Teetotalism
(Redirected from Teetotalers)
The Drunkard's Progress, a lithograph by Nathaniel Currier supporting the temperance movement (January 1846)
Teetotalism is the practice or promotion of total personal abstinence from the psychoactive drug alcohol, specifically in alcoholic drinks. A person who practices (and possibly advocates) teetotalism is called a teetotaler or teetotaller, or is simply said to be teetotal. The teetotalism movement was first started in Preston, England, in the early 19th century.[1] The Preston Temperance Society was founded in 1833 by Joseph Livesey, who was to become a leader of the temperance movement and the author of The Pledge: "We agree to abstain from all liquors of an intoxicating quality whether ale, porter, wine, or ardent spirits, except as medicine."[2] Today, a number of temperance organizations exist that promote teetotalism as a virtue.[3]
Etymology
According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the tee- in teetotal is the letter T, so it is actually t-total, though it was never spelled that way.[4] The word is first recorded in 1832 in a general sense in an American source, and in 1833 in England in the context of abstinence. Since at first it was used in other contexts as an emphasised form of total, the tee- is presumably a reduplication of the first letter of total, much as contemporary idiom today might say "total with a capital T".[5]
Richard Turner, a member of the society Preston Temperance Society, is credited with using the existing slang word, "teetotally", for abstinence from all intoxicating liquors.[5] One anecdote describes a meeting of the society in 1833, at which Turner in giving a speech said, "I'll be reet down out-and-out t-t-total for ever and ever."[2][6] Walter William Skeat noted that the Turner anecdote had been recorded by temperance advocate Joseph Livesey, and posited that the term may have been inspired by the teetotum;[7] however, James B. Greenough stated that "nobody ever thought teetotum and teetotaler were etymologically connected."[8]
A variation on the above account is found on the pages of The Charleston Observer:
Teetotalers.—The origin of this convenient word, (as convenient almost, although not so general in its application as loafer,) is, we imagine, known but to few who use it. It originated, as we learn from the Landmark, with a man named Turner, a member of the Preston Temperance Society, who, having an impediment of speech, in addressing a meeting remarked, that partial abstinence from intoxicating liquors would not do; they must insist upon tee-tee-(stammering) tee total abstinence. Hence total abstainers have been called teetotalers.[9]
According to historian Daniel Walker Howe (What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, 2007) the term was derived from the practice of American preacher and temperance advocate Lyman Beecher. He would take names at his meetings of people who pledged alcoholic temperance and noted those who pledged total abstinence with a T. Such persons became known as Teetotallers.
Reasons
Some common reasons for choosing teetotalism are psychological, religious, health,[10] medical, philosophical, social, political, past alcoholism, or sometimes it is simply a matter of taste or preference.[original research?] When at drinking establishments, teetotalers (or teetotallers) either abstain from drinking totally, or consume non-alcoholic beverages such as water, juice, tea, coffee, non-alcoholic soft drinks, virgin drinks, mocktails, and alcohol-free beer.
Most teetotaler organizations also demand from their members that they do not promote or produce alcoholic intoxicants.[11][12]
Religion
Abstention from alcohol is a tenet of a number of religious faiths, such as Hinduism; Jainism the Swaminarayans; Sikhism; Baháʼís; Jains; Meivazhi-ites; and the Assemblies of God.
"Khamr" is the term for all intoxicants which are prohibited in Islam. (See Religion and alcohol § Islam)
Similarly, one of the five precepts of Buddhism is abstaining from intoxicating substances that disturb the peace and self-control of the mind, but it is formulated as a training rule to be assumed voluntarily rather than as a commandment.[citation needed]
Many Christian groups, such as Methodists and Quakers, are often associated with teetotalism due to their traditionally strong support for temperance movements, as well as prohibition. And a number of Christian denominations forbid the consumption of alcohol, or recommend the non-consumption thereof, including the New Order Amish, Latter-Day Saints, Seventh-day Adventists, Mennonites (both Old Order and Conservative), Church of the Brethren members, and Christian Scientists. Many members of these religious groups are also required to refrain from selling such products. A free translation of the New Testament, the Purified Translation of the Bible (2000), translates in a way that promotes teetotalism. However, the term 'wine' (and similar terms) being consumed by God's people occurs over two hundred times in both the Old and New Testament.[citation needed]
With respect to Methodism, the Church of the Nazarene and Wesleyan Methodist Church, both denominations in the Wesleyan-Arminian tradition, teach abstinence from alcohol.[13][14] Members of denominations in the conservative holiness movement, such as the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection and Evangelical Wesleyan Church, practice temperance and teetotalism, thus abstaining from alcohol and other drugs.[15] The Book of Discipline of the Immanuel Missionary Church, a Methodist denomination, states:[16]
Temperance is the moderate use of that which is beneficial, and a total abstinence from that which is harmful. Therefore no member shall be permitted to use or sell intoxicating liquors, tobacco, or harmful drugs, or to be guilty of things which are only for the gratification of the depraved appetite, and are unbecoming and inconsistent with our Christian profession (I Cor. 10:31). —General Standards, Immanuel Missionary Church[16]
Uniformed members of the Salvation Army ("soldiers" and "officers") make a promise on joining the movement to observe lifelong abstinence from alcohol. This dates back to the early years of the organisation, and the missionary work among alcoholics.
Conservative Anabaptist denominations, such as the Dunkard Brethren Church, teach:[17]
Members of the Dunkard Brethren Church shall abstain from the use of intoxicating or addictive substances, such as narcotics, nicotine, marijuana, or alcoholic beverages (except as directed by a physician). Using, raising, manufacturing, buying or selling them by Christians is inconsistent with the Christian lifestyle and testimony. Members of the Dunkard Brethren Church who do so should be counseled in love and forbearance. If they manifest an unwilling or arbitrary spirit, they subject themselves to the discipline of the church, even to expulsion in extreme cases. We implore members to accept the advice and counsel of the church and abstain from all of the above. Since members are to be examples to the world (Romans 14:20–21) indulgence in any of these activities disqualifies then for Church or Sunday School work or as delegates to District or General Conference.[17]
With respect to Restorationist Christianity, members of certain groups within the Pentecostal, Adventism, and Latter Day Saint movements abstain from the consumption of alcohol.
Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church, the Lutheran Churches, Oriental Orthodox Churches, and the Anglican Communion all require wine in their central religious rite of the Eucharist (Holy Communion). Churches in the Methodist tradition require that "pure, unfermented juice of the grape" be used in the sacrament of Holy Communion.[18]
In the Gospel of Luke (1:13–15), the angel that announces the birth of John the Baptist foretells that "he shall be great in the sight of the Lord, and shall drink neither wine nor strong drink; and he shall be filled with the Holy Ghost, even from his mother's womb".
Some Christians choose to practice teetotalism throughout the Lent season, thus giving up alcoholic beverages as their Lenten sacrifice.[19][20]
Research on non-drinkers
Dominic Conroy and Richard de Visser published research in Psychology and Health which studied strategies used by college students who would like to resist peer pressure to drink alcohol in social settings. The research hinted that students are less likely to give in to peer pressure if they have strong friendships and make a decision not to drink before social interactions.[21]
A 2015 study by the Office for National Statistics showed that young Britons were more likely to be teetotalers than their parents.[22]
According to Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health, published by WHO in 2011, close to half of the world's adult population (45 per cent) are lifetime abstainers. The Eastern Mediterranean Region, consisting of the Muslim countries in the Middle East and North Africa, is by far the lowest alcohol consuming region in the world, both in terms of total adult per capita consumption and prevalence of non-drinkers, i.e. 87.8 percent lifetime abstainers.[23]
Notable teetotalers
The following is an alphabetical list of notable people who are now or were teetotalers during their lifetime. Some have abstained their entire lives, and others only became abstainers after a period of alcohol use. Members of religions that ban alcohol are not included.
Business
- Anil Ambani – Indian businessman[24]
- Mukesh Ambani – Indian business magnate, chairman, managing director, and the largest shareholder of Reliance Industries Ltd. (RIL)[25]
- Joseph Cyril Bamford – British businessman[26]
- P.T. Barnum – American showman and politician of the 19th Century remembered today for his popular circus.[26]
- Warren Buffett – American business magnate, investor, and philanthropist[27]
- John Cadbury – English founder of Cadbury[28]
- Larry Ellison – American founder of Oracle Corporation[27]
- Ashok Hinduja – Indian businessman[29]
- Gopichand Hinduja – Indian-born British billionaire businessman and co-chairman of the Hinduja Group[29]
- Prakash Hinduja – Indian-born Swiss businessman[29]
- S. P. Hinduja – Indian-born British billionaire businessman, investor, and philanthropist[29]
- Jon Huntsman Sr. – American founder of Huntsman Corporation[27]
- Steve Jobs – American founder of Apple Inc.[27]
- David Murdock – American chairman of Dole Food Company[27]
Fashion
- Emmanuelle Alt – French fashion editor[30]
- Tyra Banks – American television personality, model, businesswoman, producer, actress, and writer[27]
- Naomi Campbell – English model, actress, singer, and businesswoman[31]
- Tom Ford – American fashion designer and filmmaker[32]
- Karl Lagerfeld – German fashion designer, creative director, artist and photographer[33]
- Anna Wintour – British-American journalist, who has served as editor-in-Chief of Vogue since 1988[34]
Literature and journalism
- Isaac Asimov – American writer and professor of biochemistry[35]
- Emil Cioran – Romanian philosopher and essayist[36]
- Arthur C. Clarke – English science-fiction writer, science writer, futurist, inventor, undersea explorer, and television series host[37]
- H. P. Lovecraft – American writer of weird, science, fantasy, and horror fiction[38]
- Stephenie Meyer – American novelist and film producer[27]
- Teša Tešanović – Serbian journalist and TV host[39]
- Lasantha Wickrematunge – Sri Lankan journalist and politician[40]
Music
- Ryan Adams – American singer-songwriter, record producer, artist and poet[41]
- Akon – Senegalese American singer, songwriter, record producer, and entrepreneur[42]
- Jon Batiste – American singer, songwriter, musician, television personality, and former bandleader for The Late Show with Stephen Colbert[43]
- Susan Boyle – Scottish singer[44]
- Ian Brown – English singer and multi-instrumentalist[45]
- Jason Aalon Butler – American musician and political activist[46]
- Julian Casablancas – American singer, best known as the lead vocalist and primary songwriter of rock band The Strokes[47]
- Max Cavalera – Brazilian musician, singer and songwriter[48]
- Daniel Cavanagh – English guitarist and singer who formed the band Anathema[49]
- Chuck D – American rapper, singer and songwriter[50]
- Eric Clapton – English rock and blues guitarist, singer, and songwriter[51]
- Adam Clayton – English-born Irish musician and bassist of the rock band U2[52]
- John Coltrane – American jazz saxophonist and composer[53]
- Alice Cooper – American rock singer[54]
- Bethany Cosentino – American recording artist, best known as the lead singer of Best Coast[55]
- Eric Dolphy – American jazz alto saxophonist, bass clarinetist, and flutist[56]
- Fatboy Slim – English musician, DJ, and record producer[57]
- Gucci Mane – American rapper and record executive[58]
- Ice-T – American rapper, songwriter, actor, and producer[59][60][61]
- J Mascis – American singer, guitarist, and songwriter for Dinosaur Jr.[62]
- Jme – British grime MC, songwriter, record producer, and DJ[63][64]
- John Mayer, American singer, songwriter and guitarist; sober since attending Canadian recording artist Drake's 30th birthday party in 2016.[65]
- John 5 – American guitarist for Rob Zombie and Marilyn Manson (band)[66]
- Kendrick Lamar – American rapper, songwriter, and record producer[67]
- Jennifer Lopez – American singer, actress, and dancer[27]
- Royce da 5'9" – American rapper, songwriter, and record producer[68]
- Gene Simmons – Israeli-American musician, singer, and songwriter for rock band KISS[69]
- Jeff Tweedy – American songwriter, musician, author, and record producer, best known as the lead singer of Wilco[70]
- Varg Vikernes – Norwegian black metal musician[71][72]
- Dave Wakeling – English singer, songwriter, and musician, best known for his work with the band the Beat (known in North America as the English Beat) and General Public[73]
- Pharrell Williams – American rapper, record producer, singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur[74]
- Angus Young – Australian musician, best known as the co-founder, lead guitarist, songwriter and sole constant original member of the hard rock band AC/DC[75][76]
- Rob Zombie – American singer, songwriter, filmmaker, and voice actor[77]
Politics
- Shinzo Abe – former Prime Minister of Japan[78]
- Prince Andrew, Duke of York – member of the British royal family[79]
- Reubin Askew – American politician, who served as the 37th governor of Florida from 1971 to 1979[80]
- Ted Baillieu – former Australian politician who was Premier of Victoria from 2010 to 2013[81]
- John Bercow – former British politician and Speaker of the House of Commons[82]
- Hilary Benn – British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament for Leeds Central since a by-election in 1999[83]
- Tony Benn – British politician, writer and diarist who served as a Cabinet minister in the 1960s and 1970s[84]
- Joe Biden – 46th President of the United States[85]
- Cory Booker – American politician, attorney, and author who has served as the junior United States senator from New Jersey since 2013[86]
- George N. Briggs – 19th Governor of Massachusetts, from 1844 to 1851[87]
- George W. Bush – 43rd President of the United States[88][89]
- Pedro Castillo – 63rd President of Peru[90]
- Tyler Cowen – Economist, political writer, and blogger[91]
- Morarji Desai – Indian independence activist and politician who served as the 4th Prime Minister of India between 1977 and 1979[92]
- John Diefenbaker – 13th prime minister of Canada[93]
- Edwin Edwards – 50th governor of Louisiana for four terms[94]
- Doug Ford – 26th premier of Ontario[95]
- George Galloway – British politician, broadcaster, and writer[96]
- David Lloyd George – Former Prime minister of the U.K.[97]
- Juan Vicente Gómez – Venezuelan military general and ruler of Venezuela from 1908 to 1935[98]
- Félix Houphouët-Boigny – first president of Ivory Coast[99]
- Narendra Modi – 14th Prime minister of India[100][101]
- Nicolas Sarkozy – Former President of France[102]
- Yoshihide Suga – Former Prime Minister of Japan[103][104]
- Rishi Sunak – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom[105][106]
- Donald Trump – 45th President of the United States, media personality, and businessman[85]
Religion
- Albert Barnes – American theologian, clergyman, abolitionist, temperance advocate, and author[107]
- Hugh Bourne – joint founder of Primitive Methodism[108]
- William M. Branham – American Christian minister and faith healer[109]
- Jerry Falwell – American Baptist pastor, televangelist, and conservative activist[110]
- Steve Gaines – American Southern Baptist pastor and the 61st President of the Southern Baptist Convention[111]
- Billy Graham – American evangelist and ordained Southern Baptist minister[27]
- James the Just – early leader of the Jerusalem Church of the Apostolic Age[112]
- John the Baptist – itinerant preacher active in the area of Jordan River in the early 1st century AD[113]
- Jiddu Krishnamurti – Indian philosopher, speaker and writer[114]
- Adrian Rogers – American Southern Baptist pastor and conservative author[115]
Science and exploration
- Buzz Aldrin – American former astronaut, engineer, and fighter pilot[116]
- John Wesley Powell – American geologist, U.S. army soldier, and explorer, best known as the leader of the first scientific expedition into the Grand Canyon.[117]
Sports
- Tony Adams – English football manager and former professional player[118]
- Dick Advocaat – Dutch former football player and coach[119]
- Ludwig Augustinsson – Swedish professional footballer[120]
- Gareth Bale – Welsh footballer[121]
- Don Bradman – Australian international cricketer[28]
- Trevor Brooking – former England international footballer, manager, pundit and football administrator[122]
- Djibril Cissé – French professional footballer[123]
- Johnny Chan – Chinese-American professional poker player[124]
- Julio César Chávez – Mexican former professional boxer[125]
- Graham Cornes – former Australian rules footballer, coach, and media personality[126]
- Owen Coyle – Scottish professional football manager and former player[127]
- Bryan Danielson – American professional wrestler[128]
- Christopher Del Bosco – American-born, Canadian freestyle skier[129]
- Bhuvneshwar Kumar – Indian international cricketer and a former limited overs vice captain[130]
- Cristiano Ronaldo – Portuguese footballer[131][132]
- Neville Southall – retired Welsh footballer[133]
Theatre, film, and television
- Simon Amstell – British comedian and television presenter[134][135]
- Guillermo Arriaga – Mexican author, screenwriter, director and producer[136]
- Amitabh Bachchan – Indian actor, film producer, television host, occasional playback singer and former politician[137]
- Jason Bateman – American actor, director, and producer[138]
- Kate Beckinsale – English actress and model[139]
- Ron Bennington – American radio personality and comedian[140]
- John Boyega – English actor[141]
- Frankie Boyle – Scottish comedian and writer[142]
- Russell Brand – English comedian, actor, radio host and YouTuber[143]
- Gerard Butler – Scottish actor and film producer[144]
- Jim Carrey – Canadian-American actor and comedian[145]
- Kim Cattrall – British and Canadian actress[146]
- Dan Castellaneta – American actor, comedian, and screenwriter[147]
- Billy Connolly – Scottish actor, retired comedian, artist, writer, musician, and presenter[148]
- Dane Cook – American stand-up comedian and film actor[149]
- Bradley Cooper – American actor and filmmaker[150]
- Tom Cruise – American actor and producer[151]
- Kristin Davis – American actress and producer[152]
- Craig Ferguson – Scottish-American comedian, actor, writer, and television host[153][154]
- Jane Fonda – American actress, activist, and former fashion model[155][156]
- Laura Fraser – Scottish actress[157]
- Anthony Hopkins – Welsh Actor[158]
- Sam Hyde – American comedian[159]
- Gillian Jacobs – American actress and director[160][161]
- Penn Jillette – American magician, entertainer, and member of Penn and Teller[162][163]
- Ewan McGregor – Scottish actor[164]
- Gary Oldman – English actor and filmmaker[165]
- Daniel Radcliffe – English actor[166]
- Martin Shaw – English actor[167]
- Teller – American magician, entertainer, and member of Penn and Teller[162][168]
See also
- Alcoholics Anonymous
- Blue ribbon badge
- Catch-my-Pal
- Christianity and alcohol
- List of Temperance organizations
- Theobald Mathew (temperance reformer)
- Native American temperance activists
- Pioneer Total Abstinence Association
- Sobriety
- Straight edge
- Temperance bar
- Woman's Christian Temperance Union
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External links
The dictionary definition of teetotal at Wiktionary
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