Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives

Voiceless alveolar plosive
t
IPA Number	103
Audio sample
File:Voiceless alveolar plosive.ogg source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	t
Unicode (hex)	U+0074
X-SAMPA	t
Braille

Voiceless dental plosive
t̪
IPA Number	103 408
Audio sample
File:Voiceless dental stop.ogg source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	t​̪
Unicode (hex)	U+0074 U+032A
X-SAMPA	t_d
Braille

The voiceless alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of consonantal sounds used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is ⟨t⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t. The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, ⟨t̪⟩ and the postalveolar with a retraction line, ⟨t̠⟩, and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, ⟨t͇⟩.

The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [t], and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a [t] are colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an [n]), Abau, and Nǁng of South Africa.

There are only a few languages which distinguish dental and alveolar stops, Kota, Toda, Venda and many Australian Aboriginal languages being a few of them.

Features

Here are features of the voiceless alveolar stop:

• Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
• There are three specific variants of [t]:
  • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
  • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Varieties

IPA	Description
t	plain t
t̪	dental t
tʰ	aspirated t
tʲ	palatalized t
tʷ	labialized t
t̚	t with no audible release
t̬	voiced t
t͈	tense t
tʼ	ejective t

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Occurrence of [t̪] in various languages

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Aleut		tiistax̂	[t̪iːstaχ]	'dough'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Armenian	Eastern	տուն	[t̪un]	'house'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Assyrian		ܬܠܬ̱ܐ ţlo	[t̪lɑ]	'three'	<ţ> has shifted to <c> for this word in Mandian dialect
Bashkir		дүрт / dürt	[dʏʷrt]	'four'	Laminal denti-alveolar
Belarusian		стагоддзе	[s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe]	'century'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Basque		toki	[t̪oki]	'place'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Basque phonology
Bengali		তুমি	[t̪umi]	'you'	Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Catalan		terra	[ˈt̪ɛrɐ]	'land'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Chinese	Hakka	他 ta3	[t̪ʰa˧]	'he/she'	Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form.
Chuvash		ут	[ut]	'horse'
Czech		toto	[ˈt̪ot̪o]	'this'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Czech phonology
Dinka		mɛth	[mɛ̀t̪]	'child'	Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar /t/.
Dutch	Belgian	taal	[t̪aːl̪]	'language'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
English	Dublin	thin	[t̪ʰɪn]	'thin'	Laminal denti-alveolar.	In Dublin, it may be [t͡θ] instead.	See English phonology.
	Indian					Corresponds to [θ].
	Southern Irish
	Ulster	train	[t̪ɹeːn]	'train'		Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /t/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Finnish		tutti	[ˈt̪ut̪ːi]	'pacifier'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Finnish phonology
French		tordu	[t̪ɔʁd̪y]	'crooked'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	तीन / tīn	[t̪iːn]	'three'	Laminal denti-alveolar.	Contrasts with aspirated form <थ>.	See Hindustani phonology
	Urdu	تین / tīn				Contrasts with aspirated form <تھ>.
Indonesian		tabir	[t̪abir]	'curtain'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Italian		tale	[ˈt̪ale]	'such'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Japanese		特別 / tokubetsu	[t̪o̞kɯ̟ᵝbe̞t͡sɨᵝ]	'special'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian					Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz		туз	[t̪us̪]	'salt'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian		tabula	[ˈt̪äbulä]	'table'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Malayalam		കാത്ത്	[kaːt̪ːɨ̆]	'waiting'	Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/.
Mapudungun		füṯa	[ˈfɘt̪ɜ]	'husband'	Interdental.
Marathi		तबला	[t̪əbˈlaː]	'tabla'	Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology
Nepali		ताली	[t̪äli]	'clappinɡ'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology
Nunggubuyu		darag	[t̪aɾaɡ]	'whiskers'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Odia		ତାରା/tara	[t̪ärä]	'star'	Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form.
Pazeh		[mut̪apɛt̪aˈpɛh]		'keep clapping'	Dental.
Polish		tom	[t̪ɔm]	'volume'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese	Many dialects	montanha	[mõˈt̪ɐɲɐ]	'mountain'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may affricate to [tʃ], [tɕ] and/or [ts] in certain environments. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi		ਤੇਲ / تیل	[t̪eːl]	'oil'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Russian		толстый	[ˈt̪ʷo̞ɫ̪s̪t̪ɨ̞j]	'fat'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic		taigh	[t̪ʰɤj]	'house'
Serbo-Croatian		туга / tuga	[t̪ǔːgä]	'sorrow'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovene		tip	[t̪íːp]	'type'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology
Spanish		tango	[ˈt̪ãŋɡo̞]	'tango'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Swedish		tåg	[ˈt̪ʰoːɡ]	'train'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology
Telugu		తప్పు	[t̪apːu]	Wrong	Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Temne				–	Dental.
Turkish		at	[ät̪]	'horse'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian		брат	[brɑt̪]	'brother'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek			–		Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels.
Vietnamese		tuần	[t̪wən˨˩]	'week'	Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Vietnamese phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan	tant	[t̪ant̪]	'so much'	Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

Occurrence of [t] in various languages

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		тфы	[tfə]	'five'
Arabic	Egyptian	توكة tōka	[ˈtoːkæ]	'barrette'	See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Assyrian		ܒܝܬܐ bèta	[beːta]	'house'	Most speakers. In the Tyari, Barwari and Southern dialects θ is used.
Bengali		টাকা	[t̠aka]	'Taka'	True alveolar in eastern dialects, apical post-alveolar in western dialects. Usually transcribed in IPA as [ʈ]. See Bengali phonology.
Chechen		тарсал / tarsal	[tɑːrsəl]	'squirrel'
Danish	Standard	dåse	[ˈtɔ̽ːsə]	'can' (n.)	Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨d̥⟩ or ⟨d⟩. Contrasts with the affricate [t͡s] or aspirated stop [tʰ] (depending on the dialect), which are usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨tˢ⟩ or ⟨t⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch		taal	[taːɫ]	'language'	See Dutch phonology
English	Most speakers	tick		'tick'	See English phonology
	New York				Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.
Finnish		parta	[ˈpɑrtɑ]	'beard'	Allophone of the voiceless dental stop. See Finnish phonology
Hebrew		תמונה	[tmuˈna]	'image'	see Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian		tutaj	[ˈtutɒj]	'raft'	See Hungarian phonology
Kabardian		тхуы	[txʷə]	'five'
Khmer		តែ / tê	[tae]	'tea'	See Khmer phonology
Korean		대숲 / daesup	[tɛsup̚]	'bamboo forest'	See Korean phonology
Kurdish	Northern	tu	[tʰʊ]	'you'	See Kurdish phonology
	Central	تەوێڵ	[tʰəweːɫ]	'forehead'
	Southern	تێوڵ	[tʰeːwɨɫ]
Luxembourgish		dënn	[tən]	'thin'	Less often voiced [d]. It is usually transcribed /d/, and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /t/. See Luxembourgish phonology
Malayalam		കാറ്റ്	[kaːtːɨ̆]	'wind'	Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/.
Maltese		tassew	[tasˈsew]	'true'
Mapudungun		füta	[ˈfɘtɜ]	'elderly'
Nunggubuyu		darawa	[taɾawa]	'greedy'
Nuosu		ꄉ da	[ta˧]	'place'	Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms
Portuguese	Some dialects	troço	[ˈtɾɔsu]	'thing' (pejorative)	Allophone before alveolar /ɾ/. In other dialects /ɾ/ takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. See Portuguese phonology
Tagalog		matamis	[mɐtɐˈmis]	'sweet'	See Tagalog phonology
Thai		ตา ta	[taː˧]	'eye'	Contrasts with an aspirated form.
Vietnamese		ti	[ti]	'flaw'	See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian		tosk	[ˈtosk]	'tooth'	See West Frisian phonology

Variable

Occurrence of a voiceless plosive variable between alveolar and dental positions

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic	Modern Standard	تين‎ tīn	[tiːn]	'fig'	Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the speaker's native dialect. See Arabic phonology
English	Broad South African	talk	[toːk]	'talk'	Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.
	Scottish		[tʰɔk]
	Welsh		[tʰɒːk]
German	Standard	Tochter	[ˈtɔxtɐ]	'daughter'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar. See Standard German phonology
Greek		τρία tria	[ˈtɾiä]	'three'	Varies between dental, laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, depending on the environment. See Modern Greek phonology
Malay		تڠکڤ / tangkap	[t̪äŋ.käp̚]	'catch'	More commonly dental. Often unreleased in syllable codas. See Malay phonology
Norwegian	Urban East	dans	[t̻ɑns]	'dance'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. It is usually transcribed /d/. It may be partially voiced [d̥], and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /t/. See Norwegian phonology
Persian		توت	[t̪ʰuːt̪ʰ]	'berry'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar. See Persian phonology
Slovak		to	[t̻ɔ̝]	'that'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. See Slovak phonology

See also

• Index of phonetics articles

References

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External links

• List of languages with [t] on PHOIBLE