International Phonetic Alphabet chart

The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.

Official chart

The official IPA chart, revised to 2020

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

• IPA help
•  audio
• full chart
• template

Vowels beside dots are: unrounded • rounded

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bi­labial		Labio­dental		Linguo­labial		Dental		Alveolar		Post­alveolar		Retro­flex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m		ɱ		n̼			n̥	n			ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ		ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼			t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate									ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilant fricative									s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔		ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant				ʋ						ɹ				ɻ		j		ɰ						ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ				ɡ̆		ɢ̆		ʡ̆
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r			ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tɭ̊˔	dɭ˔	cʎ̝̊	ɟʎ̝	kʟ̝̊	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative									ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	ɭ˔	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant										l				ɭ		ʎ		ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̥	𝼈		ʎ̆		ʟ̆

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Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U	EG
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ	ʡʼ
	Affricate			t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ		kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuis lateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥

• IPA help
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Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Co-articulated consonants

Nasal

n͡m

Labial–alveolar

ŋ͡m

Labial–velar

Plosive

t͡p

d͡b

Labial–alveolar

k͡p

ɡ͡b

Labial–velar

q͡ʡ

Uvular–epiglottal

Fricative/approximant

ɥ̊

ɥ

Labial–palatal

ʍ

w

Labial–velar

ɧ

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

ɫ

Velarized alveolar

• IPA help
• full chart
• template

Other consonants

• Nasal palatal approximant [j̃]
• Nasal labial–velar approximant [w̃]
• Voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]
• Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥]
• Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆]

Tones

Tone registers

◌̋	˥	꜒	Extra-high (top)
◌́	˦	꜓	High
◌̄	˧	꜔	Mid
◌̀	˨	꜕	Low
◌̏	˩	꜖	Extra-low (bottom)
ꜜ◌			Downstep
ꜛ◌			Upstep

Tone contours

◌̌	˩˥	꜖꜒	Rising (low to high)
◌̂	˥˩	꜒꜖	Falling (high to low)
◌᷄	˧˥	꜔꜒	High rising
	˨˦	꜕꜓	Mid rising
◌᷅	˩˧	꜖꜔	Low rising
◌᷇	˥˧	꜒꜔	High falling
	˦˨	꜓꜕	Mid falling
◌᷆	˧˩	꜔꜖	Low falling
◌᷈	˧˥˨, ˨˦˨, ˩˧˩	꜔꜒꜕, ꜕꜓꜕, ꜖꜔꜖	Rising–falling (Peaking)
◌᷉	˥˧˥, ˦˨˦, ˧˩˧	꜒꜔꜒, ꜓꜕꜓, ꜔꜖꜔	Falling–rising (Dipping)

Auxiliary symbols

Diacritics

◌̥			◌̊			Voiceless	◌̤						Breathy voiced	◌̪			◌͆			Dental
◌̬						Voiced	◌̰						Creaky voiced	◌̺						Apical
◌ʰ						Aspirated	◌̼						Linguolabial	◌̻						Laminal
◌̹		◌͗		◌˒		More rounded	◌ʷ						Labialized	◌̃						Nasalized
◌̜		◌͑		◌˓		Less rounded	◌ʲ						Palatalized	◌ⁿ						Nasal release
◌̟			◌˖			Advanced	◌ˠ						Velarized	◌ˡ						Lateral release
◌̠			◌˗			Retracted	◌ˤ						Pharyngealized	◌̚						No audible release
◌̈						Centralized	◌̴						Velarized or pharyngealized	◌ᵊ						Mid central vowel release
◌̽						Mid-centralized	◌̝			◌˔			Raised	◌ᶿ						Voiceless dental fricative release
◌̩			◌̍			Syllabic	◌̞			◌˕			Lowered	◌ˣ						Voiceless velar fricative release
◌̯			◌̑			Non-syllabic	◌̘			◌꭪			Advanced tongue root	◌ʼ						Ejective
◌˞						Rhoticity	◌̙			◌꭫			Retracted tongue root	◌͡◌ ◌͜◌						Affricate or double articulation

Suprasegmentals

ˈ	Primary stress
ˌ	Secondary stress
ː	Long
ˑ	Half-long
◌̆	Extra-short
|	Minor (foot) group
‖	Major (intonation) group
.	Syllable break
‿	Linking (absence of a break)
↗︎	Global rise
↘︎	Global fall

Transcription

[ ]	Phonetic transcription
/ /	Phonemic transcription
{ }	Prosodic notation
( )	Indistinguishable utterance
⸨ ⸩	Sound obscured

See also

• IPA vowel chart with audio
• IPA pulmonic consonant chart with audio
• International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
• Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet
• Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet

External links

• The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart
• Interactive IPA chart