Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
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Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas سَعْد بِن أَبِي وَقَّاص | |
|---|---|
 His name in Arabic calligraphy | |
| Native name | |
| Other name(s) | Abu Ishaq |
| Born | c. 595 Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia |
| Died | c. 674 (age 78–79) Medina, Hejaz |
| Buried | Al-Baqi Cemetery, Medina |
| Allegiance | Muhammad (610–632) Rashidun Caliphate (632–644) |
| Service/ | Rashidun army |
| Years of service | 624–644 |
| Commands held | |
| Battles/wars |
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| Spouse(s) | Salma bint Khasafah Makhita bint Amr |
| Children |
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| Relations | Banu Zuhrah (Clan) |
Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqāṣ (Arabic: سعد بن أبي وقاص), also known as Saʿd ibn Mālik,[1] was one of the companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, military conqueror of Sasanian Persia and founder of Kufa.[2] Saʿd was the seventh free adult male person to embrace Islam in history, which he did at the age of seventeen.[1] Sa'd participated in all battles under Muhammad during their stay in Medina.
Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas were famous for his leadership in the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the conquest of Sasanian Empire capital which named Ctesiphon in 636, and alleged yet disputed diplomatic sojourns to China in 651. After the battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the Siege of Ctesiphon (637), Sa'd served as supreme commander of Rashidun army in Iraq that conquered Khuzestan province and instructed to build the garrison city of Kufa, before being replaced by caliph Umar, due to scandalous report regarding Sa'd conduct in Kufa. During the First Fitna, Sa'd was known for led the neutral faction that contain the majority of the Companions of the Prophet and their disciples, who refused to involve in the civil war.
Sunni Muslim historians and scholars who wrote his biography regarded Sa'd as honored saints of Islam due to his companionship with Muhammad, inclusion as The ten to whom Paradise was promised, and his participation in the Battle of Badr, whose participants were collectively regarded as saints.[3][4]>[5]
History
Sa'd was one of the first to accept Islam.[6] He was seventeen years old when he accepted Islam, although Ibn Abd al-Barr reported that Sa'd embraced Islam at age nineteen.[7] It was said by Ibn Ishaq that Sa'd, along with Uthman, Talha, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, and Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf were invited to Islam by Abu Bakr.[8] The mother of Sa'd was opposed to her son's conversion to Islam, and she threatened Sa'd with hunger strike until he would leave Islam, although Sa'd did not heed his mother's threat and stayed with his new faith. His mother finally yielded due to Sa'd's firmness towards Islam, such that chroniclers reported that, Muhammad told Sa'd that God praised his firmness in his faith, while on the other side also admonish Sa'd to take little easy to his mother, as Filial piety, were also one of most concerned issue in Islam.[4][9] one of Sa'd brother, Amir, also embraced Islam, which prompted their mother to undergo another hunger strike act, which also in vain, as Amir also steadfast of his conversion to Islam.[4] During his daily life as new convert of Islam in Mecca, Sa'd and other Muslims has been persecuted by his own tribe, the Quraysh which one day prompted Sa'd violent reaction.[10] According to chroniclers, In 614, the Muslims were on their way to the hills of Mecca to offer prayer with Muhammad, when a group of polytheists observed them. They began to abuse them.[6][11] The next phase of this accident involved Sa'd began to beat them one of them until one of Quraysh polytheist wounded.[9][12] Muslim scholars and author of Prophetic biography celebrate this accident as "First blood in the way of Islam".[9][6][11] Other notable accident during his life in Mecca were when Sa'd got seriously ill, to the point he though he will die. Sa'd then inform his intention to donate all his wealth for charity, however, Muhammad told him that it is not allowed to left his heirs without any properties, so that his heirs will not get trouble in their life, if Sa'd really passed away.[Notes 1] However, Sa'd turns out get better from this serious illness.[9]
Ibn Hajar remarked in his Fath al-Bari about a hadith from Bukhari that Al-Baraʼ ibn ʽAzib witnessed Sa'd migrated to Medina before Muhammad along with Ibn Umm Maktum and Mus'ab ibn Umayr.[13] he continued to practice Islam during the rest of his life in Mecca with Muhammad and other followers.[9]
Early life in Medina
As Sa'd and his siblings arrived in Medina, they immediately pledge his allegiance to Muhammad during the declaration of Constitution of Medina and from onwards, he and other Meccan migrants were regarded as Muhajirun while the local inhabitants of Medina were declared as Ansar (Islam). From this point, Sa'd involved in most military operations mounted by Muslim Medina, as now Medina were formally at war with Meccan Quraysh. Sa'd first operation after he arrived in Medina occurred nine month after the migration, in Kharrar, a place located between Al-Juhfa and Makkah, as Sa'd tasked to lead 20 men with Islam white standard flag carried by Miqdad ibn Aswad to raid a Quraysh caravan that passed Kharrar. However, this expedition failed as the said caravan were passed away and Sa'd realized the caravan has escaped.[14]
During minor operation with small team of reconnaissance under Ubaydah ibn al-Harith toward Rabigh, shortly before the battle of Badr, where this team was caught attention of opposing Qurayshite warriors that immediately giving chase to them.[5] Sa'd and his team immediately ran away, while Sa'd, who positioned himself on the rear of his comrades, doing a Parthian shot, a hit-and-run technique of mounted archery that shooting backwards, while Sa'd rode his mount retreat.[5] Being an ever skilled marksmen, Sa'd managed to kill several pursuers until all of them give up chasing. It is recorded as Ubaydah team returned to Muslims encampment unscathed, Sa'd prided himself for his act of that allowed the Muslim scouts team came back safe and sound.[5]
Battle of Badr
During the march onto the battle of Badr, Muhammad sent Sa'd, Ali ibn Abi Thalib, and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam to scout the enemy movements,[3] as the Muslim army that marched from Medina were originally intended to capture the caravan of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, which brought many wealth, instead of facing the main forces of Meccan Quraysh under Abu Jahl ibn Hisham.
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| Prophet Muhammad prayer for Sa'd during the battle of Badr[4] |
According to some chronicle, Sa'd first feat of archery occurred during the Battle of Badr, in approximately the year 2 AH[12][9] In this battle, Sa'd served as archer as the Muslims forming Phalanx formation.[4] In the mid of battle he pray to God his arrow will affect the enemy while stringing his bow meanwhile, Muhammad also personally asking God to grant wishes of Sa'd.[Notes 2][9] Historians noted that Sa'd archery skill has caused trouble for the polytheist forces during Badr.[Notes 3] in the final phase of the battle, Abdullah ibn Masud testified that Sa'd also joined the close combat as the numerously fewer Muslims began to show the upper hand. Sa'd personally slay a Qurayshite champion namely Sa'id ibn al-As, and take the Qurayshite prized sword named Dhu al-Kutifah (ذا الكُتَيفَة) to prophet Muhammad as prize of war.[15] Aside from this, Sa'd also reportedly manage to personally capture two captives of Quraysh soldiers during this battle.[15][16]
It is during this battle instead that later era historians dubbed Sa'd as "first Muslim archer".[4] In this battle, Sa'd younger brother, Umayr also participated although Umayr was denied by Muhammad to battle as he still teenage. However, he finally given permission by Muhammad to fight in battle as he urged forcefully to be brought to battle. However, Umayr killed in this battle despite the Muslims achieved decisive victory.[15]
Protecting the Prophet in Uhud
According to tradition that recorded by judge of al-Rayn Saudi Arabia, Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdurrahman al-Shithri, Sa'd speaks to his best friend, Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh, the night before the Battle of Uhud that he wished he can slay Quraysh strongest warrior for tomorrow battle, while Ibn Jahsh wished that he can be slain, so he can achieve martyrdom in yesterday battle.[16] Sa'd testified that Ibn Jahsh were really fallen during the battle of Uhud in yesterday.[9]
At the battle of Uhud, Sa'd served as archer regiment. However, as the Muslim army gaining the upper hand, suddenly they are routed flanking maneuver by Khalid ibn al-Walid, the Muslim forces were scattered around, and prophet Muhammad separated from the Muslims army except Sa'd, a Muhajirun warrior named Talha, Medinese swordsmen named Abu Dujana, and about six or seven Ansari soldiers.[9] The group were surrounded by enemy cavalry under Khalid as Talha, Abu Dujana and others Muslim warriors forming close defensive formation while Sa'd shooting his arrows next to Muhammad, while the prophet himself suffered injury on his shoulder.[9] The outnumbered and encircled Muslims fought until most of them killed, except Muhammad, Talhah, Abu Dujana, and Sa'd himself, who in turn take his bow and trying to assist his comrades with his archery, despite it is already in close combat.[9][Notes 4][Notes 5] As Sa'd resorted to use multiple arrows at once in such dire situation and spread his arrows towards the enemies around them,[5]
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| Sa'd threaten his own brother, Utbah, who has been wounding prophet Muhammad during battle[4] |
Realizing how Sa'd act affect the enemies, Muhammad personally gathering arrows for Sa'd and stands next to him, while Sa'd continuously shooting the covering fire and allowing the desperately encircled Muslims including Muhammad found a momentum to break away from encirclement and retreat to the main army.[9][5] As they managed to escape the dire situation, Muhammad personally praised Sa'd for his action.[9][Notes 6]
Later, after Muhammad personally killed one of the remaining enemy pursuer with his javelin,[9] It is said that Sa'd uttered vow to kill his own brother, Utbah ibn Abi Waqqas, who fight on the side of the enemy, as in particular during this encirclement, Utbah were one of the perpetrator who injured Muhammad during the encirclement.[19] Talha and Abu Dujana has suffered the severest wounds during the encirclement, although survived.[9]
After Uhud until Ridda wars
Along with other strong men such as Abu Bakr, Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, Dzakwan ibn al-Qays, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Bilal ibn Rabah, Abbad ibn Bishr, and Abu Ayyub al-Ansari,[20][21] Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas also enlisted in the squad of Haras (personal bodyguard) unit of Muhammad.[5][9][20][21] When Muhammad and Aisha goes participated in military expedition, Sa'd were the one who guarded their personal tent at night.[9][5][16]
During the first The first pilgrimage, Sa'd became one of the most important member of Medina Muslim political sphere and religious community for the rest of his life after he participated in the Pledge of the Tree,[9][Notes 7] as those who participated were collectively attributed in revelation of Qur'an Sura Al-Fath, verse 18|Quran 48:18 (Translated by Shakir).[9][23] At the same day with the Pledge of the tree Sa'd also witnessed the ratification of Treaty of Hudaybiyyah that concludes the ten years truce of non-aggression ceasefire between Medina alliances with Mecca alliances.[3] Up until Expedition of Tabuk, Sa'd were recorded has participated in all battles under Muhammad, including Battle of the Trench, Expedition of al-Muraysi', Siege of Khaybar fortresses, Conquest of Mecca, battles in Hunayn valley, battle in Awtas valley, and Siege of Ta'if.[9][5][4] Sa'd fell ill during the Farewell Pilgrimage, and he had only a daughter during this period, Sa'd intended to give all his wealth for charity, just for Muhammad forbade it as Muhammad reminding Sa'd should not leave his heirs without anything.[Notes 8] Al-Bajrey saw different opinion regarding this accident, as whether this happened earlier during Sa'd in Mecca,[5] or during Muhammad last pilgrimage.
Later, On the wake of Abu bakar ascension as first Caliph after Muhammad death, the great apostate rebellions has broken out in entire Arabian Peninsula simultaneously. Abu Bakar set his first move by dispatching almost his entire elite forces under Usama ibn Zayd to pacify the northern border, while Abu Bakar gather the rest of the army, including Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, To engage the rebel invaders led by Tulayha in the Battle of Zhu Qissa[24] However, Ibn al-Jawzi and Nur ad-Din al-Halabi recorded that Sa'd was instead followed the Expedition of Usama bin Zayd along with Umar, Sa'id ibn Zayd, Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, and Qatada ibn al-Nu'man during this moment.[25][26] Then, after the rebels who attacked Medina were routed, Sa'd joined the army which were instructed by Abu Bakar to march towards Dumat al-Jandal city and crush several bedouin tribe rebels there.[3]
Battle of al-Qadisiyyah
In 636, after the ascension of Umar ibn al-Khattab as second Caliph, Umar sent Sa'd to lead a corps towards Iraq to assist Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi in the Muslim conquest of Persia.[27] Al-Basalamah remarked that Umar muster precisely 12,000 soldiers in Medina for under Sa'd.[Notes 9] However, before the army of Sa'd dispatched from Medina, a message from the Iraq front arrived, that Abu Ubayd were Killed in action during the Battle of the Bridge and the Iraqi soldiers were forced to withdraw to south-west of Iraq.[27] This development caused Umar changed his plan, as the Caliph instructed Sa'd to march to Iraq with 6,000 soldiers, while also bringing new caliphate instructions to Rashidun armies in Iraq to merge Sa'd forces with the forces of Arfajah who brought 400 to 700 Azd cavalry,[29] Jarir ibd Abdullah of al-Bajali and Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha of Shayban tribe, as those three commanders has just defeated the Sassanid vanguard in the battle of Buwaib,[24] Umar further instructed to appoint Sa'd as the overall commander and the other three under his command, then Sa'd restructuring the overall army as Arfajah then placed under the banner of al Mughira ibn Shu'bah, whose company in total were about 1,500-1,800 soldiers.[29] Sa'd scavenging every portions of Rashidun soldiers left in Iraq during his marches, until he manage to collect 30,000 soldiers.[9] According to al-Basalamah, as Rostam Farrokhzad, the Persian commander who led massive army to confront the caliphate, deliberately marched slowly as a strategy to drag the time so Sa'd army will gradually lose their patience in time and baited being incited to act first.[9] However, al-Muthanna advised Sa'd for the army to move on the periphery of Iraq desert and not moving their army too deep to Persian territory, which Sa'd agreed to follow, as he instructed his army to move according to al-Muthanna advice.[30]
The second particular instruction from Sa'd was daily routine correspondency with the central government in Medina, as Sa'd diligently wrote any development, major and trivial, and sent at least two messengers everyday, who will bring his message and also brought further instruction from caliph Umar, which the Caliph responded to forbade Sa'd from preemptive attack to engage as long as their opponent does not react first,[9][30] Thus, the counsel from both al Muthanna and direct instruction from the Caliph rendered Rostam plan useless.[9]
Pre-battle activities
Sa'd also engage psychological warfare of sending series of hostile emissaries to taunt Rostam,[Notes 10][32][9][30] while also buying time as he receive further reinforcements sent by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, who have just won the battle of the Yarmuk, which led by al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi.[9]
The first envoy is Asim ibn Amr al-Tamimi, brother of al-Qa'qa, who are being humiliated by Rostam who give Asim a present of basket filled with earth, which Asim responded with mocking commentary that the Persian "has agreed to give their lands to Muslims", before returning to the Muslim army to report.[30] Sa'd then further sent next envoy, al-Mughira, who goads Rostam with assertive three choices of embracing Islam, surrender peacefully, or meet on the battlefield.[30] Al-Mughira also trying to provoke Rostam by breaking a sword that has been given as gift to him.[33] which responded by Rostam to give them time to think.[9] for the last envoy, rather than sending sending another nobles or high rank Arab clansmen, instead, Sa'd intentionally sent Rib'i ibn Amir, a fierce Bedouin chieftain with no sense of courtesy. Rib'i, who came to Rostam tent with rugged, unkempt, and unnerved personality were meant by Sa'd to give the Persians puzzle of impression,[9] as Rib'i entered Rostam chamber without parked his mule and instead entering by bringing along his mule, bringing mess of dirts to the tent carpet and shocking the entire tents of Rostam court of generals, ladies, and bodyguard, before speaks of simple message of three choices between embracing Islam, paying Jizya to caliphate, or war. Then Rib'i gave simple threat that his superiors will only give Rostam three days to think before exiting Rostam encampment and return to Sa'd.[9] The sending of Rib'i has immediate effect which Sa'd desired from the beginning, as Rib'i behavior has caused Rostam to lose his patience and immediately arranged his entire army for the battle.[9][33] According to Latham in his work, Saracen archery, Muslim archers of early era has two types of arrows, the first were shorter dart called Nabl and Nushshab, which shot using either crossbow or a bow equipped with arrow guide, while the second type were longer arrow which shot with standard handbow.[34]
As the army of Rostam marches to the battlefield, Sa'd sent a dozen scout horsemen, who disguised themselves as Iraqi locals and have fluent Iraqi accents, led by Tulayha and Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib to ride deep inside Sassanid territories up until the outskirts of Madain to gather intels regarding forces of Rostam.[30][9][35] After two days of journey the scouts spotted the first wave that they though vanguards of Rostam army which they estimate numbered around 70.000, which then Tulayha and Ibn Ma'adi to sent the scouts return to report their founding to Sa'd, while Tulayha and Ibn Ma'adi continued to gather intel by themselves.[9] Then Tulayha and Ibn Ma'adi managed to trace the second and the third wave which they believe a centre and rear of the army, numbered 100,000 and 70,000 respectively.[9] records from medieval chronicles reported that Ibn Ma'adi urged to Tulayha to return as they have achieved their mission to spots the enemy army, which responded by Tulayha to wait for one more day, as Tulayha instigate one man raid during the night, as he infiltrate inside the rear encampment where Rostam tent located.[9][33] It is recorded that Tulayha infiltrated the Sassanid camps under the cover of darkness, Tulayha cut the ropes of the Sassanid rear army tents while bringing torches to ignite the fires within the camp.[9] Then Tulayha singlehandedly wreaking havoc in their camps, killing two Sassanid soldiers, As the confused Sassanid army plunged into chaos, taking two horses and then brought back one captive to Sa'd ibn abi Waqqas[36][Notes 11].[39] The horses, according to Tulayha himself, were belonged to Rostam.[9][33] Then as Tulayha return to Ibn Ma'adi who has been waiting for him outside the camp, they immediately retreat with the stolen horse to report Sa'd about the number of enemy forces were consisted of 240,000, completing the previous scouts report.[9][33]
The major battle in Qadisiyyah were preceded by a minor engagement against a portion of Sassanids in Uzaib, where Sa'd prevailed in this minor engagement.[40]
The battle
Sa'd prepared his long drills and have received the finally arrived reinforcements from al-Qa'qa reinforcement from Levant, which strengthened his Sa'd army to 36,000.[9][33] According to al-Basalamah Sa'd arranged his army in the variation of standard caliphate military formation of "Five division system",[9] or also known as Nizam al-Khamis,[41] That appeared in one of Eduard Alofs possible type of caliphate formation of war.[42]
In Thursday 13 Sha’ban 15 AH (November 16, 636), as both sides preparing for clash, Sa'd gave instruction to for each soldiers which has instructed by him to respond with Takbir as battlefield signal, while also instructed his soldiers to do the salah obligatory prayer in mid of day, and also instructed each Qāriʾ to read Al-Anfal verses continuously during the battle to keep morale of his soldiers.[9][43][30] Al-Basalamah specify the formation used by Sa'd were the wider and thinner formation row divided into six division that consisting of one center flanked with two regular infantry division which each flanked by left wing and right wing of regular cavalry, which supported by rear guard (Muqadimah) with undetailed roles,[9] Although, according to John Walter Jandora in his Yarmouk reconstruction study, these rear were usually filled by camelier corps or Rukban (ركبان) that forming lines of camels, as the beasts' heavy and large frames were enough to bulge the Charging momentumof enemy elite heavy cavalry such as the Byzantine Cataphract or Sassanid Aswaran, compared when they charged against infantry,[44] while foul temper of camels when harassed and their stench often stopped most of them as their horses usually lose their nerves on their tracks.[45][44] Nevertheless, al-Basalamah composition of field commanders (Amir) were similar with Abdur Razaq as-San'ani and Al-Lalika'i version:[46]
- Vanguard (center): Zahra ibn al-Hawiyah .
- Right center: Abdullah ibn Al-Mu'tam (the early days), Shurahbil ibn Al-Samt (the Qadisiyah Day)
- Left center: Shurahbil ibn Al-Samt (the early days), Hashim ibn Utba (the Day of Al-Qadisiyah)
- Rear: Salamah ibn Harim (the early days), Al-Mughirah ibn Shu'bah (the Day of Al-Qadisiyah)
- Left & right wing (cavalry): Al-Mughirah ibn Shu'bah (the early days), Qays ibn Al-Makshih (the Qadisiyah day)
While Sa'd himself, who has been suffering severe Hemorrhoid,[5] or pox[32] during the battle, appointed Khalid ibn Urfuta as his deputy on the field overall commander.[47] Sa'd positioning himself in a tent on a highest hill nearby the battlefield, so he can oversee the entire battle development, while also readied a system of chains of emissaries that will relay any instructions from him to Khalid ibn Urfuta in an instant.[9] Sa'd then deploy his six division wide formation,[Notes 12] Thus, according Sa'd al-Ubaisi in his reconstruction journal of Diriyah of the reconstruction of the battle of Qadisiyyah from the History of the Prophets and Kings material by Al-Tabari, the phase of the battle were separated into four days:[48]
- 1st day, the day of Armath[32] Asim ibn 'Amr lead the first clash together with Ibn Ma'adi and the hawazin tribe under Rabi'ah ibn Uthman and they fight for long time, Then the Sassanid dispatched their heavy cavalry and the elephants to cause havoc among Muslims ranks, so Asim were rebuked by Sa'd who oversaw the battlefield from his tent to handle the elephants.[48] Asim then responded with dispatching his personal suicide squad, that according to Al-Qurtubi, 13th century Hanbali scholar, already prepared and trained days before this battle in special anti elephant military drill consisting maneuvering their horses nearby huge wooden elephant doll.[49] This commando cavalry aiming for the elephants alpha male, which the Muslim army recognized by the animal's brighter skin than the other elephants and the behavior within battlefield that the other elephants were seemingly leading other elephants.[48][Notes 13] At the end of the day, there is no elephants left and the left side of the Muslims managed to stall the onslaught of Persian heavy cavalries.[48]
- 2nd day, the day of Agwath[32] In the second day Friday, 14 August (November 17), the Muslims mobilized and fought in long deadlock as they trying to move the bodies of their fallen comrades to be buried, then suddenly al-Qa'qa ibn Amr, brother of Asim and right-hands man of Khalid ibn al-Walid, arrived in the battlefield and immediately bursting forward with his men to penetrate the brigade of Bahman Jaduya, Sassanid right-wing commander, before killing the said commander, leaving the Sassanid right leaderless for moments.[48] It is said al-Qa'qa engaged in 30 personal duels in this day alone.[48]
- 3rd day, the day of Imash[32] The elephants returned again to the battlefield this day and the situation became dire again for the Muslims, which prompted Sa'd send urgent message from his tent for available forces to concentrate on the elephants.[48] This time, according to Waqidi, al-Qa'qa were the one who take initiative and formed an emergency ad hoc company consisting of his regular cavalry from Banu Tamim, camelier corps,[50] archers and spear men to slaughter the entire Sassanid elephant corps.[9][51] al-Qa'qa ordered massive size of camels to swarm the elephant flanks and making no rooms for them, while the spearmen formed spear walls in front of the elephants.[9] the battle escalates in violence as the cameliers and the horsemen mutilating the elephant trunks, spearmen gave their lives to blinding the elephant with their spears, while archers showering the elephant riders.[51][Notes 14] According to Ibn Kathir, the Muslim protagonists of this day who involved in slaughtering the elephants were al-Qa'qa, Tulayha, Ibn Ma'adi, Dhiraar ibn Azwar, Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali, and Khalid ibn Urfuthah.[32] This day ended with the elephant corps damaged beyond repair, as most of them are killed along with their riders, while many fled backward uncontrollable, trampling their own comrades and causing massive casualties to the Sassanid. meanwhile, the commander of the elephant corps, Jalinus, fleeing the battlefield also slain as after the Muslim forces gained upper hand, Sa'd sent a specific instruction from his tent to chase and kill Jalinus once and for all, as he want the elephants neutralized permanently. This order responded by a Tamim horsemen named Zahra ibn Hawiyah at-Tamimi to chase the elephant commander and kill him after captured his victim.[48]
- 4th day, the day of al-Qadisiyyah[32] Al-Qa`qa` plotted a plan to end the fierce fighting against the Muslims and the Persians; so he suggested his plan towards his superior, al Muthanna ibn Haritha, about leading a special unit to exploit the intensity of the deadlock battle as he will charge and slip onto small gap between Sassanid lines and assassinate Rostam.[52] The death of Rostam shocked the entire Sassanid, which prompted Sa'd to instruct general assault to all the Muslim soldiers.[48]
Multiple versions about how al-Qa'qa daredevil squads managed to slay Rostam were presented by Khalid Yahya Blankinship and Muhammad ibn Shamil:
- There was a heavy sandstorm facing the Persian army on the final day of the battle. Rostam lay next to a camel to shelter himself from the storm, while some weapons, such as axes, maces, and swords had been loaded on the camel.[53] Hilāl ibn `Ullafah accidentally cut the girdle of the load on the camel, not knowing that Rostam was behind and under it.[53] The weapons fell on Rostam and broke his back leaving him half dead and paralyzed. Hilal beheaded Rostam and shouted that he killed Rostam.[53]
- other less convincing version from Ya'qubi records that Dhiraar bin Al-Azwar, Tulayha, Amru bin Ma'adi Yakrib and Kurt bin Jammah al-Abdi discovered the corpse of Rostam.[54][Notes 15]
- While Ibn Kathir giving his version that the protagonist who manage to slay Rostam was Hilal ibn Ullafah at-Taymi.[32]
regardless the versions, One of the most difficult moment occurred as now al-Qa'qa and his 3,000 Tamim cavalry were surrounded behind enemy lines, simultaneous with Sa'd instruction for general advance towards entire forces. Finally majority Sassanid forces break as the violence from the Muslims archers, which are superior in skirmish battle against the Sassanid archers, were pounding the Sassanids relentlessly.[48] As the Sassanids casualties mounted to around 25,000, they were finally routed and fled towards the river of Ateeq, where they were further slaughtered by the chasing cavalry of Tamim led by Zahra ibn Hawiyah./>[Notes 16][32]
As the backbone of the Sassanid armed forces were decimated, news spreads wild on Iraq, as many of cities who broke their allegiance with the caliphate before, now succumbed again.[32] Sa'd immediately send the news of this great victory to Medina, which responded with joy as the Caliph immediately gathered peoples of Medina to inform the victory of Sa'd in his sermon.[32] Sayf ibn Umar particularly wrote how the Arab tribe in Aden Abyan, Yemen, has full attention and concern regarding the development in Qadisiyyah, as they though the result of this battle will even affect Yemen.[32]
Crossing of Tigris and conquest of Ctesiphon
Shortly after Sa'd informing the victory in Qadisiyyah to Medina,[Notes 17] He commands the entire forces to march again, as Sa'd now aims to subdue the Sassanid capital, Ctesiphon. Sa'd rearrange the commands of the army again to the five division formation,[56] and appoint Zuhra ibn Hawiyah as the vanguard, to march first to the north, while he replace Khalid ibn Arfatha with Hashim ibn Utbah, his step nephew, as his deputy and Khalid instead reappointed as rear guard commander.[32] As the vanguard reached Borsippa, Zuhra immediately defeat the remnants of Sassanid army under Busbuhra in Battle of Burs.[32] Sa'd meet a force of Firuzan, which the caliphate army defeat easily.[32] Then the force of caliphate under Sa'd marches again until they meet another Sasanian resistance in Kutsa, Sawad.[32] the Sasanid were defeated after their leader, Syahriyar, were beaten in a duel against Muslim soldier named Abu Nabatah Naim al-Raji, who in turn were awarded by Sa'd with crown and bracelets of Syahriyar as spoils of war.[32]
After the town were pacified, Sa'd continues to march again until they pacified one of the Sassanid capital suburb, Bahurashir.[32] Sa'd placed his army in this place and used it as military headquarters, while he sent smaller companies to gather any intel.[32] However, these small raiding parties did not find any of hostile forces and bringing 100,000 Dirhams which they seized from local farmers and prompting Sa'd informed the Caliph in Medina regarding his founding and his soldiers conduct, which responded by Umar to forbid the seizing conduct and instead offer them to Islam or paying Jizya, which Sa'd done according to Umar instruction by sending Salman the Persian to offer the locals of those two choices.[32] This was responded well by the locals, except the citizens of Bahurashir, who offered them resistance behind their walls.[32] Then Sa'd besiege Bahurashir and build 20 Trebuchets to subdue the suburb town, which responded by the garrison of Bahurashir to sent raiding forces outside the wall to stop those 20 trebuchets functioning. However, their effort were repelled by Zuhrah ibn Hawiyah, despite Zuhra suffered injuries in protecting those machines.[32] The siege mounted until garrison of Bahurashir suffered from supply and food shortage, which caused them to abandon Bahurashir and crossing Tigris river toward Al-Mada'in.[32] Knowing the garrison defenders has leave, Sa'd entered the abandoned Bahurashir.[32][57]
At that time, the river of Tigris also undergoing the heavy tide, and crossing without boats were impossible for the Rashidun forces, So Sa'd were forced to wait as they hoped the high stream phase of the river will be passed later until they can cross the river without boats.[32][57] Sa'd then grew frustrated as he was informed by locals that Yazdegerd III were going to evacuate all the treasury in Mada'in towards Hulwan, so that night the desperate Sa'd were reportedly praying so intensive due to this reason.[32][57] That morning, Sa'd changed his mind and decided to speak to the entire army that he willing to take the risk as the entire forces should cross the river with their mounts despite the high tide, which, Sa'd reasoning that they need to subdue Mada'in immediately and deny Yazdegerd any chance to use his wealth building another army.[32][9] At first, they are hesitant as the river torrents are so fierce, however, as Sa'd motivated them, (Some say that it was Salman who advised Sa'ad to command the army to walk on water) they immediately comply, as one by one of them started to plunged themselves to the river and crossing the river carefully, started with Asim ibn 'Amr, then followed one by one, until any of them has plunged themselves to the river.[32] It is reported by Ibn Kathir, the [ersian Sassanids in al-Mada'in castle, yelled "Dhvana..diwana..." (crazy! they are crazy!) as they cannot believe the Rasidun army really attempted to cross the torrential river without boats.[32] The Sassanids then attempted to intercept this crossing by sending their cavalries, although Asim on the vanguard easily repelled them by instructing his archers to aim for their horses eyes, which caused the blinded horses move uncontrollably and caused the Persian to abandon their horses and running in foot.[32] As they are running, Asim commit most of his forces who already crossed the river to hunt and catch those Persians who are running.[32] Then the whole army descended into the river with nothing left, They walk in over the water as if they were walking on land until the Rashidun army filled the two banks the river.[32] By the time they reached the Sassanid capital, Sa'd has been already healed from his sickness which he suffered since the battle of al-Qadisiyyah.
Wealth of Yazdegerd
When the whole army had landed on the ground, the horses shook off the water attached to their bodies.[32] After that they immediately chased after the soldiers, Persian who fled to enter Madain.[33][43][9] But they didn't find no one and Yazdegerd has evacuated his entire family and all property things that can be saved while They leave what they can't take with them such as livestock, clothing, household utensils, jugs, vases and the priceless oils in their Kisra treasury.[9][32] It is recorded by Ibn Kathir that the caliphate army has managed to secure al-Mada'in treasury with value no less than 3,000,000,000,000,000 dinars (approximately 810 trillions USD in modern exchange rate),[32] Which included golden statues, empire regalias, mount of Camphor, and palace carpets that measured as at least 100 meters in length.[9] The Muslims also found the crown and gown of Yazdegerd as they found it on the sack that were loaded on a mule which immediately confiscated by Zuhra, who immediately brought to Sa'd.[32]
Then they walked along the aisles and alleys freely until the found the palace were abandoned.[32] Then Sa'd sending Salman to preach Islam towards the subdued megalopolis.[32] On the third day they came out of the palace and Sa'ad entered and occupied it and made it Islamic Prayer Room In the month of Safar this year he gathered his troops to carry out Friday prayers in the palace. It is said by Ibn Shamil that this is the first Friday prayer established in country of Iraq as Sa'd had intended to live in this palace.[32] Sa'd then appoint 'Amr ibn 'Amr al-Muzani to manage the spoils, and Salman to distribute the fifth of spoils to the soldiers, and since the entire army were consisted of mounted soldiers, both horses and camels, each soldiers got at least 12,000 Silver Dirham. While the rest were sent to Medina with Bayir ibn al-Khasasiyah as the officer who brought the mass of wealth into the capital of Rashidun caliphate.[32]
As the wealth of Persians has reached Medina, caliph Umar immediately took the golden bracelet of Yazdegerd and giving it to Suraqa bin Malik, a Kinana tribesmen from Banu Midhlaj, as according to a Hadith prophesied by Muhammad during the Muslims migration from Mecca to Medina, Muhammad promised Suraqa, who at that time served as Meccan Quraysh hunter, the bracelets of Yazdegerd if the latter stop chasing them.[32][9]
Governorate in Kufa
Shorty after Sa'd conquered al-Madain, one of the most major instruction passed by Umar were to not advance immediately in chasing down the Sassanid forces who fled to the mountainous area, instead he instructed Sa'd to stabilize the conquered area first as the priority.[40]
However, he heard the intelligence that the people of Mosul had gathered at Tikrit under a figure named al-Antioch.[32] al-Antioch has gathered some Byzantine army as his allies, which coupled with another man named Syaharijah and Arab Christian warriors from the tribe of Iyad, Taghlib, and an-Nimr.[32] Sa'd wrote a letter to Umar about this news which replied by Umar ordered him to delegate the mission chose a troop of soldiers to launch preemptive attack to Mosul.[58] The instruction from Umar responded by Sa'd to immediately appoint Abdullah ibn Mu'tam as the commander of the forces to attack Mosul, with Rib'i bin al-Afkal al-Inazi as the vanguard.[32] Sa'd further appoint Al-Harith ibn Hassan on the right wing, Furat ibn Hayyan on the left wing, while Hani ibn Qais, and Arfajah bin Harthama on the cavalry, with Arfajah as the first to reach Tikrit.[59] After they finished with Tikrit, Ibn al-Mu'ta'm sent Rabi'i ibn al-Afkal and Arfajah to subdue Nineveh and Mosul, before the news about Byzantine under Antiqa defeat in Tikrit spreading wide.[59] then both Arfajah and Ibn al Mu'ta'm succeeded to force surrender from both city and subject both to Jizya tribute.[60]
Later, as Yazdegerd fled from to Hulwan, he immediately gathered his soldiers and followers who were in every territory he came to pass until it mustered into more than 100,000 soldiers and appointed Mihran as the commander of this huge army.[32] According to John Paul C. Nzomiwu, Yazdegerd raised this massive army from Hulwan as he cannot accept the defeat in al-Qadisiyyah.[61] The army of Mihran dug a big ditch around it them as a defense and dwelt in that place with a number of troops, supplies and lots of equipment. to pass Sa'ad immediately sent a letter to Umar about further instruction, which replied by the Caliph for Sa'd to stay in al-Mada'in and appoint Hashim ibn Utbah as the leader of the troops to attack Jalula, Sa'ad immediately executed these instructions and sending Hashim ibn Utbah to lead the Rashidun troopes to engage Mihran forces in the battle of Jalula.[58] Al-Qa'qa were appointed as vanguard, Malik ibn Si'r as right wing, 'Amr ibn Malik on the left, while 'Amr ibn Murrah al-Juhani as rearguard.[32] The said composition of the overall Rashidun troops sent to Jalula numbered 12,000 soldiers, which consisted veteran warriors from Muhajirun and Ansar from the tribal chiefs of the interior Arabs.[32] In this battle alone, It is said that the Muslims also managed to seize spoils in the form of treasures, weapons, gold and silver which amounted to almost as many as the treasures they found in al-Madain,[Notes 18] There are also ornaments and silver dishes among the spoils.[62] Meanwhile, Asad Q. Ahmed note it is bigger than spoils in Ctesiphon.[63]
After the operation in Jalula has ended, Umar further relaying his next instruction towards Sa'd for Hashim ibn Utbah to stay in Jalula, while al-Qa'qa should continue marches on to pursue Yazdegerd to Hulwan.[32] Al-Qa'qa then clashed against another Sassanid forces in Hulwan named Kihran ar-Razi, who al-Qa'qa personally slay in the battlefield, while another Sassanid commander, Fairuzan, managed to escape.[32] As Yazdegerd raising further resistance forces, Sa'd troops under Arfajah further chasing them, and sending the vanguard led by Tamim tribe warrior named Hurqus ibn Zuhayr as-Sa'di (known as Dhu al-Khuwaishirah at-Tamimi, the first Kharijites in history.[64]) to face them, Which ended with Hurqus managed to crush Yazdegerd army under Hormuzan in Ahvaz (known as Hormizd-Ardashir in modern era).[65] However, the massive spoils of war which has acquired after the battle of Jalula earlier now has become a source of major problem for Sa'd due to the unfounded complaints received by the caliph regarding Sa'd uneven distribution of the spoils from Jalula.[63] The complaint has caused the caliphate to recall Sa'd for interrogation, while the caliph ordered major investigation gathering the info regarding the accusation towards Sa'd.[63]
Founding of Kufa
Later, as the Arab armies has settled in al-Mada'in for some points, Umar then found a report of many case of his soldiers who settled in Iraq has been plagued with sickness.[32] The soldiers whose reported to Umar then reported that the Arab soldiers who struck with sickness in Iraq were became sick because "they resides in a place that were not fit for camels".[32] This words of the envoy from Iraq were theorized by historians of later era that the Arab army resides in al-Mada'in became sick because they are not used for non-desert climate of al-Mada'in, which were characterized by medieval chroniclers as highly urbanized megalopolitan with dense forest feature.[32] This theory were also based on Umar responds who seems understand well the problem and sending Ammar ibn Yasir and Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman to Iraq to inform this instruction, while also assisting the generals in Iraq for searching places fit for Arab armies settlement.[32] As per instruction from Umar, The Iraqi generals bring their forces into separate areas while transporting structure materials from Al-Mada'in as per instruction from Ammar and Hudhayfah.[32] Utbah ibn Ghazwan and Arfajah goes to the place to built Amsar garrison in Basra, while Sa'd were about to found new headquarters in Iraq for his army, so he moved towards a location that will known in the future as Kufa.[32] here, he transported and dismantled walls and military structures from al-Mada'in to built a new garrison city which called Amsar[66] the new Amsar were formally called Jund al-Kufah were built by Sa'd with features of seven divisions of complex that outfitted the Muslim soldiers who settled in that area permanently along with their family Sa'd made Kufa as his permanent headquarters.[66]
As Sa'd has settled the garrison city of Kufa, he instructed Hashim ibn Utbah to bring his forces towards Ahvaz, Manazir, and Tira river,[Notes 19] where he will face Hormuzan, a fugitive commander who has survived the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah.[32] Tabari reported that In the year 17 AH - some say in 16 AH - Hormuzan controlled some areas those areas.[32] In addition, Utbah ibn Gahzwan also prepared his troops from Basra to assist forces of Hashim who appoint Nu'man ibn Mas'ud and Nu'aim ibn Muqarrin, where they won the battle and force Hormuzan to flee from those areas.[32] Later, Yazdegerd mustering another army to attack the city of Basra, which has been heard by Umar.[32] The Caliph responded to write a letter to Sa'd in Kufa to senhis troops in large numbers to Ahvaz under the command of Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin, to confront those threat which led by Hormuzan.[32] Umar also mentioned that Sa'd should appoint Jarir ibn Abdillah al-Bajili, Jarir ibn Abdillah al-Humairi, Suwaid ibn al-Muqarrin, and Abdullah bin Dzi as-Sahmain for the positions of field commanders.[32] Umar also wrote another letter to Abu Musa al-Ash'ari who was assigned in Basra to send troops in large numbers to Ahvaz under the command of Sahl ibn Adi, and instructed him to include powerful fighters such as al-Bara' ibn Malik, Asim ibn 'Amr, Mujaz'ah ibn Thawr as-Sadusi, Ka'b ibn Sur, Arfajah ibn Harthamah, Hudhayfah al-Bariqi, Abdurrahman ibn Sahl, al-Hushain ibn Ma'bad under the command of Abu Saburah ibn Abi Ruhm as overall field commander of the army.[32] Then this army were successful in defeating the Sassanid army and conquering most of Khuzestan.[32]
Later, as Sa'd heard Hormuzan once again gathered a group of Persian forces on the plain of Masabzan, he immediately informed caliph Umar, who in turn sent army led by Dhiraar ibn al-Khattab, Al-Hudhayl Al-Asadi, and Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi.[67] This force immediately engaged Hormuzan and successfully defeat the Persian in Masabzan, while capturing one of the Persian commander.[67] Sa'd in turn then placing Dhiraar as administrator in Masabzan area.[67]
Meanwhile, in Levant front, as Abu Ubaydah and Khalid ibn al-Walid were besieged in Emesa by huge Christian Arab army under Heraclius command, Umar immediately sending urgent message to Kufa for assistance towards Emesa, which Sa'd immediately sent al-Qa'qa and several thousands of cavalry to as reinforcements to Levant.[32] Then as the crisis in Levant averted as the besiegers of Emesa were repelled, Umar immediately sending message for al-Qa'qa to return to Iraq.[32]
Dismissal from command
In 638, Umar sent Muhammad ibn Maslamah to the newly founded Amsar of Kufa, as he heard there are scandals involving Sa'd, who at the time served as governor of Kufa, had built a public citadel next door to his own house. The noise from the nearby market was so deafening that Saad had built a locked gate into the citadel, which prompted the Caliph to sent Ibn Maslama to destroy the gate, which he did by setting fire to it.[68][better source needed]He refused all of Sa'd's offers of hospitality, but handed him a missive from Umar reminding him that the citadel should be available to the public and suggesting that he move his house. Saad denied to Ibn Maslamah that he had made the alleged remarks. Meanwhile, according to Asad Ahmed, the caliph also dispatched several intelligence service to investigate Sa'd conduct, such as a spy named Hashim ibn Walid ibn al-Mughira, to inquire any information about Sa'd in Kufa, which resulted in the spy finding unanimous support and positive impressions from the Kufa residents towards Sa'd, with the exception from the tribe of Bajila,[63] and the tribe of Abs.[63][5]
Years later, in 642 Ibn Maslamah sent again to investigate further complaints of Kufa citizens towards Sa'd.[12]: 242 Ibn Maslamah visited all the local mosques and heard all the complaints in public. Nearly everyone expressed satisfaction with Saad's conduct as governor; but eventually there was an accusation that he did not lead the prayers correctly and spent too much time hunting. Ibn Maslamah took Sa'd and his accusers back to Umar, which later Sa'd proven innocent while the accuser were only spreading rumors, although Umar keep on replacing Sa'd as governor.[69] According to al-Basalamah, this was done by Umar as he want to minimize any potential scandals, although he admit that he trusted Sa'd,[9] which attested by the caliph intelligence that they did not find of Sa'd misconduct proved during their investigation.[63] According to Asad Q. Ahmed, the reports about multitudes of complaints towards Sa'd were most likely because the incensed jealousy of several clans in Kufa towards Sa'd for his apparent high position as overlord of Iraq and for his closeness to his favorite general and also nephew, Hashim ibn Utba, which viewed by those who slandered him as nepotism.[63]
Later, on the eve of the battle of Nahavand, caliph Umar gathered war council consisted of Sa'd, Uthman, Ali, Talha, Zubayr, and Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib.[70]
Some narrations state that although ʿUmar deposed him from his post as governor, he recommended that the caliph who succeeded him reinstall Saʿd, since Umar had not deposed Saʿd due to any treachery.[32] Later, Sa'd was one of six people nominated by Umar ibn al-Khattab for the third caliphate. Umar left a will to whoever elected as caliph to appoint Sa'd as governor of Kufa, which are done by Uthman ibn al-Affan, who dismissed al-Mughira from Kufa and reappoint Sa'd as governor again as per Umar will.[32] However, several years later Sa'd involved in quarrell with Abdullah ibn Masud, as he cannot pay the money as he has debt to the latter. This quarrell has roused to Uthman, which then deposed Sa'd again from governorate of Kufa and appoint Al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan as replacement.[32]
First Muslim civil wars
When the First Fitna civil war broke out, Sa'd brought the majority of surviving Companions of the Prophet generations such as Ibn Abbas, Abdullah ibn Umar, Muhammad ibn Maslamah, Anas ibn Malik, Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi, Abu Ayyub al-Ansari and more others, along with prominent Tabi'un of Abdallah ibn Amir and Ahnaf ibn Qais to retire from internal strife and decided to keep neutral,[4][9] Which are shown that Sa'd, along with Ibn Umar and Ibn Maslamah rejected pleas from one of the faction during civil war to assist them.[71] Many resented these extremely influential yet pacifistic faction led by Sa'd, as some though their inactivity during the strife has prevented a decisive result of the conflict. where even Sa'd has been scolded by his own son, Umar ibn Sa'ad.[71] as Ibn Sa'd goading his father to either take one side or claim the caliphate for himself, which both are being rejected by Sa'd.
Sa'd outlived all ten blessed companions, and passed away leaving massive wealth to his inheritors at the age of eighty, around the year 674.[6]
From the portion of the last Zakat he pay to Marwan ibn al-Hakam has indicated that Saad left two hundred and fifty thousand dirhams worth on the day he died.[72]
Legacy
As a figure with a long career in early Islamic history and its conquests, Sa'd has left a rich legacy in which he is discussed as military figure by Middle Eastern historians, a venerable saint of Islam by Islamic scholars, or as a source of influence for Islamic culture in China by historical researchers of China. Sa'd's characterization in history as a hero of Islam and the Arabs was even used by Saddam Hussein as role model to link himself with the conqueror of Iraq.[73]
Islam scholarship
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Sunni Muslims regard him as one of the ten to whom Paradise was promised. One Islamic source, Sahih Bukhari, states: To urge him on [during Uhud], Muhammad said: "Shoot, Saʿd ...may my mother and father be your ransom.". This was reported by Ali ibn Abi Talib, who said that he had not heard Muhammad promise such a ransom to anyone, except for Sa'd .[74] Aside from the nomination as the ten prominent Sahabah, participation in Badr, and his heroic act during Uhud, scholars agreed for various matter that further elevated his status in Islam, such as various verses of Qur'an that revealed by Muhammad and attributed to him:
- The accident when Sa'd defying his mother urge to leave Islam were the cause of two verses, the first were Asbab al-Nuzul (revelation) of Qur'an Sura Al-Ankabut, Ayah/verse 8|Quran 29:8 (Translated by Shakir) which praised Sa'd steadfastness on Islam despite the threat from his closest family.[4][9]
- The second verse regarding Sa'd defiance to his mother also caused Muhammad to reveal Sura Luqman, verse 15|Quran 31:15 (Translated by Shakir) which admonished Sa'd to be easy on his steadfastness towards his parents, as Islam put an emphasis on filial piety as serious issue.[5][75]
- The third verse were Sura Al-An'am, verse 52|Quran 6:52 (Translated by Shakir), which revealed for Sa'd, Abdullah ibn Mas'ud, and Urbiah, as the command from Allah to Muslims to be good towards the weaks and poors.[76]
- The fourth of Qur'an Sura Al-Anfal, verse 1|Quran 8:1 (Translated by Shakir) by Muhammad were believed by Muslim scholars were meant to immortalize Sa'd action during the battle of Badr, where he killed a Quraysh champion in a duel.[15]
- The fifth revelation for Sa'd were during the first The first pilgrimage, Sa'd became one witnessed the Pledge of the Tree,[9] which recorded in Sahih al-Bukhari,[22] as Sa'd became one of the 1,400 who collectively praised directly by Allah through Muhammad revelation of Qur'an Sura Al-Fath, verse 18|Quran 48:18 (Translated by Shakir).[9][23]
Sa'd also attributed by Muslim scholars for transmitting various hadiths, such as at least fifteen hadiths in Sahih Al-Bukhari and Muslim, both agreed upon. While the hadiths that only narrated by Bukhari were out five hadiths for Sa'd, and Muslim eighteen hadiths.[77] while Ahmad ibn Hanbal has listed in his Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal about 177 hadiths.[78] various prominent narrators such as Abdullah ibn Umar, Aisha bint Abi Bakr, Abdullah ibn Abbas, Al-Sa’ib ibn Yazid, Jubayr ibn Mut’im, Jabir ibn Abdullah bin Amr bin Haram, and many other chains also narrating from Sa'd, as Dhahabi recorded.[77] while Al-Tirmidhi has recorded a Hadith from Muhammad narrated by Sa'd regarding Prophet Jonah who prayed during his time inside giant fish belly.[79]
Sa'd also recorded in history as one of earliest practitioner of Muzara'a, a business model according to Sharia similar to sharecropping whereby the product was shared according to fixed ratio.[80]
Architecture
Sa'd were credited for his foundation of the new city of Kufa which adjacent to Al-Hirah city founded by classical Arab ruler Nu'man ibn al-Mundhir,[81] which According to Imamuddin the town reached its glory during the time of Umar himself who called it Ras Islam.[81] This new developed city that Sa'd has designed that stands until today,[81] which originally were built for settlements to accommodate Muslim army permanent settlement in Iraq.[32] Thus, Sa'd had many public service structures built in this city credited for him, such as had a canal constructed which was named after him, and Congregational mosque of Kufa that constructed for the Friday prayer of 40,000 persons with wide verandah of 100 yards long was built in front of the congregational hall, While the main roads of this city were built twenty yards wide and streets thirty to forty-five feet at length,[81] where its Dar al Imara structure were located south of its Qibla wall.[82] The Kufa grand mosque also has later historical significance, as it became the place where Hasan–Muawiya treaty occurred, and Hassan ibn Ali decided to abdicate the position of Caliph and pledge Mu'awiyah as next Caliph.[83]
Meanwhile, before his founding of Kufa, after the conquest of Sassanid capital, al-Mada'in, Sa'd were credited by Ibn Shamil in his commentary of al-Bidaya wa Nihaya record of Ibn Kathir as the first to lead Friday prayer in Iraq.[32] Where he transformed the main hall of the palace of Ctesiphon for the Friday congregational prayer for the Muslim conquering forces.[82]
Military
As Hawtings measured the military activity of Sa'd were spanned from 14 AH to 19 AH,[84] most historians agree with acclaimed achievements done by Sa'd for his two most important battles in Iraq which led by Sa'd, which is the battle of Qadisiyyah, and the pacification of Sassanid capital, Ctesiphon, has marked important legacy in middle east.[85][30][48][84] The battle of al-Qadisiyyah itself were considered by Bashamil, in his commentary of Ibn Kathir book al Bidaya wa Nihaya, as mark of permanent entrenchment of the caliphate presence in Iraq, as almost all Iraq cities that broke their allegiance with caliphate, the moment Khalid ibn al-Walid departed to Levant, immediately succumbed towards Sa'd, as they Iraqi were convinced that the glory of Persian Sassanids already waned and this is the age of Islam caliphate.[32] Meanwhile, Sayf ibn Umar even highlighted that how for the battle of al-Qadisiyyah effects were far greater beyond Iraq and Persian soils, as Sayf has reported that the Arab tribe in Aden Abyan, Yemen, giving full attention and monitoring closely the outcome in al-Qadisiyyah, as they though the result of this battle will even affect Yemen.[32][63]
AS for conquest of Ctesiphon has Sa'd amassed the untold wealth of the Persian empire that according to Ibn Kathir, it worth at least 3,000 billions of Gold dinar (810 trillion in US Dollars), Which Sa'd immediately sent those gigantic spoils of war to Medina, after being split a fifth reserved for his soldiers.[32] While for the victory of lesser known battle of Jalula, the army commanded by Sa'd were said managed to seize similar value of spoils of war they get from Ctesiphon,[32] or even bigger, as according to Asad Ahmed, the spoils of Jalula were the biggest seizure during the conquest of Persia.[63]
Alleged Visit to China and Bangladesh
Saʿd has been traditionally credited by Hui Muslims with introducing Islam to China for particularly two primary sources:
- According to Local Hui Muslims that Sa'd has come as caliphate ambassador in 650, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang.[86][87] As mosque in the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh has also been found, which is said to be built by himself in 648, and also locally called after his name as Abu Akkas mosque.[88][89]
- According to Chinese traveller named Liu Ch'ih, who credited Sa'd ibn abi Waqqas for introducing Islam in China in 616 AD after he moved to China from Abyssinia[90]
Despite several Chinese local claimants as descendant of Sa'd,[91] The multitude claims that Sa'd were once visit China remains controversial among scholars,[92] as Donald Leslie outlined: "Chinese Muslim tradition, with sources from the 14th century and later, has the Sahâba Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqâs, maternal cousin of the Prophet, conqueror of Persia and founder of Kufâh, sent with other envoys in 628, but it is highly unlikely that envoys were actually sent to China during the Prophet’s lifetime. Tabarî writes of envoys to Persia, Ethiopia and elsewhere, but does not mention China. We should note that besides the famous Guangzhou tomb for Waqqâs in China, there is one also in Medina, far more convincing".,[2] While L. C. Harris remarked that the majority Arab historians rejected this notion due to lack accountable narration and tradition records for such journey by Sa'd [93] However, Maurice Gajan implying the connection about the existence of Muslim traders came from middle east that who established small communities in the coastal towns of Quanzhou, Guangzhou, and Yangzhou during early medieval periods with local tradition about Sa'd journey.[94]
Regardless the controversies, culturalists agreed about the deep influences surrounded on Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas figure towards Chinese cultural heritage, particularly the mosques and tombs that attributed to Sa'd by local Chinese Muslims.[95] In Central Asia, his name is often transcribed as "Saduakas" (Sadvakas) and is a very common name among the nomadic peoples of Central Asia.
Character analysis
Saʿd was born in Mecca in 595. His father was Abu Waqqas Malik ibn Uhayb ibn Abd Manaf ibn Zuhrah from the Banu Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe.[6][96] Uhayb ibn Abd Manaf was the paternal uncle of Aminah bint Wahb,[citation needed] mother of Muhammad. Saʿd's mother was Hamnah bint Sufyan ibn Umayya ibn Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf.[97] Sa'd was related with Muhammad as the Prophet mother, Aminah, hailed from Sa'd clan, Banu Zuhrah. The lineage of Sa'd was testified by Muhammad in recorded tradition of a dialogue between the two, when the former asking "Who am i?", which replied by the latter "You are Sa'ad bin Malik bin Uhayb...May the curse of God be upon anyone who say otherwise.".[Notes 20] Sa'd had many children, among whom his sons Umar ibn Sa'ad and Amir and his daughter A'isha are the most well-known.[84]
Sa'd were described was medium height to short stature according to medieval Arab standart, darkened skin and pug-nosed. However, he is said has very muscular built.[9] After he embraced Islam Sa'd were known as fanatically loyal to his new faith, and by some extend, to Muhammad, to the point that he even threaten to kill his own brother, Utbah, as the said brother has injuring Muhammad during the Battle of Uhud.[4] He also even resorted to defy his mother plead to leave his new religion,[4] despite Sa'd were known by literature as famous for his filial piety among Meccan Quraysh.[5]
Sa'd were known for his skill on Mounted archery, as Sa'd boasted himself as the "First Muslim archer" during minor operation with small team of reconnaissance under Ubaydah ibn al-Harith toward Rabigh, where Sa'd covering his comrades during retreat as he shooting the enemy while retreating with his ride.[5] Al-Basalamah remarked during the last phase of the battle of Uhud, when Sa'd Muhammad, and around 12 Muslim soldiers were separated from main army and surrounded by the enemy, it is Sa'd powerful close range shot which instantly killing some of them that stunned the enemies in front of them, allowing this small group to find momentum to break the encirclement and join the main army.[9] Muslim scholars, both classical and contemporary remarked Sa'd legendary archery skill in this battle as being "gifted (by God)", as sa'd "superhuman" feat were granted due to his courageous attempt to cover the Prophet and his followers.[9][4][5] Despite the Muslim being defeated in Uhud, It is said after the battle ended, his peers praised Sa'd for his battlefield heroism (al-Battal in Arabic) and for his deed securing Muhammad safety during dangerous situation.[5] Sa'd served along with Abu Bakar, az-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Sa'd ibn Mu'adh al-Ansari were served as Haras or personal bodyguard of Muhammad.[98]
Leadership
During his tenure as highest command of the army in Iraq, Sa'd was more strategic and command figure, a far cry from his younger day reputation during the era of Muhammad as frontline hero. Imamuddin regarded Sa'd as wise ruler during his governorate in Iraq.[99] Asad Q. Ahmed remarks by saying Sa'd has been shown as politically astute during his duty in Iraq as he engaged in active roles against Umar over financial and political matters.[100]
Sa'd always relied and consulted any progression of the frontline to caliph Umar.[40][58] As the common views usually giving credits to Sa'd about regarding the great victory in Qadisiyyah, scholarship reviews more focusing on the figures behind his success in that battle.[41][30][9][43] Towards the lower offices, Sa'd leadership characterized by his liberal stance, as Sa'd usually give his subordinates freedom to express their ideas,[43][30] whether by relying on the wisdom of strategy experts such as al-Muthanna, Asim, al-Mughira and Arfajah[29] to complement his general strategy, while also letting decisive commanders like Tulayha, al-Qa'qa ibn 'Amr, or 'Amr ibn Ma'adi-Karib to mount their own initiatives during battle of Qadisiyyah.[30][9][43] or powerful warriors such as such as al-Bara' ibn Malik and Mujaz'ah ibn Thawr. Sa'd leadership style allowed creative field commanders like al-Qa'qa to freely use their creativity utilitizing the strategy of camel horde lines,[44] which unexpectedly managed to counter the fearsome elephants and Sassanids iron-clad horses,[9][48] as the combination of the stench and body masses of those camels within close vicinity has aroused significant stresses towards those two animals and stopped their charge on track.[9][33]
Another remarkable factor for Sa'd victory in al-Qadisiyyah were the quality of his archers, as Rashidun archers were typically precise and power shooters, akin to Byzantine archers in the Battle of Callinicum.[101] This powerful archery style allowed Rashidun archers to easily overcome Sassanid archers who preferred the rapid, showering Panjagan archery technique, as the former packed more punch and range than the latter during the Muslim conquest of Persia.[101] particular account appeared from Baladhuri who record testimony from a grandson of the survivor of Sassanid Army who witnessed the Battle of Qadisiyya how the Sassanid arrows failed to pierce Rashidun armors or shields, while in return the arrows of Muslim archers able to penetrate mail coats and double cuirass of Sassanid warriors.[102][101] This was highlighted by al Ubaisi in his commentary of Tabari book regarding the final day of al-Qadisiyyah.[48] In short, many of Sa'd brilliant victories against Persians were due to the brilliance of his able subordinates.[30]
However, al-Basalamah remarked that Sa'd himself were not short in warfare invention, Which al-Basalamah highlight on how Sa'd departed from the orthodox "five division" formation that consisted of old school vanguard, centre, and rearguard with two flanks, into thinner six division variation with centre, right centre, left centre, right cavalry, left cavalry, and long line of rearguard consisted of reserves,[9] or camelier corps.[44] While Sa'd also trained his cavalry wings to act like pendulum movement, an implementation of Karr wa Farr (engage-and-disengage) classical Arabian warfare strategy, to his battlefield formation, where these cavalry will charge and retreating to their starting position, while the other cavalry wing will reacting in opposite.[9] Contemporary historians also highlighted Sa'd brilliance of emissary exchange with Rostam, which Sa'd turn into psychological warfare that ultimately successfully to provoke Rostam to act first and drew his army to the field which favored by Sa'd.[30]
Relation with the Caliphs
During the reign of Abu Bakar, the caliph has trusted Sa'd as one his personal guards which played significant roles during the first stage of the great Ridda rebellions, such as defense of Medina,[24] and the pacification of Daumat al Jandal.[3]
Sa'd were said has harmonious relationship with caliph Umar, who has tendency to micromanage his governors and generals policy, as the Caliph many times to also decide the office policy of Sa'd general movements on the case the battle of al-Qadisiyyah, or the case of assignment of field commander compositions for many operations and the battle for Jalula.[30][32][43] This were further testified on how the Caliph also giving footnote for the Siege of Shushtar for the Rashidun generals to assign particular name such as al-Bara' ibn Malik, Mujaz'ah ibn Thawr, and Malik ibn Sur, all famed as strong warriors, to undergo the siege operation.[30][9][43] However, Sa'd did not mind that most of the time caliph Umar micromanaging some of his command jurisdiction such as when to engage in battle.[9] In fact, Sa'd intensifies his correspondencies with the caliph by creating intensive communication system between Medina and the frontline, to the point that the caliph arguably have fully comprehensive understanding regarding the developments in Qadisiyyah,[9][43] Up to the moment of Qadisiyyah, Umar has special concern for Sa'd, as the Caliph even saw the necessity to instruct the army in levant led by Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah and Khalid ibn al-Walid to sent reinforcement for Sa'd.[48] This trust relations of the Caliph with Sa'd were continued until the later era scandal during Sa'd governate of Kufa, where even the Caliph still said he still trusted Sa'd, although his policy were forced him to replace Sa'd with other governor.[9][5] The decision of deposing Sa'd were admitted by Umar were never personal, as it was necessary to do to prevent further scandals.[63] Some narrations state that although ʿUmar deposed him from his post as governor, he recommended that the caliph who succeeded him reinstall Saʿd in Kufa.[32]
Sa'd seems enjoyed some degree of good relationship during the caliphate of Uthman as Sa'd was one of six people nominated by Umar ibn al-Khattab for the third caliphate, which resulted in the unanonimous decision to elect Uthman, who further carry out the will of Umar to reinstall Sa'd as governor again by dismissing al-Mughira.[32] However, several years later relationship became soured as Sa'd involved in quarrel with Abdullah ibn Masud, due to Sa'd inability to pay the debt to the latter. This quarrel has roused to Uthman, which then deposed Sa'd again from governorate of Kufa and appoint Al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan as replacement.[32]
|
| Sa'd rejection towards his son's coercion to become involved in the civil war[5] |
During the First Fitna civil war broke out, Sa'd were among the majority of surviving Companions of the Prophet generations such as Ibn Abbas, Abdullah ibn Umar, Muhammad ibn Maslamah, Anas ibn Malik, Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi, Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, Zayd ibn Thabit, Salman the Persian, Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman, Usama ibn Zayd and more others, along with prominent Tabi'un of Abdallah ibn Amir and Ahnaf ibn Qais to retire from internal strife and decided to keep neutral,[103][4][9] Which are shown that Sa'd, along with Ibn Umar and Ibn Maslamah rejected pleas from one of the faction during civil war to assist them.[71] This faction were according to records were in fact contain the majority of Companions of the Prophet, as arguably the surviving Sahaba generation on that moment, which still numbered thousands of them were joining this neutral faction, despite few prominent figures involved in the civil war such as Talha, Zubayr, Aisha, Mu'awiyah and Ali.[104][103] The only one from this group who agreed to nominally involved were Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, who only agree to do so so during the non-combative arbitration role, and only when both warring sides agree to cease fighting.
Many resented these extremely influential yet pacifistic faction led by Sa'd and Ibn Maslama, as some though their inactivity during the strife has prevented a decisive result of the conflict. where even Sa'd has been scolded by his own son, Umar ibn Sa'ad, while later after the civil war ended, Ibn Maslamah were murdered in his own house as some citizen from Jordan broke into his house, also because of his neutrality.[71]
Modern analysts has theorized this neutrality which particularly shown by Sa'd were based on his genuine dislike of the strife, which he though the search of Uthman murderer should not dragging the entire caliphate into civil war[9][5][103] While Muslim scholars also agreed about the narration in the later day after the civil war ended, both Sa'd and Mu'awiyah agreed no one should revile or curse Ali.
Family tree
Descendants
Sa'd descendants has gained some degree of influence within the caliphate political sphere, particularly on the late Rashidun to the early Umayyad, while there are some in caliphate of Cordoba who gained prominence such Ibn al-Aflaily.
Early caliphate
Asad Q. Ahmed remarks on how the house of Sa'd was closely related to the southern Arabs as their main allies.[100] Sa'd had children from two Kindah women, the first were from Mawiyyah bint Qays al-Kindi, who bore him five children, three daughters and two sons.[100] While from other woman who are identified as Umm Hilal bint Rabi' al Kinda, a daughter of Hima (war camels breeding ground) supervisor in Kufa.[100] Umm Hilal has borne Sa'd three children.[100] Sa'd also has another wife from a woman of Banu Bahra' clan of Quda'a tribe, another southerner stock of tribe which claimed descent from Ma'ad ibn Adnan,[Notes 22]. The Bahra clan women were named Makita bint Amr, who have Kunya Umm Amir.[100] Makita bore four children.[100] Another spouse of Sa'd during his life was Salma bint Khasafah who bore him six children,[100] and at least eight more wives from various tribal backgrounds during Sa'd's life.
The highlights of Sa'd marriage towards certain clans woman were noted by Asad Q. Ahmed, as their descendants were playing some political role during the later era of caliphate.[100] Sa'd marriage with Mawiyyah and Umm Hilal solidified Sa'd descendants from those two kindite women, as Mawiyyah three daughters, married influential men of the caliphate, such as Al-Mughira ibn Shu'bah, Sa'd lieutenant and high ranked Sahaba hailed from Banu Thaqif, and Ibrahim ibn Abd ar Rahman, son of Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, an al-ʿashara al-mubashshara member and extremely wealthy Qurayshite noble from Zuhra clan, thus tied the two prominent Zuhrite households together.[100] Ibrahim, who already prominent judge in Baghdad during the time of al-Rashid, had son from Sa'd daughter, where the said son appointed as Shurta of Medina.[100] According to Asad Q. Ahmed, the most astounding son of Sa'd through Mawiyyah were Umar ibn Sa'ad, as he was the most enthusiastic to embrace the opportunity to mark his own name in political sphere as son of influential Sahaba.[100] Umar ibn Sa'd has been entrusted by Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad as Umar has served him greatly during the battle of Karbala and helped Ubayd Allah ascension as governor Rayy and Hamadan.[100] Later after the death of caliph Yazid I, Umar even gained greater influence than Ubayd Allah as he secured strong support from the tribe of Kinda to be appointed as governor of Iraq,[100] despite has been reviled by the Kufa citizens due to his involvement in the murder of Husayn ibn Ali.[100] Meanwhile, Umar's brother, Muhammad ibn Sa'd also served in favor of the Umayyad during the battle of al-Harra.[100]
Meanwhile, the marriage of Sa'd to the women from Banu Bakr bin Wail and Taghlib bin Wail also secured Sa'd descendants alliance with those tribes.[100] Sa'd sons from these tribes has curious closeness with Alids, such as Kharija ibn Sa'd, a Hadith scholar and one of narrator of Al-Tabarani.[100] However, despite the reportedly closeness of Kharija with the Alids, he instead married daughter of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, where their son then appointed as Sadaqah collector of the Zubayrids faction.[100] On the other side, the Taghlibid wive of Sa'd, Khawla al-Taghlib, also gained no less prominence due to her son, Mus'ab ibn Sa'd, has significant position to the Alids, as Mus'ab reportedly has narrated traditions from Ali, the fourth Rashidun caliph.[100] Mus'ab also engaged to daughter of Hashim ibn Utba, Sa'd own nephew who also known as one of most influential Alid faction personality.[100] Mus'ab also married to another strong Alid family, which is a daughter of Hasan ibn Farqad from Banu Dabba, one of Ali supporter in the battle of the camel. Thus, alliance marriages of Mus'ab were further strengthening the tie between house of Sa'd and the Alids while also further bond the Zuhra through Hashim daughter.[100]
The Quda'a wife of Sa'd, Makita bint Amir al-Bahra, also gave important alliance between the Qurayshite Zuhra with Banu Bahra, prominent southern noble family who had close ties with the Umayyad.[100] Asad Q. Ahmed outlined the prominence the Bahra within caliphate were derived from the fact this clan has produced the likes of Miqdad ibn Aswad,[100] as Khayr al-Din al-Zirikli recorded, a high ranked companion of the prophet from Muhajirun and veteran of the battle of Badr.[106] Asad Q. Ahmed highlighted that Miqdad were somehow closely tied with the Zuhra clan of Sa'd and Abd al Rahman ibn Auf, as Miqdad adoptive father and ex-master, Aswad ibn Abd al-Yaghuts al-Zuhri were also a Zuhra clansmen.[100] Furthermore, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas children from Makita were all married to Zuhra clan.[100]
The wive of Sa'd from Banu Talabah clan were Salma, widow of deceased al-Muthanna ibn Haritha.[100] Children of Sa'd and Salma has unique feature as possessed both Umayyad ties and Alid ties. Alid faction ties came from their daughter named Umm Ishaq, who married by Hashim ibn Utba, prominent Alid and Sa'd own nephew.[100] Meanwhile, the Umayyad ties came from third marriage of Umm Ishaq, as she married a supporter of Umayyad.[100] Another daughter of Sa'd and Salma were Umm Ayyub, who married Muhammad ibn Jubayr ibn Muṭʽim al-Abd Manaf, a strong Umayyad supporter according to Wilfred Madelung, while the third daughter, Umm 'Amr also married to Muhammad ibn Jubayr.[100] Thus, all of Salma daughter has strong ties with the Umayyad.[100] Meanwhile, Salma sons from Sa'd, Umayr al-Asghar and 'Amr, were fallen during the battle of al-Harra, which, according to Asad Q. Ahmed, an indication that both were high ranked Medina citizens.[100]
Asad Q. Ahmed concludes in his writing that Sa'd children and grandchildren gained prominence during the early years of the Umayyad caliphate and particularly popular with the southern Arabs tribes through his marriage alliances.[100] However, their prominence were dwinded after the rise of Marwanids, who more favored the Syrian-based northern Arabs at the expense of the southerner, including indirectly the house of Sa'd in general.[100]
Caliphate of Cordoba
Ibrahim ibn Muhammad as-Sa'di al-Zuhri, better known as Ibn al-Aflaily was a grammarian and linguist during the era of Caliphate of Córdoba were one of notable Sa'd descendant. according to Yaqut al-Hamawi, Ibrahim descended from Sa'd son named Khalid, with his Nasab lineage were Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Zakaria ibn Mufarrij ibn Yahya ibn Ziyad ibn Abdullah ibn Khalid ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas.[107] According to Ibn Bashkuwāl, Ibn al-Aflaily was accused about his religion during the days of Hisham II, and imprisoned for a while and then released.[108] Later, Muhammad II of Córdoba appointed Ibn al-Aflaily as minister during his reign.[109]
Notes
- ^ According to Sahih al-Bukhari.[9]
- ^ According to Hadith Haythami and al-Tabarani, through the chain of Amir ibn Sha'biyah, who heard Sa'd direct testimony[9]
- ^ Quoting the narration of Sahih Muslim, chapter: Fadail as-Sahaba: 41.[4]
- ^ Uthman An-Nahdi have been said, "On that day (Uhud) during which the Prophet fought, only Talhah bin `Ubaydullah and Sa`d remained with the Prophet.", Sa`id bin Al-Musayyib said, "I heard Sa`d bin Abi Waqqas saying, 'The Messenger of Allah gave me arrows from his quiver on the day of Uhud and said, "Shoot, may I sacrifice my father and mother for you."'" Al-Bukhari also collected this Hadith. The Two authentic hadeeths recorded that Sa`d bin Abi Waqqas said, "On the day of Uhud, I saw two men wearing white clothes, one to the right of the Prophet and one to his left, who were defending the Prophet fiercely. I have never seen these men before or after that day." which according to the author of Tafseer, Ibn Kathir, they are angels Jibril and Mika'il.[17]
- ^ There are several versions of the number of these groups protecting Muhammad:
- Ali ibn al-Athir recorded these small groups of surrounded Muslims were numbered 12 peoples, which also consisting another prominent Muhajirun, Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, who also suffered injuries during this fight as he lost his front teeth.[5]
- Another source mentioned Sa'd also accompanied by two another archers from Ansaris, Abu Talha al-Ansari and Qatada ibn al-Nu'man.[18]
- ^ accounts and hadiths that related to this incidents testified by first-hand witnesses of the battle such as Sa'd himself, Al-Baraʼ ibn ʽAzib, Abu Bakar, and others.[4]
- ^ narrathed through Sahih al-Bukhari no.6666.[22]
- ^ narrated through Sahih al-Bukhari no.6666.[22] Sa'ad said:
O Messenger of Allah. I have wealth and I only have one daughter to inherit from me.
Shall I give two thirds of my wealth as Sadaqah?" "No," replied the Prophet. "Then, (shall I give) a half?." asked Sa'ad and the Prophet again said 'no.' "Then, (shall I give) a third?' asked Sa'ad. "Yes," said the Prophet. "The third is much. Indeed to leave your heirs well-off is better than that you should leave them dependent on and to beg from people. If you spend anything seeking to gain thereby the pleasure of Allah,
you will be rewarded for it even if it is a morsel which you place in your wife's mouth.[6]
- ^ al-Basalamah believed the Caliph were attempted to implement a Hadith that "if 12,000 whole-hearted Muslims goes for sincere Jihad, they will invincible in any battlefield", regardless how much and how strong the enemies.[9] although, Tirmidhi has deemed this narration were not authentic and weak.[28]
- ^ According to Agha Ibrahim Akram, This was not a tactic of deception but an implementation of the command of Muhammad, who used to order his troops to call the enemy to Islam before engaging them in battle.[31]
- ^ Most Hadith scholars expressed their skepticism regarding historical narration of Sayf ibn Umar although non narrative historical informations of him was not criticized[37][38]
- ^ According to al-Basalamah, Sa'd thought this formation will make the Muslim armies looks bigger than their actual number in the eyes of the opposing forces.[9]
- ^ According to al-Basalamah, these cavalry which tasked with such suicidal mission manage to cut the girdle of the elephant Howdah and killing the rider, while scaring the elephant with their lances and strikes, causing the elephant to flee followed by other elephants.[9]
- ^ Al-Qa'qa cameliers bringing wooden statue of monster creature head that tied to their camel's head as per al-Qa'qa instruction in an attempt to further scaring the elephants.[9]
- ^ Skepticism regarding Ya'qubi version existed[55]
- ^ The final casualties of the Sassanids are not clear, but contemporary researchers suggested from about 30,000 to "probably exceeding hundred of thousands".[48]
- ^ Muhammad ibn Shamil listed the medieval chroniclers have different year about Battle of Qadisiyyah, Tabari and Sayf ibn Umar recorded it happened in 15 AH (636 AD), while Waqidi and Ibn Ishaq record in 16 AH (637 AD).[32]
- ^ In the original written Sa'adian text this correction is from Tarikh ath-Thabari, 4/24. See his biography in al-Ishabah, 3/257.[32]
- ^ Manadzir: two lands at the edge of Khuziztan, Manadzir al-Kubra and Manadzir as-Sughra, 5/199; Tira River is a country near al-Ahvaz, 5/319; Dujail was a river in al-Ahvaz dug by Ardashir son of Baabik, one of the Persian kings, the source of the land of Isfahan and its last drain in the bay near Abbadan[32]
- ^ recorded by Dawraqi; al-Dahhak (Ibn al-Asim) in his book, al-Ahad; al-Tabarani in Mu'jam al Kabir; an-Naisaburi in Ma'rifat 'Ulum al-Hadith; Ahmad ibn Hanbal in al-Ilal; Ibn Hayyan in Tabaqat; Ila al-Daraqutni; Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi in Tarikh; and Ibn Asakir.[84]
- ^ Bolded names are peoples with significant relationship between the Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Muhammad
- ^ The origins of the Quda'a are obscure, with the claims of medieval Arab genealogists being contradictory.[105] Some claimed that Quda'a, the tribe's progenitor, was a son of Ma'add, thus making the tribe northern Arabians, or a descendant of Himyar (south Arabians), basing their claims on traditions and quotes attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[105] Among these alleged utterances of Muhammad were that Ma'add's kunya was Abū Quḍāʿa ("Father of Quda'a") or that he explicitly stated Quda'a was a descendant of Himyar.[105] Some medieval traditions harmonized these seemingly contradictory claims by holding that Quda'a's mother was the wife of Malik ibn 'Amr ibn Murra ibn Malik ibn Himyar, and that she later wed Ma'add, bringing Quda'a with her; thus Quda'a became known as a son of Ma'add, albeit not a biological one.[105]
See also
- Emperor Gaozong of Tang
- Al-Mughira
- Rashidun cavalry
- Sunni view of the Sahaba
- The ten to whom Paradise was promised
- List of Sahabah
References
Citations
- ^ a b Thomas Patrick Hughes (1895). "Saʿd Ibn Abī Waqqās". A Dictionary of Islam. London: W.H. Allen & Co. p. 554.
- ^ a b D.D. Leslie, “The Sahaba Sa’d ibn abi Waqqâs in China”, in The Legacy of Islam in China, papers edited by Dru Gladney, Harvard, 1989. See also Leslie, Islam, ch. 8, pp. 69-78; Leslie, “Muslims in Early China”, p. 345; and Tasaka (Tazaka) Kôdo, Chûgoku ni okeru Kaikyô no denrai to sono gutsû, Tokyo, 1964, 2 vols., and “Chûgoku Kaikyô shijô ni okeru Waqqas denkyô no densetsu ni tsuite”, pp. 391-406 in Wada Festschrift, 1951
- ^ a b c d e Fahmi, Hadi (2018). "Saad bin Abi Waqas". Mawdoo3. Mawdoo3. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Kırkıncı, Mehmet; Karaman, Hayreddin; Günenç, Halil; Kırkıncı, Mehmet; Sevinçgül, Ömer; Güllüce, Veysel; Aydıner, Furkan; Sabaz, Burhan; Nurbaki, Haluk; Sarıcık, Murat; Eren, Şadi; Dikmen, Mehmet; Dalkıran, Sayın; Başar, Alaaddin; Paksu, Mehmet (2021). "Sa'd bin Abi Waqqas (r.a.)". Questions on Islam (in English and Turkish). Questions on Islam © 2003 - 2021 ; Encyclopedia of the Companions. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
Link to all authors
{{cite web}}: External link in|quote= - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v ibn al-Athir, Ali; Al-Jazari, Ali Bin Abi Al-Karam Muhammad Bin Muhammad Bin Abdul-Karim Bin Abdul-Wahed Al-Shaibani (1994). "Sa;d ibn Abi Waqqas". Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah (in Arabic). Dar al-Kotob Ilmiya. Retrieved 28 November 2021.Riyadh ibn Badr al-Bajrey (2019). kajian Sahabat Nabi: Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqash; commentary of companion of the prophet: Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (in Indonesian and Arabic). Bali.
- ^ a b c d e f "Sa'ad Ibn Abi Waqqas (radhi allahu anhu): The Story of a man who accepted Islam in its early days". ahya.org. Archived from the original on 10 September 2005.
- ^ Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, Yusuf ibn Abdallah ibn Mohammed (1992). Al-Bajawi, Ali (ed.). الاستعياب في معرفة الاصحاب [The Comprehensive Compilation of the Names of the Prophet's Companions Vol. 2] (1 ed.). Beirut: Dar al Jabl. p. 607. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
- ^ Al-Bayhaqi, Abu Bakar (1985). دلائل النبوة للبيهقي [Evidence of Prophecy by Al-Bayhaqi] (in Arabic) (First ed.). Beirut: Dar al Kutub al-Ilmiyyah. p. Hadith no. 498. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx Al-Mishri, Mahmud; Karimi, Izzudin; Syuaeb al-Faiz, Mohammad (2010). "Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas". Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah: chapter Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (in Malay). Pustaka Ibnu Katsir. ISBN 9789791294393. Retrieved 28 November 2021.Khalid Zeed Abdullah Basalamah (2015). bedah buku Kisah Sahabat Nabi ﷺ Ke-8: Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqash; review of Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book (in Indonesian and Arabic). Jakarta, Java Island.
- ^ Elardi, Hadeel; Amir Abdul Reda; Willoughby, Jay; Ismail, Normanni B.; Mabrouk, Ahmed; Zein, Ibrahim M.; Tammy Gaber, Philipp Bruckmayr, Sjjad Rizvi, Walid Ghali, Amina Inoles, Saheed Ahmad Rufai; El-Badawi, Emran; Muhammad Mumtaz Ali; Bond, Julian (2016). American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 33:4. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). p. 73. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Nafziger, George F.; Walton, Mark W. (2003). Islam at War: A History. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 23. ISBN 0-275-98101-0. See also page 278.
- ^ a b c Singh, Nagendra K. (2003). "42: Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas". Prophet Muhammad and His Companions (Hardcover). Global Vision Publishing House. pp. 279–282. ISBN 9788187746461. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ al-Tayalisi, Abu al-Walid. "فتح الباري شرح صحيح البخاري" [Information about the book Fath Al-Bari Explanation of Sahih Al-Bukhari]. Islam web. Islam web. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad (2001). "Sariyyah Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas". In Muhammad Umar, Ali (ed.). Tabaqat al Kubra Vol. 2 (in Arabic) (1 ed.). Beirut Lebanon: Dar al Sadr. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
quoting several classical Maghazi literature
- ^ a b c d Al-Wahidi Al-Naysabur, Abu Al-Hasan (2007). "The reason for the revelation of verse No. (1) of Surat Al-Anfal". Huda Qur'an. Huda Hawza for Islamic Studies contact@hodaalquran.com. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
Abu Saad Al-Nadwari told us, he said: Abu Bakr Al-Qatai’i told us, he said: Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Hanbal told us, he said: My father told us, he said: Abu Muawiyah told us, he said: Abu Ishaq Al-Shaibani told us, on the authority of Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Thaqafi, on the authority of Saad bin Abi Waqqas
- ^ a b c Ibn Abdurrahman as-Shithri, Abdul Aziz (2011). "Saad bin Abi Waqqas, may God be pleased with him". Alukah. Alukah. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
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Muhammad Nashiruddin Al-Albani ; Zakir Naik; Muhammad Abduh Tuasikal; Khalid Basalamah, Abdullah Gymnastiar, Ustadz Adi Hidayat
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War Guidelines, Political approach, Sa’d bin Abi Waqqas, Islamic war Approach, Human History of War, Rights of War Prisoners, Warriors, Battlefield, Conqueror of Persia
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2022 (link) - ^ The Muslim Conquest of Persia by A.I. Akram. p. 133 ISBN 0-19-597713-0, ISBN 978-0-19-597713-4
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10:23 There was no pitched battle in the early hours of the fourth day and that made the sassanids complacent 10:29 Before the troops got into position the Muslims sent her left cavalry charged behind enemy lines and achieved its goal of killing 10:37 Rostam 10:38 Although the sassanids eventually pushed this cavalry division away and built a front the death of their leader demoralized the army 10:46 The full charge of the Muslim army finally sent the sassanids into full retreat
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- ^ The Origins of the Islamic State quoting Yalubi volume II p. 165 Khuri Hitti, Phillip (2005). The Origins of the Islamic State quoting Ya'kubi vol II pp. 165, 2002. p. 415.
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{{cite book}}: External link in|ref= - ^ Paul C. Nzomiwu 1989, p. 40
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- ^ Subani 2013, p. 44.
- ^ Jalalipour 2014, p. 7.
- ^ a b Al-Baladhuri, Fotouh Al-Buldan, p. 275; Al-Hamawi, Mujam Al-Buldan, Part 4, pg. 490
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Ibn Salam , Layers of Stallions of Poets , achieved by Mahmoud Shaker ( Cairo ).; Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani , Al- Isbah in the Knowledge of the Companions (Al-Risala Foundation, Beirut 1328 AH ).; Abu Al-Faraj Al-Isfahani , Al- Aghani (Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, Beirut , 1992 ).
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Baladhuri; Futuh
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- ^ Rubin 2015, p. 403
- ^ "Biography of Sayyidina Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas – New Upload! – Mahajjah". Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ Mansur, Yakhsallah (2020). "Mengenal Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqash, Sahabat Penyebar Islam di China" [Getting to know Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqash, Friend of the Propagator of Islam in China]. Okezone (in Indonesian). Okezone. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
Sebagaimana keterangan dalam buku Ash-Shaffah (Yakhsyallah Mansur, 2015)
- ^ al-Zuhayli, Wahbah. "Tafsir Al-Wajiz" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 December 2021.
52 Dan janganlah kamu mengusir orang-orang fakir miskin dari majlismu wahai rasul, sedangkan mereka juga menyeru Tuhannya di pagi dan petang hari, mereka hanya mengharap keridhoan Tuhannya dalam beribadah. Kamu tidak memikul tanggung jawab sedikitpun terhadap perbuatan mereka dan merekapun tidak memikul tanggung jawab sedikitpun terhadap perbuatanmu, yang menyebabkan kamu berhak mengusir mereka atas dasar bahwa mereka tidak sederajat dengan orang-orang yang selain mereka dalam agama dan keutamaan, lalu engkau menjadi orang zalim jika mengusir mereka. Ayat ini turun untuk Sa’ad bin Abi Waqosh dan Abdullah bin Mas’ud dan Urbiah, mereka berkata kepada Rasulullah: Usirlah mereka, karena kami malu jika kami menjadi pengikutmu seperti mereka itu.” Riwayat ini adalah riwayat Ibnu Hubban dan Hakim yang menerangkan Ibnu Mas’ud bersama para pembesar Qurays, dan riwayat yang sahih adalah riwayat Muslim yang menerangkan bahwa orang enam itu yang meminta untuk mengusir orang-orang fakir miskin itu.
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- ^ Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad. "Musnad Ahmad bin Hanbal/Volume One/Musnad Abi Ishaq Saad bin Abi Waqqas (2)". Wikisource. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
- ^ ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi, Muhammad. "The Book of Invitations, Chapter on what is stated in the contract of glorification by hand; Hadith No.: 3505". Islamweb. Islamweb fatwa center. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
- ^ Ibrahim 2011, p. 88
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- ^ a b c d Q. Ahmed 2011, p. 23
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- ^ Munro-Hay, Stuart (2011). "A Chinese source for Aksumite history in the 6th and 7th centuries AD [article]". Annales d'Éthiopie. 26: 101. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
- ^ Kahle 1940, p. 52
- ^ Gajan 2015, p. 7; Benite, "From 'Literati' to 'Ulama'" 83.
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- ^ Short Biography of the Prophet & His Ten Companions. Darussalam. 2004. p. 80.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Q. Ahmed 2011, pp. 30–49
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- ^ Shoshan 2015, p. 139.
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- ^ a b c d Kuda'a 1986, pp. 315–318
- ^ Ziriklī, al-Aʿlām, vol. 7, p. 282.
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