Thick-billed longspur

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Thick-billed longspur
Thick-billed Longspur, Pakowki Lake, Alberta (cropped).jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Calcariidae
Genus: Rhynchophanes
Baird, 1858
Species:
R. mccownii
Binomial name
Rhynchophanes mccownii
(Lawrence, 1851)
Rhynchophanes mccownii map.svg

The thick-billed longspur, formerly known as McCown's longspur (Rhynchophanes mccownii), is a small ground-feeding bird in the family Calcariidae, which also contains the other longspurs and snow buntings. It is found in North America and is the only species in the genus Rhynchophanes.

Taxonomy

American amateur ornithologist George Newbold Lawrence described this species in 1851 as Calcarius mccownii. It was moved into its own genus Rhynchophanes in 1858 on account of its bill size and short spur, before being returned to Calcarius after a hybrid with the chestnut-collared longspur was discovered. It was once again placed in its own genus after a 2003 genetic study found it was more closely related to the snow buntings than the other longspurs.[2]

The name "McCown" refers to Captain John P. McCown, an American army officer who collected the specimen in 1851 that led to the species first being scientifically described.[3] McCown later fought for the Confederacy,[4] which led to controversy starting in 2018, with parallels drawn to the removal of Confederate memorials. The pressure to change the name increased following the George Floyd protests and Black Birder's Week (itself a response to the Central Park birdwatching incident).[3][5]

"McCown's longspur" is no longer used by the American Ornithological Society, instead being changed to "thick-billed longspur", a literal translation of its genus name, Rhynchophanes.[3][6] The name change was announced after the most recent updates of the Clements and International Ornithological Congress taxonomies, the latter of which still uses "McCown's longspur". The IOC has indicated that they will most likely follow suit with the name change.[7]

Description

Thick-billed longspurs are about 15 cm long and weigh around 25 g with a wingspan of 28 cm.[8] They have a large cone-shaped bill, a streaked back, a rust-coloured shoulder and a white tail with a dark tip. In breeding plumage, the male has a white throat and underparts, a grey face and nape and a black crown. Breeding females are largely gray, with a pale bill and rusty tinged median coverts and scapulars. Non-breeding males are similar to females but with crowns spotted rather than streaked, and more chestnut on their median coverts and scapulars.[9]

Juveniles are seen briefly in late summer and are more uniformly sandy, with a streaked upper breast and white belly.[9]

Habitat and distribution

Thick-billed longspurs breed in the northwestern Great Plains states and southern Prairie Provinces. They prefer the sparsely vegetated habitat of the semi-arid shortgrass steppes, which provide a mix of perennial shortgrasses and cacti. The breeding range of thick-billed longspurs has drastically reduced; historically, it stretched farther south into Oklahoma, and west into Minnesota and Manitoba.[9]

Their non-breeding range stretches from south Oklahoma into Texas and Northern Mexico. Here, they prefer open habitats with sparse vegetation such as shortgrass prairie, plowed fields, grazed pastures and dried lake beds.[9]

Behaviour

The male produces a distinctive tinkling song, often in flight. The calls include a dry rattle.[9]

Nests are constructed in a shallow depression on the ground, and incubate the eggs for about 12 days. Both parents feed the young, and fledglings leave the nest about 10 days after hatching, before they can properly fly. Outside the breeding season, thick-billed longspurs occur in flocks, sometimes with other species like Lapland longspur and horned lark.[9]

The diet consists of seeds and insects.[9]

Conservation

The numbers and range of these birds have declined since the early 1900s, likely due to habitat loss.[9]

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Rhynchophanes mccownii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22721025A94695247. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22721025A94695247.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Klicka, John; Zink, Robert M.; Winke, K. (2003). "Longspurs and snow buntings: phylogeny and biogeography of a high-latitude clade (Calcarius)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 26 (2): 165–75. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00360-3. PMID 12565028.
  3. ^ a b c "A Bird Named for a Confederate General Sparks Calls for Change". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  4. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael (2003). Whose Bird? Men and Women Commemorated in the Common Names of Birds. London: Christopher Helm. p. 224.
  5. ^ Lewis, Zachary. "A small bird sheds its Confederate past with a new name". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  6. ^ "2020 Proposals". American Ornithological Society. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  7. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2020). "Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans, boobies, cormorants". World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  8. ^ "Wyoming Species Account" (PDF). September 28, 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h With, Kimberly A. "McCown's Longspur". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.mcclon.01.1. S2CID 240904071. Retrieved 26 August 2020.

Further reading

Book

  • With, K. A. 1994. McCown’s Longspur (Calcarius mccownii). In The Birds of North America, No. 96 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists’ Union.

Articles

  • Crins WJ. (2006). Ontario Bird Records Committee Report for 2005. Ontario Birds. vol 24, no 2. p. 54-74.
  • Greer RD & Anderson SH. (1989). Relationships between Population Demography of Mccown's Longspurs and Habitat Resources. Condor. vol 91, no 3. p. 609-619.
  • Lynn SE, Hunt KE & Wingfield JC. (2003). The adrenocortical response to stress in grassland birds: Reexamining ecological influences on the stress response during breeding. Integrative and Comparative Biology. vol 43, no 6.
  • Lynn SE, Hunt KE & Wingfield JC. (2003). Ecological factors affecting the adrenocortical response to stress in chestnut-collared and McCown's longspurs (Calcarius ornatus, Calcarius mccownii). Physiol Biochem Zool. vol 76, no 4. p. 566-576.
  • Maher WJ. (1979). Nestling Diets of Prairie Passerine Birds at Matador Saskatchewan Canada. Ibis vol 121, no 4. p. 437-452.
  • Martin PA & Forsyth DJ. (2003). Occurrence and productivity of songbirds in prairie farmland under conventional versus minimum tillage regimes. Agric Ecosyst Environ. vol 96, no 1–3. p. 107-117.
  • McEwen LC, Deweese LR & Schladweiler P. (1986). Bird Predation on Cutworms Lepidoptera Noctuidae in Wheat Fields and Chlorpyrifos Effects on Brain Cholinesterase Activity. Environmental Entomology. vol 15, no 1. p. 147-151.
  • Ornelas JF, Del Coro Arizmendi M, Marquez-Valdelamar L, De Lourdes Navarijo M & Berlanga HA. (1993). Variability profiles for line transect bird censuses in a tropical dry forest in Mexico. Condor. vol 95, no 2. p. 422-441.
  • Powell DJ. (1981). Michigan USA Bird Survey Spring 1981. Jack Pine Warbler. vol 59, no 3. p. 105-112.
  • Read PA. (2006). McCown's Longspur: New to Ontario. Ontario Birds. vol 24, no 2. p. 88-91.
  • Smith LM, Haukos DA & Prather RM. (2004). Avian response to vegetative pattern in playa wetlands during winter. Wildl Soc Bull. vol 32, no 2. p. 474-480.
  • Webster JD. (1984). Richardsons Mexican Collection Birds from Zacatecas and Adjoining States. Condor. vol 86, no 2. p. 204-207.
  • With KA. (1994). THE HAZARDS OF NESTING NEAR SHRUBS FOR A GRASSLAND BIRD, THE MCCOWNS LONGSPUR. Condor. vol 96, no 4. p. 1009-1019.
  • With KA & Webb DR. (1993). Microclimate of ground nests: The relative importance of radiative cover and wind breaks for three grassland species. Condor. vol 95, no 2. p. 401-413.
  • Wright DH. (1996). Intermittent birding at Prince Albert, 1982-1985. Blue Jay. vol 54, no 3.

External links

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