Swedish Armed Forces

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Swedish Armed Forces
Försvarsmakten
Coat of arms of the Swedish Armed Forces
Coat of Arms of the Swedish Armed Forces
War flag of Sweden
War flag and Naval Ensign of Sweden
Founded1521; 503 years ago (1521)
Current form1975; 49 years ago (1975)
Service branches
HeadquartersStockholm
Websitewww.forsvarsmakten.se
Leadership
Commander-in-chiefGovernment (Kristersson Cabinet)
Minister of Defence Pål Jonson
Supreme Commander General Micael Bydén
Director GeneralMikael Granholm
Chief of Defence StaffVice Admiral Jonas Haggren
Personnel
Military age18–47[1]
ConscriptionYes[2][3][4]
Available for
military service		3,020,782 males, age 18–47 (2017 est.),
2,760,451 females, age 18–47 (2017 est.)
Fit for
military service		1,980,592 males, age 18–47 (2017 est.),
1,649,875 females, age 18–47 (2017 est.)
Reaching military
age annually		58,937 males (2017 est.),
56,225 females (2017 est.)
Active personnel23,600[5]
Reserve personnel31,300[5]
Expenditures
Budget71 billion kr (2021)[6]
Percent of GDP1.3% (2021)[7]
Industry
Domestic suppliersBAE Systems AB
Saab Bofors Dynamics
Saab AB
Related articles
HistoryMilitary history of Sweden
RanksMilitary ranks of the Swedish Armed Forces

The Swedish Armed Forces (Swedish: Försvarsmakten, "the Defense Force") is the government agency that forms the armed forces of Sweden, tasked with the defense of the country as well as with promoting Sweden's wider interests, supporting international peacekeeping, and providing humanitarian aid. It consists of the Swedish Army, the Swedish Air Force and the Swedish Navy, as well as a military reserve force, the Home Guard. Since 1994, all Swedish military branches are organized within a single unified government agency, headed by the Supreme Commander, even though the individual services maintain their distinct identities.

The Swedish armed forces is made up of 23 600 active personnel, 11 200 military reserves, 24 000 Home Guard and 5 200 conscripts (set to increase to 8 000 conscripts by 2024) as of now. The wartime organisation consist of 60 000 personal with a goal of 90 000 by 2025.

Units of the Swedish Armed Forces are currently on deployment in several international operations either actively or as military observers, including Afghanistan as part of the Resolute Support Mission and in Kosovo (as part of Kosovo Force).[8] Moreover, Swedish Armed Forces contribute as the leading state for a European Union Battlegroup approximately once every three years through the Nordic Battlegroup. Sweden has close relations with NATO and NATO members, and participates in training exercises like the Admiral Pitka Recon Challenge, and Exercise Trident Juncture 2018. Sweden also has a strong cooperation with its closest allies of the Nordic countries being part of the Nordic Defence Cooperation (NORDEFCO) and joint exercises such as Exercise Northern Wind 2019.[9]

Sweden has not participated in an officially declared war since the 1814 Swedish–Norwegian War, although its forces has been involved in armed conflicts under UN-flag like the Congo Crisis, IFOR/SFOR and Swedish aircraft took part in the 2011 military intervention in Libya. Swedish foreign policy has managed to keep Sweden out of war through a policy of neutrality.

Equipment

Main article: List of equipment of the Swedish Armed Forces

The Swedish army has 121 tanks (Leopard 2A5/Strv 122), roughly 1,300 APCs (Patria XA-360/203/180, RG-32 Scout), 800 IFVs (550 CV9040, 150 Bv410, 90 Bv308/309) 11,300 utility vehicles (ex. Bv206/208, MB G-Class 6x6 and 4x4, MB sprinter), 84 towed and 40 self-propelled mortar (12 cm grk m/41, grkpbv90) and 48 self-propelled artillery guns (Archer). It also consist of several different specialized vehicles.

The Swedish Navy has a total of 387 ships, including 5 submarines (3 Gotland, 2 Södermanland), 7 corvettes (5 Visby, 2 Gävle), 9 minesweepers (4 Koster, 4 Styrsö), 13 larger patrol boats (2 Stockholm and 11 Tapper) and 9 specialised ships with different support duties. The rest is made up of different smaller vessels such as the CB90.

Currently the Swedish Airforce has a total of 210 aircraft, 94 of those being JAS39C/D Gripen (60 JAS39E on order), 6 C130H Hercules (1 with aerial refueling capabilities), 4 SAAB 340 (2 AEW&C and 2 VIP transport), 4 Gulfstream IV (2 SIGINT and 2 VIP transport) as well as 15 UH-60 Blackhawk and 18 NH90 helicopters. The rest is made up of different transport and trainer aircraft.

History

Main article: Military history of Sweden

After a period of enhanced readiness during World War I, the Swedish Armed Forces were subject to severe downsizing during the interwar years. When World War II started, a large rearmament program was launched to once again guard Swedish neutrality, relying on mass male conscription to fill the ranks.

After World War II, Sweden considered building nuclear weapons to deter a Soviet invasion. From 1945 to 1972 the Swedish government ran a clandestine nuclear weapons program under the guise of civilian defence research at the Swedish National Defence Research Institute. By the late 1950s, the work had reached the point where underground testing was feasible. However, at that time the Riksdag prohibited research and development of nuclear weapons, pledging that research should be done only for the purpose of defence against nuclear attack. The option to continue development was abandoned in 1966, and Sweden subsequently signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1968. The program was finally concluded in 1972.

During the Cold War, the wartime mass conscription system was kept in place to act as a deterrent to the Soviet Union, seen as the greatest military threat to Sweden. The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union meant that the perceived threat lessened and the armed forces were downsized, with conscription taking in fewer and fewer recruits until it was deactivated in 2010.

Sweden remains a neutral country, but has cooperated with NATO since the Partnership for Peace in 1994. Sweden was one of five partner nations granted the status of Enhanced Opportunities Partner at NATO's Wales Summit in 2014, coinciding with Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea and intervention in Ukraine.

The Russo-Georgian War of 2008 and the events in Ukraine in 2014 gradually shifted Swedish debate back in favour of increased defence spending, as concerns grew over Russia's military buildup and intentions. Conscription was reintroduced in 2017 to supplement the insufficient number of volunteers signing up for service. Unlike in the past, the current conscription system applies to both men and women.

Following the United Kingdom leaving the European Union in 2020, the EU's mutual defence clause (Lisbon Treaty Article 42.7) ceased to apply to the UK. In 2022, Sweden and the UK signed a mutual security deal, re-pledging support if either state is attacked.[10][11]

On June 29th, 2022, Sweden along with Finland was formally invited to become a member of NATO.[12]

Doctrine

Main article: Foreign relations of Sweden

The Swedish Armed Forces have four main tasks:[13]

  1. To assert the territorial integrity of Sweden.
  2. To defend the country if attacked by a foreign nation.
  3. To support the civil community in case of disasters (e.g. flooding).
  4. To deploy forces to international peace support operations.

Sweden aims to have the option of remaining neutral in case of proximate war.[14] However, Sweden cooperates militarily with a number of foreign countries. As a member state of the European Union, Sweden is acting as the leading state for EU Battlegroups[15] and also has a close cooperation, including joint exercises, with NATO through its membership in Partnership for Peace and Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.[16] In 2008 a partnership was initiated between the Nordic countries to, among other things, increase the capability of joint action, and this led to the creation of the Nordic Defence Cooperation (NORDEFCO).[17][18] As a response to the expanded military cooperation the defence proposition of 2009 stated that Sweden will not remain passive if a Nordic country or a member state of the European Union were attacked.[19]

Recent political decisions have strongly emphasized the capability to participate in international operations, to the point where this has become the main short-term goal of training and equipment acquisition.[20][21][22] However, after the 2008 South Ossetia war territorial defense was once again emphasized. Until then most units could not be mobilized within one year. In 2009 the Minister for Defence stated that in the future all of the armed forces must be capable of fully mobilizing within one week.[23]

In 2013, after Russian air exercises in close proximity to the Swedish border were widely reported, only six percent of Swedes expressed confidence in the ability of the nation to defend itself.[24]

Organization

class=notpageimage|
Swedish Armed Forces main bases 2017
Blue 000080 pog.svg Naval Base Blue 0080ff pog.svg Air Base Green pog.svg Infantry Base Pink pog.svg Mechanized Infantry Base
Orange pog.svg Cavalry Base Yellow pog.svg Artillery Base Purple 8000ff pog.svg Air Defence Base Black pog.svg Engineer Base
The Swedish multirole fighter, the Saab JAS 39 Gripen.
NH90 of the Swedish Armed Forces
The Swedish Visby class corvette.
The Infantry fighting vehicle CV 90 produced and used by Sweden.

The Supreme Commander (Swedish: Överbefälhavaren, ÖB) is a four-star general or flag officer who is the agency head of the Swedish Armed Forces and the highest ranking professional officer on active duty. The Supreme Commander reports, normally through the Minister of Defence, to the Government of Sweden, which in turn answers to the Riksdag. The current supreme commander is General Micael Bydén.[25]

Before the enactment of the 1974 Instrument of Government, the King of Sweden was the de jure commander in chief (Swedish: högste befälhavare). Since then, King Carl XVI Gustaf is still considered to hold the honorary ranks of general and admiral à la suite, but the role is entirely ceremonial.[26]

The Swedish Armed Forces consists of three service branches; the Army, the Air Force and the Navy, with addition of the military reserve force Home Guard. Since 1994, the first three service branches are organized within a single unified government agency, headed by the Supreme Commander, while the Home Guard reports directly to the Supreme Commander. However, the services maintain their separate identities through the use of different uniforms, ranks, and other service specific traditions.

Armed Forces Headquarters

The Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters is the highest level of command in the Swedish Armed Forces.[27] It is led by the Supreme Commander with a civilian Director General as his deputy, with functional directorates having different responsibilities (e.g. the Military Intelligence and Security Service). Overall, the Armed Forces Headquarters has about 2,100 employees, including civilian personnel.[28][29]

Schools

Some of the schools listed below answer to other units, listed under the various branches of the Armed Forces:

Centres

Nordic Battlegroup

The Nordic Battlegroup is a cooperative formation of the Swedish Armed Forces alongside mainly the other Nordic countries but also some of the Baltic countries as well as Ireland, tasked as one of the EU Battlegroups. The headquarter garrison for this group is currently situated in Enköping, Sweden.

International deployments

Sweden had military forces deployed in Afghanistan with the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission. Swedish forces were part of the previous International Security Assistance Force (2002–2014) in Afghanistan. Sweden is also part of the multinational Kosovo Force and has a naval force deployed to the gulf of Aden as a part of Operation Atalanta. Military observers from Sweden have been sent to a large number of countries, including Georgia, Lebanon, Israel and Sri Lanka and Sweden also participates with staff officers to missions in Sudan and Chad. Sweden has been one of the Peacekeeping nations of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission that is tasked with overseeing the truce in the Korean Demilitarized Zone since the Korean war ended in 1953.[32]

Past deployments

A battalion and other units were deployed with the NATO-led peacekeeping SFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1996–2000), following the Bosnian War. NORDBAT 2 has been studied as an example of mission command on a chaotic battlefield with conflicting national orders.

Swedish air and ground forces saw combat during the Congo Crisis, as part of the United Nations Operation in the Congo force. 9 army battalions were sent in all, and their mission lasted 1960–1964.

Personnel

From national service to an all-volunteer force

In mid-1995, with the national service system based on universal military training, the Swedish Army consisted of 15 maneuver brigades and, in addition, 100 battalions of various sorts (artillery, engineers, rangers, air defense, amphibious, security, surveillance etc.) with a mobilization-time of between one and two days. When national service was replaced by a selective service system, fewer and fewer young men were drafted due to the reduction in size of the armed forces. By 2010 the Swedish Army had two battalions that could be mobilized within 90 days. When the volunteer system had been fully implemented by 2019, the army consisted of 7 maneuver battalions and 14 battalions of various sorts with a readiness of one week. The Home Guard was reduced in size to 22,000 soldiers.[33] In 2019 the Swedish Armed Forces, now with a restored national service system combined with volunteer forces, aimed to reach 3 brigades as maneuver units by 2025.[34]

National Service Force 1995 Selective Service Force 2010 All-Volunteer Force 2019 Selective Service Force/Volunteer Force 2025
Maneuver units 15 brigades 2 battalions 7 battalions 3 brigades
Auxiliary units 100 battalions 4 companies 14 battalions ?
Readiness 1 to 2 days 90 days 7 days ?

Re-implementing conscription

After having ended the universal male conscription system in 2010, as well as deactivating conscription in peacetime, the conscription system was re-activated in 2017. Since 2018 both women and men are conscripted on equal terms.[35] The motivation behind reactivating conscription was the need for personnel, as volunteer numbers proved to be insufficient to maintain the armed forces.[35][36]

The Swedish defence forces are currently, planning for a 8,000 conscripts to serve per year.[37] However, after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the defence forces stated that there is a need for significantly more than the current.[38] In addition, figures from 2022, show that 79% of Swedes support in some form, an increase in the number of people who are conscripted. 47% of the respondeds said that the majority of 19/20 year-olds should perform conscription.[39]

Personnel structure

Swedish soldier during an exercise in California, 2007.

Military personnel of the Swedish Armed Forces consists of:

  • Officer OFF/K – Regular continuously serving officers (OF1-OF9).
  • Officer OFF/T – Reserve part-time officers (OF1-OF3).
  • Specialistofficer SO/K – Regular continuously serving NCO (OR6-OR9).
  • Specialistofficer SO/T – Reserve part-time serving NCO (OR6-OR7).
  • GSS/K – Regular continuously serving enlisted (OR1-OR5).
  • GSS/T – Reserve part-time serving enlisted (OR1-OR5).
  • GSS/P – Personnel in wartime placement (OR1-OR5).

K = Continuously

T = Part-time

Swedish soldier firing a rifle in Denmark, 2016.

P = Conscript, for personnel drafted under the Swedish law of comprehensive defense duty

Planned size of the Swedish Armed Forces 2011–2020

Category Continuously serving Part-time serving Contracted
OFF 3,900 OFF/K 2,600 OFF/T –
SO 4,900 SO/K included in the above SO/T –
GSS 6,600 GSS/K 9,500 GSS/T –
Home Guard – – 22,000
Chart showing the size of the Swedish Armed Forces 1965–2010. Yellow = number of air wings; Blue = number of infantry regiments; Red = number of artillery regiments; Green = number of coastal artillery and amphibious regiments.

Annual recruitment of GSS is assumed to be about 4,000 persons.

Source:[40]

Criticism and research

In 2008, professor Mats Alvesson of the University of Lund and Karl Ydén of the University of Göteborg claimed in an op-ed, based on Ydén's doctoral dissertation, that a large part of the officer corps of the Swedish Armed Forces was preoccupied with administrative tasks instead of training soldiers or partaking in international operations. They claimed that Swedish officers were mainly focused on climbing the ranks and thereby increasing their wages and that the main way of doing this is to take more training courses, which decreases the number of officers that are specialized in their field. Therefore, the authors claimed, the Swedish Armed Forces was poorly prepared for its mission.[41] Major changes have been made to the officer system since then.[citation needed]

The transformation of the old invasion defence-oriented armed forces to the new smaller and more mobile force has also been criticized. According to the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces the present defence budget will not be enough to implement the new defence structure by 2019. And that even when finished the armed forces will only be able to fight for a week at most.[42]

During 2013 several Russian Air Force exercises over the Baltic Sea aimed at Swedish military targets have made the future of the Swedish Armed Forces a hot topic and several political parties now want to increase defense funding.[43][44][45] In August 2019, the government announced a bank tax to fund the military spending.[46]

Ranks

Gen. Micael Bydén, the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces.
Main article: Military ranks of the Swedish Armed Forces

When an army based on national service (conscription) was introduced in 1901 all commissioned officers had ranks that were senior of the warrant officers (underofficerare) and non-commissioned officers (underbefäl). In a reform 1926 the relative rank of the then senior warrant officer, fanjunkare, was increased to be equal with the junior officer rank underlöjtnant and above the most junior officer rank fänrik. In 1960 the relative rank of the warrant officers were elevated further so that

  • i. The lowest warrant officer, sergeant, had relative rank just below the lowest officer rank, fänrik.
  • ii. The second warrant officer rank, fanjunkare, had relative rank between fänrik and löjtnant
  • iii. The highest warrant officer rank, förvaltare, had relative rank between first lieutenant and captain.

In 1972 the personnel structure changed, reflecting increased responsibilities of warrant and non-commissioned officers, renaming the underofficerare as kompaniofficerare, giving them the same ranks as company grade officers (fänrik, löjtnant, kapten). Underbefäl was renamed plutonsofficerare and given the rank titles of sergeant and fanjunkare, although their relative rank were now placed below fänrik. The commissioned officers were renamed regementsofficerare, beginning with löjtnant. The three-track career system was maintained, as well as three separate messes.

A major change in the personnel structure in 1983 (NBO 1983), merged the three professional corps of platoon officers, company officers, and regimental officers into a one-track career system within a single corps called professional officers (yrkesofficerare). The three messes were also merged to one.

In 2008 the Riksdag decided to create a two-track career system with a category called specialistofficerare. When implementing the parliamentary resolution the Supreme Commander decided that some ranks in this category should, like the old underofficerare ranks in 1960–1972, have a relative rank higher than the most junior officers.

Other government agencies reporting to the Ministry of Defence

Main article: Government agencies in Sweden

Voluntary defence organizations

See also

References

  1. ^ Ministry of Defense (15 December 1994). "SFS 2010:448. Lag (1994:1809) om totalförsvarsplikt" [SFS 2010: 448. Act (1994: 1809) on compulsory military service]. Lagen.nu (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 17 December 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
  2. ^ "Värnplikten återinförs – tusentals kallas till mönstring" [Conscription is reintroduced - thousands are called up for enlistment]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). TT. 2 March 2017. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  3. ^ Nilsson, Christoffer (2 March 2017). "Regeringen inför värnplikt i Sverige – beslut i dag" [The government introduces conscription in Sweden - decision today]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  4. ^ "En kombination av frivillighet och plikt" [A combination of voluntariness and duty]. Swedish Armed Forces (in Swedish). 2 March 2017. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  5. ^ a b "Personalsiffror" [Personnel Figures]. Swedish Armed Forces (in Swedish).
  6. ^ "Statens budget i siffror" [State budget in figures]. Government Office of Sweden (in Swedish). 11 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  7. ^ "TRENDS IN WORLD MILITARY EXPENDITURE, 2021" (PDF). SIPRI. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  8. ^ "Försvarsmakten utomlands" [The Armed Forces abroad]. Swedish Armed Forces (in Swedish).
  9. ^ "Northern Wind 2019 – Winter Warfare Exercise" (PDF). Swedish Armed Forces. March 2019.
  10. ^ "EUR-Lex - mutual_defence - EN - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  11. ^ Kauranen, Anne (11 May 2022). "UK strikes new security agreement with Sweden and Finland". Reuters. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  12. ^ Chatterjee, Phelan. "Sweden and Finland's journey from neutral to Nato". BBC.com. BBC News. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  13. ^ "Försvarets fyra huvuduppgifter" [The four main tasks of the Armed Forces]. Swedish Armed Forces (in Swedish). 17 September 2013. Archived from the original on 17 September 2013.
  14. ^ "Sveriges säkerhetspolitik" [Sweden's security policy]. Government Office of Sweden (in Swedish). 25 March 2008. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Sverige är militärt alliansfritt. Denna säkerhetspolitiska linje, med möjlighet till neutralitet vid konflikter i vårt närområde, har tjänat oss väl. [Sweden is militarily non-aligned. This line of security policy, with the possibility of neutrality in the event of conflicts in our immediate area, has served us well.]
  15. ^ "Nordic Battlegroup". Swedish Armed Forces. 19 January 2009. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  16. ^ "Sverige och NATO" [Sweden and NATO]. Government Office of Sweden (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 13 June 2011.
  17. ^ "Nordic defence cooperation". Swedish Armed Forces. 6 March 2009. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  18. ^ "Background to cooperation". Swedish Armed Forces. 6 March 2009. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  19. ^ "Ett användbart försvar" [A useful defense]. Government Office of Sweden (in Swedish). 19 March 2009. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015.
  20. ^ "Försvarsreformen" [Defense reform]. Government Office of Sweden (in Swedish). 18 February 2004. Archived from the original on 1 June 2008.
  21. ^ "Our task". Swedish Armed Forces. 25 September 2007. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  22. ^ "The Swedish military service system". Swedish Armed Forces. 28 September 2007. Archived from the original on 1 September 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  23. ^ "Ett användbart försvar – med kraftigt stärkt försvarsförmåga" [A useful defense - with greatly strengthened defensive ability]. Swedish Armed Forces (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  24. ^ Benitez, Jorge (30 April 2013). "Most Swedes doubt Sweden can defend itself". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  25. ^ Gould, Joe (27 December 2021). "Sweden's top general on watching Russia and responding to an invasion of Ukraine". Defense News.
  26. ^ "Duties of the Monarch". Royal Court of Sweden. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  27. ^ "Armed Forces Headquarters (HKV)". Swedish Armed Forces. 1 December 2008. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  28. ^ "Högkvarteret (HKV)" [Headquarters]. Swedish Armed Forces (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  29. ^ "Högkvarterets organisation" (PDF). Swedish Armed Forces (in Swedish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2012.
  30. ^ "Address list". Swedish Armed Forces. 1 October 2007. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2008.
  31. ^ "Training Centres". Swedish Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  32. ^ "Korea – NNSC". Swedish Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  33. ^ Ivarsson, Ulf (February 2007). "Pendeln måste slå tillbaka" [The pendulum must swing back]. Hemvärnet (in Swedish) (1): 5.
  34. ^ "Försvarsberedningen föreslår fyra nya regementen och utökad verksamhet på flera platser" [The Defense Committee proposes four new regiments and expanded operations in several places]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 14 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  35. ^ a b Persson, Alma; Sundevall, Fia (17 December 2019). "Conscripting women: gender, soldiering, and military service in Sweden 1965–2018". Women's History Review. 28 (7): 1039–1056. doi:10.1080/09612025.2019.1596542. ISSN 0961-2025.
  36. ^ Dickson, Daniel & Rundstrom, Bjorn (2 March 2017). "Sweden returns draft amid security worries and soldier shortage". Reuters.
  37. ^ "Peter Hultqvist (S): Öka antalet värnpliktiga från 5 000 till 8 000". 13 January 2020.
  38. ^ "TV4.se".
  39. ^ "TV4.se".
  40. ^ Jonsson, Ulf; Nordlund, Peter (November 2012). Frivilliga soldater istället för plikt – internationella erfarenheter och ekonomiska konsekvenser [From conscription to an all-volunteer force – international experiences and economic consequences] (PDF) (Report) (in Swedish). The Swedish Defense Research Agency – via Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences.
  41. ^ "Karriärstyrda officerare skapar inkompetent försvar" [Career-driven officers create an incompetent defense]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  42. ^ Holmström, Mikael (30 December 2012). "Försvar med tidsgräns" [Defence with a time limit]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  43. ^ "Ryska bombflyg övade mot Sverige" [Russian bombers practiced against Sweden]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). TT. 6 November 2013. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  44. ^ Holmström, Mikael (22 April 2013). "Ryskt flyg övade anfall mot Sverige" [Russian aircraft practiced attacks on Sweden]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  45. ^ Dawod, Nivette (10 October 2013). "Majoritet vill rusta militärt mot Ryssland" [Majority wants to equip military against Russia]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  46. ^ "Sweden announces bank tax to finance military spending". France 24. 1 September 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2019.

Manpower-numbers are taken from "The World Factbook". 21 June 2022.

External links

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