Viral interference
Viral interference, also known as superinfection resistance,[1] is the inhibition of viral reproduction caused by previous exposure of cells to another virus.[2] The exact mechanism for viral interference is unknown.[3] Factors that have been implicated are the generation of interferons by infected cells,[4] and the occupation or down-modulation of cellular receptors.[1]
Viral interference was observed as early as the 16th century. An example is the smallpox vaccine which used cowpox to prevent smallpox infection.[5]
Bacteriophage T4
A primary infection by bacteriophage (phage) T4 of its E. coli host ordinarily leads to genetic exclusion of a secondarily infecting phage, preventing the secondary phage from contributing its genetic information to progeny. This viral interference depends on the expression by the primary phage of the genes immunity (imm) and spackle (sp).[6][7] The imm gp appears to enable the host exonuclease V to degrade the superinfecting phage DNA, and the sp gp appears to interfere with the DNA injection process of secondary phage.[7] If the primary infecting phage is subjected to DNA damaging treatment prior to infection, this treatment tends to permit entry of the secondary phage's DNA, thus shifting reproduction from an asexual to a sexual mode and allowing rescue of the primary phage's genes.[8]
See also
References
- ^ a b Remion, Azaria; Delord, Marc; Saragosti, Sentob; Mammano, Fabrizio (2013-09-19). "Co-infection, super-infection and viral interference in HIV". Retrovirology. 10 (1): 59–67. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-10-S1-P72. ISSN 1742-4690. PMC 3847922. PMID 26499042.
- ^ Schultz-Cherry, Stacey (2015-12-01). "Viral Interference: The Case of Influenza Viruses". The Journal of Infectious Diseases (Editorial). 212 (11): 1690–1691. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiv261. ISSN 0022-1899. PMC 4633756. PMID 25943206.
- ^ Laurie, Karen L.; Horman, William; Carolan, Louise A.; Chan, Kok Fei; Layton, Daniel; Bean, Andrew; Vijaykrishna, Dhanasekaran; Reading, Patrick C.; McCaw, James M.; Barr, Ian G. (2018-01-30). "Evidence for Viral Interference and Cross-reactive Protective Immunity Between Influenza B VirusLineages". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 217 (4): 548–559. doi:10.1093/infdis/jix509. ISSN 0022-1899. PMC 5853430. PMID 29325138.
- ^ Dianzani, F. (July 1975). "Viral interference and interferon". La Ricerca in Clinica e in Laboratorio. 5 (3): 196–213. doi:10.1007/BF02908284. ISSN 0390-5748. PMID 778995. S2CID 29673100.
- ^ Escobedo-Bonilla, César Marcial (2021). "Mini Review: Virus Interference: History, Types and Occurrence in Crustaceans". Frontiers in Immunology. 12: 674216. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.674216. PMC 8226315. PMID 34177916.
- ^ Cornett, James B. (1974). "Spackle and Immunity Functions of Bacteriophage T4". Journal of Virology. 13 (2): 312–321. doi:10.1128/JVI.13.2.312-321.1974. PMC 355299. PMID 4589853.
- ^ a b Obringer, John W. (1988). "The functions of the phage T4 immunity and spackle genes in genetic exclusion". Genetical Research. 52 (2): 81–90. doi:10.1017/s0016672300027440. PMID 3209067. S2CID 44907323.
- ^ Bernstein, Carol (1987). "Damage in DNA of an infecting phage T4 shifts reproduction from asexual to sexual allowing rescue of its genes". Genetical Research. 49 (3): 183–189. doi:10.1017/s0016672300027063. PMID 3623097.
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