993), p. 254: Alison J. Carter, 'Mary Tudor's Wardrobe', Costume, 18 (1984), p. 16.
  33. ^ Alexander Samson, 'Changing Places: The Marriage and Royal Entry of Philip, Prince of Austria, and Mary Tudor, July-August 1554', Sixteenth Century Journal, 36:3 (Fall 2005), p. 764: Rawdon Brown, Calendar State Papers Venice, vol. 5 (London, 1873), pp. 533, 544, no. 934: Hilary Doda, 'Lady Mary to Queen of England: Transformation, Ritual, and the Wardrobe of the Robes', Sarah Duncan & Valerie Schutte, The Birth of a Queen: Essay on the Quincentenary of Mary I (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), p. 51: Alison J. Carter, 'Mary Tudor's Wardrobe', Costume, 18 (1984), p. 15.
  34. ^ Viaje de Felipe Segundo á Inglaterra (Madrid, 1877), p. 77: M. Channing Linthicum, Costume in the Drama of Shakespeare and his Contemporaries (Oxford, 1936), p. 272.
  35. ^ Frederick Madden, Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary (London, 1831), p. cxliii, citing Guido Raviglio Rosso, Historia Delle Cose Occorse Nel Regno D'Inghilterra (Venice, 1558), p. 68: Hilary Doda, 'Lady Mary to Queen of England: Transformation, Ritual, and the Wardrobe of the Robes', Sarah Duncan & Valerie Schutte, The Birth of a Queen: Essay on the Quincentenary of Mary I (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), pp. 49-66.
  36. ^ Corinna Streckfuss, 'Spes maxima nostra: European propaganda and the Spanish match', Alice Hunt & Anna Whitelock, Tudor Queenship (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 148.
  37. ^ Il trionfo delle superbe nozze fatte nel sposalitio del principe di il Spagna, British Library Festival Books
  38. ^ Alison J. Carter, 'Mary Tudor's Wardrobe', Costume, 18 (1984), p. 16.
  39. ^ Viaje de Felipe segundo á Inglaterra, por Andrés Muñoz (Madrid, 1877), p. 74.
  40. ^ Karen Hearn, Dynasties (London, 1995), pp. 66-7: Roy Strong, Tudor and Jacobean Portraits, vol. 1 (London, 1969), p. 212: Martin A. S. Hume, 'The Visit of Philip II', The English Historical Review, 7:26 (April 1892), p. 262.
  41. ^ Maureen Quilligan, When Women Ruled the World: Making the Renaissance in Europe (Liveright, 2021).
  42. ^ Corinna Streckfuss, 'Spes maxima nostra: European propaganda and the Spanish match', Alice Hunt & Anna Whitelock, Tudor Queenship (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 148.
  43. ^ Frederick Madden, Privy Purse Expenses of Princess Mary (London, 1831), p. cxcviii: Felicity Heal, The Power of Gifts: Gift-exchange in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2014), pp. 152-3.
  44. ^ Bentley's Miscellany, 22, p. 466: Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España, vol. 1 (Madrid, 1842), p. 573: Himsworth (1962), p. 99.
  45. ^ Patrick Fraser Tytler, England Under the Reigns of Edward VI. and Mary, vol. 2 (London, 1839), p. 431.
  46. ^ Royall Tyler, Calendar of State Papers, Spain, 1554-1558, vol. 13 (London, 1954), no. 503.
  47. ^ Alexander Samson, Mary and Philip: The marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain (Manchester, 2020), pp. 110-1: Patrick Fraser Tytler, England Under the Reigns of Edward VI. and Mary, vol. 2 (London, 1839), pp. 416, 431: Alexander Samson, 'Changing Places: The Marriage and Royal Entry of Philip, Prince of Austria, and Mary Tudor, July-August 1554', Sixteenth Century Journal, 36:3 (Fall 2005), p. 764 quoting Ocampo, Sucesos Acaesidos.
  48. ^ Alexander Samson, 'Changing Places: The Marriage and Royal Entry of Philip, Prince of Austria, and Mary Tudor, July-August 1554', Sixteenth Century Journal, 36:3 (Fall 2005), p. 765.
  49. ^ John Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, vol. 3 (London, 1721), p. 130.
  50. ^ Himsworth (1962), p. 99.
  51. ^ Hilton (1938), p. 58: Viaje (1877), p.75.
  52. ^ Himsworth (1962), p. 87: Martin A. S. Hume, 'The Visit of Philip II', The English Historical Review, 7:26 (April 1892), p. 274.
  53. ^ John Gough Nichols, The Chronicle of Queen Jane (London: Camden Society, 1850), p. 170.
  54. ^ Bentley's Miscellany, 22, p. 467: Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España, vol. 1 (Madrid, 1842), p. 573: Himsworth (1962), pp. 87-8, 92, 99.
  55. ^ Himsworth (1962), pp. 87-8.
  56. ^ Jennifer Neville, Footprints of the Dance: An Early Seventeenth-Century Dance Master’s Notebook (Brill, 2018), pp. 49-50: Richard Hudson, The Allemande and the Tanz, vol. 1 (Cambridge, 1986), p. 53: Daniel Heartz, 'A Spanish Masque of Cupid', Musical Quarterly, vol. 49 (1963), p. 69.
  57. ^ Himsworth (1962), pp. 88, 93, 94.
  58. ^ Maria Hayward, 'Seat Furniture at the Court of Henry VIII', Dinah Eastop & Kathryn Gill, Upholstery Conservation: Principles and Practice (Butterworth, 2001), pp. 124, 128.
  59. ^ Alexander Samson, Mary and Philip: The marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain (Manchester, 2020), pp. 112-3: Elizabeth Lewis, 'A sixteenth century painted ceiling from Winchester College', Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club Archaeological Society 51 (1995), pp. 137-165: The Chronicle of Queen Jane, p. 144.
  60. ^ Alexander Samson, Mary and Philip: The marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain (Manchester, 2020), p. 110.
  61. ^ Himsworth (1962), p. 93.
  62. ^ Himsworth (1962), pp. 94, 100.
  63. ^ Corinna Streckfuss, 'Spes maxima nostra: European propaganda and the Spanish match', Alice Hunt & Anna Whitelock, Tudor Queenship (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 148.
  64. ^ William Douglas Hamilton, A Chronicle of England by Charles Wriothesley (London, 1877), p. 121.
  65. ^ John Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, vol. 3 (London, 1721), pp. 130-1: John Gough Nichols, The Chronicle of Queen Jane (London: Camden Society, 1850), pp. 77, 144-5.
  66. ^ Alexander Samson, Mary and Philip: The marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain (Manchester, 2020), pp. 122-8: Alexander Samson, 'Images of co-monarchy in the London entry of Philip and Mary, 1554', Jean Andrews, Marie-France Wagner, Marie-Claude Canova-Green, Writing Royal Entries in Early Modern Europe (Turnhout: Brepols, 2013), pp. 113-28.
  67. ^ llustrations of Ancient State and Chivalry from MSS in the Ashmolean Museum (London, 1840), pp. 64-5: Patrick Fraser Tytler, England Under the Reigns of Edward VI and Mary, vol. 2 (London, 1839), pp. 433-4: The 19th-century biographer Agnes Strickland asserted that Anne of Cleves last saw Mary at her coronation, Lives of the Queens of England, vol. 2 (London, 1864), p. 330.
  68. ^ Sydney Anglo, Spectacle Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy (Oxford, 1969). pp. 334-5.
  69. ^ Viaje de Felipe segundo á Inglaterra, por Andrés Muñoz (Madrid, 1877), p. 80: Hilton (1938), p. 59.

External links and sources

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