Taxonomy of Protista

From Justapedia, unleashing the power of collective wisdom
(Redirected from Protista taxonomy)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Protista taxonomy vs phylogeny.png
Comparison between the taxonomy and the phylogeny of protists. Notice the paraphyly of the kingdoms and subkingdoms

A protist (/ˈproʊtɪst/) is any eukaryotic organism (one with cells containing a nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. The protists do not form a natural group, or clade, since they exclude certain eukaryotes with whom they share a common ancestor;[a] but, like algae or invertebrates, the grouping is used for convenience. In some systems of biological classification, such as the popular five-kingdom scheme proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969, the protists make up a kingdom called Protista, composed of "organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-colonial and which form no tissues".[1][2][b]

The following groups contain protists. The clade Opisthokonta also contains the animals and the fungi, and the kingdom Archaeplastida also contains algae and plants.

Key to symbols used:

* = Paraphyletic group
† = Extinct group
? = Group no longer mentioned in recent taxonomical publications

Kingdom Protozoa*

The Protozoa Godfuss (1817) is a paraphyletic assemblage of several groups of heterotrophic microorganisms. They are divided into two main groups:[3]

Subkingdom Sarcomastigota* Cavalier-Smith (1983), which contains the protist phyla more closely related to fungi and animals: Amoebozoa, Choanozoa and Sulcozoa*, as well as the phylum Microsporidia that has recently been integrated into the Fungi kingdom instead.[4]
Subkingdom Eozoa* Cavalier-Smith (2003), which contains the excavate phyla Euglenozoa, Percolozoa, Loukozoa* and Metamonada.

Subkingdom Sarcomastigota*

Phylum Amoebozoa

Phylogeny of Amoebozoa[5]
Amoebozoa
 

Discosea

 
Tevosa
 

Tubulinea

 
Evosea
 

Cutosa

 
Conosa
 

Archamoebea

 
Semiconosia
 

Variosea

 
 

Mycetozoa

 
 
 
 
 
 
Parasite140120-fig3 Acanthamoeba keratitis Figure 3B.png
Discosea: Acanthamoeba
Строение амебы Mayorella sp.jpg
Discosea: Mayorella
Thecamoeba striata001.JPG
Discosea: Thecamoeba
Hartmannella vermiformis.jpg
Discosea: Vermamoeba
Tubulinea: Leptomyxa
Hyalosphenia papilio from Hawley Bog Massachusetts.jpg
Tubulinea: Hyalosphenia
Collection Penard MHNG Specimen 88-2-2 Centropyxis aculeata.tif
Tubulinea: Centropyxis
Arcella sp.jpg
Tubulinea: Arcella
Amoeba proteus with many pseudopodia.jpg
Tubulinea: Amoeba
Chaos carolinense.jpg
Tubulinea: Chaos
Entamoeba histolytica.jpg
Archamoebea: Entamoeba
Algen I. (Schizophyceen, Flagellaten, Peridineen) (1910) (17950796051)-5.jpg
Variosea: Multicilia
ProtsteliumMycophagaFrtBody.jpg
Variosea: Protostelium
2014-04-12 Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa (Müll.) Mac 414773.jpg
Mycetozoa: Ceratiomyxa
Lycogala epidendrum (34203629594).jpg
Mycetozoa: Lycogala
Mucilago crustacea, Minera, North Wales, Aug 2017 (36412899972).jpg
Mycetozoa: Mucilago
Physarum polycephalum (2).jpg
Mycetozoa: Physarum

The current classification of phylum Amoebozoa Lühe 1913 em. Cavalier-Smith 1998 isn't entirely phylogenetic: subphylum Lobosa* is a paraphyletic group (Glycopoda* and Cutosa) as opposed to the monophyletic subphylum Conosa, and the superclass Glycopoda* is also a paraphyletic grouping (Discosea and Tubulinea) as opposed to the monophyletic superclass Cutosa. Phylogenetic trees show that Discosea is sister to Tevosa (Tubulinea + Evosea), and Tubulinea is sister to Evosea (Cutosa + Conosa).[5]

Phylum Choanozoa*

Phylogeny of Choanozoa*[4][15]
Opisthokonta
Holomycota
Fungi
 
 

Eumycota

 
 

Aphelida

 
 
 
 

Rozellida

 
 

Microsporidia

 
 
 
 

Cristidiscoidea

 
 
Holozoa
 

Ichthyosporea

 
 
 

Pluriformea

 
Filozoa
 

Filasterea

 
Apoikozoa
 

Choanoflagellatea

 
 

Metazoa

 
 
 
 
 
 

The phylum Choanozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981 is a paraphyletic grouping of all protists in the clade Opisthokonta that aren't fungi or animals. It is divided into two subphyla: Choanofila, more closely related to Kingdom Animalia, and Paramycia, more closely related to Kingdom Fungi.[16] Although previously grouped in Paramycia, recent taxonomies place Aphelida and Rozellida as separate phyla inside the Fungi kingdom.[4]

Subkingdom Eozoa*

Phylum Loukozoa

Class Jakobea Cavalier-Smith (1999)
Order Jakobida
Family Histionidae
Family Jakobidae
Class Malawimonadea
Order Malawimonadida
Family Malawimonadidae

Phylum Metamonada

Phylum Percolozoa

Phylum Euglenozoa

Kingdom Chromista

Subkingdom Hacrobia*

Phylum Telonemia

Phylum Haptista

Phylum Cryptista

Subkingdom Harosa

Rhizaria

Phylogeny of Rhizaria[35]
Rhizaria
Cercozoa
Filosa
 

Reticulofilosa

 
 

Monadofilosa

 
 
 
 

Endomyxa (taxonomically in Retaria)

 
 

Lapot gusevi

 
 
 
Retaria
 
 

Foraminifera

 
 

Polycystinea

 
 
 

Acantharea

 
 
 

The taxonomy of Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002 has changed in recent years due to the change in placement of Endomyxa. Originally, phylum Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1998 was made up of two subphyla: Filosa and Endomyxa.[36] The taxonomy of Cercozoa was then revised in 2018, after phylogenetic analyses placed Endomyxa in phylum Retaria Cavalier-Smith, 2002 instead of Cercozoa, rendering the taxon Filosa as a synonym for Cercozoa.[19] However, thanks to posterior phylogenomic analyses in 2019, the monophyly of Cercozoa (Filosa + Endomyxa) was confirmed, meaning Endomyxa isn't phylogenetically part of Retaria.[35]

This article follows the latest taxonomy, where Endomyxa is still part of Retaria and not Cercozoa,[19] despite this not being phylogenetically true.[35]

Phylum Cercozoa

Phylum Retaria

Phylogeny of Retaria[38]
Retaria
 
 
Foraminifera
 
 
 
Globothalamea
 

Rotaliida

 
 

"Textulariida"

 
 
 
 

"Monothalamea"

 
 
 

Tubothalamea

 
 
 

"Monothalamea"

 
 
 
 

Polycystinea

 
 
 
 

Acantharea

 
 

Taxopodida

 
 
 
Radiolaria.jpg
Radiozoa

Superphylum Alveolata

Phylum Ciliophora

Illustration of "Cilliata" from Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur

Phylum Myzozoa

Superphylum Heterokonta

Phylum Bigyra

Phylogeny of Bigyra[46][47]
Bigyra
Opalozoa
Placidozoa
 
 
Opalinata
 

Opalinea

 
 

Blastocystea

 
 
 

Opalomonadea  

 
 
 

Nanomonadea

 
 
 

Placididea

 
 
 

Bikosea

 
 
Sagenista
 

Eogyrea

 
 

Labyrinthulea

 
 
 

Phylum Gyrista

Phylogeny of Gyrista[47][29][52]
Gyrista
Ochrophyta
Chrysista
“SI clade”
Fucistia
 
 
 
 

Xanthophyceae

 
 

Chrysoparadoxophyceae

 
 
 

Phaeosacciophyceae

 
 
 
 

Schizocladiophyceae

 
 

Phaeophyceae

 
 
 
 
Aurophyceae
 

Aurearenophyceae

 
 

Phaeothamniophyceae

 
 
 
“PX clade”
Raphidoistia

Raphidophyceae

 
 
 

Limnistia

“SII clade”
 
Diatomista
 

Hypogyrista

 
Khakista
 

Bolidophyceae

 
 

Diatomea

 
 
“SIII clade”
 
 

?Bigyromonada

 
Pseudofungi
 

Oomycetes

 
 

Hyphochytrea

 
 
 

Kingdom Archaeplastida

Despite being technically inside the plant kingdom, rhodophytes and glaucophytes are considered protists under some definitions.

Division Glaucophyta

Division Rhodophyta

Protista incertae sedis

Meteora sporadica Hausmann, Weitere, Wolf & Arndt (2002)[66]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The first eukaryotes were “neither plants, animals, nor fungi”, hence as defined, the Protista would include the earliest common ancestor of all eukaryotes.
  2. ^ In the original 4-kingdom model proposed in 1959, Protista included all unicellular microorganisms such as bacteria.
  3. ^ These last three genera are considered as "possible" Centrohelea.[28]
  4. ^ The heliomonads, including Heliomorpha, have been transferred back into Cercozoa in an unpublished paper submitted in 2020 that revises the classification of Cercozoa. It is thought that the transnuclear cytoplasmic channels for the axopodial axonemes found both in Microhelida and Heliomonadida evolved independently.[32]
  5. ^ Phylogenetically, Endomyxa belongs to Cercozoa, not Retaria,[35] but the most recent taxonomy places it in Retaria.[19]
  6. ^ Probably paraphyletic.
  7. ^ This paraphyletic class includes the orders Allogromiida and Astrorhizida, the Xenophyophorea, and several unnamed clades recovered from environmental sampling.[44]
  8. ^ The new classification[45] only includes genera for which there is molecular data; the rest of the taxa contained in the older classification[43] follow a question mark "?".
  9. ^ This paraphyletic grade includes the polyphyletic Lituolida, the Loftusiida and the Textulariida sensu stricto.[44]
  10. ^ Polyphyletic group.[44]
  11. ^ This genus is currently the earliest diverging lineage of Labyrinthulea, which is why it still doesn't belong to any family.[49]
  12. ^ Though previously part of the order Thraustochytrida,[50] it is phylogenetically outside of any known order of Labyrinthulea and is the second earliest diverging lineage after Stellarchytrium.[49]
  13. ^ Probably paraphyletic.[29]
  14. ^ Cavalier-Smith suggested that Sulcochrysis is possibly related to Olisthodiscus, and grouped both genera within this subclass.[46][29] However, a study in, 2021 reveals that Olisthodiscales is part of a new class Olisthodiscophyceae, which includes only the genus Olisthodiscus. The position of the genus Sulcochrysis remains uncertain due to a lack of DNA sequences.[65]

References

  1. ^ Whittaker RH (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms". Science. 163 (3863): 150–160. Bibcode:1969Sci...163..150W. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.403.5430. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760.
  2. ^ "whittaker new concepts of kingdoms – Google Scholar". scholar.google.ca. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
  3. ^ Ruggiero MA, Gordon DP, Orrell TM, Bailly N, Bourgoin T, Brusca RC, Cavalier-Smith T, Guiry MD, Kirk PM (2015). "A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms". PLOS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248.
  4. ^ a b c Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy (2018), "High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses", Fungal Diversity, 90: 135–159, doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0
  5. ^ a b c d Kang, Seungho; Tice, Alexander K; Spiegel, Frederick W; Silberman, Jeffrey D; Pánek, Tomáš; Čepička, Ivan; Kostka, Martin; Kosakyan, Anush; Alcântara, Daniel M C; Roger, Andrew J; Shadwick, Lora L; Smirnov, Alexey; Kudryavtsev, Alexander; Lahr, Daniel J G; Brown, Matthew W (September 2017). "Between a Pod and a Hard Test: The Deep Evolution of Amoebae". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (9): 2258–2270. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx162. PMC 5850466. PMID 28505375.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Lewis R (2016). "187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 99: 275–296. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.023. ISSN 1055-7903.
  7. ^ Tice AK, Shadwick LL, Fiore-Donno AM, et al. (2016). "Expansion of the molecular and morphological diversity of Acanthamoebidae (Centramoebida, Amoebozoa) and identification of a novel life cycle type within the group". Biol Direct. 11: 69. doi:10.1186/s13062-016-0171-0.
  8. ^ a b c Smirnov, Alexey; Nassonova, Elena; Geisen, Stefan; Bonkowski, Michael; Kudryavtsev, Alexander; Berney, Cedric; Glotova, Anna; Bondarenko, Natalya; Dyková, Iva; Mrva, Martin; Fahrni, Jose; Pawlowski, Jan (2017). "Phylogeny and Systematics of Leptomyxid Amoebae (Amoebozoa, Tubulinea, Leptomyxida)". Protist. 168 (2): 220–252. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2016.10.006. ISSN 1434-4610.
  9. ^ Del Valle, Alvaro De Obeso Fernandez; Lorenzo-Morales, Jacob; Maciver, Sutherland K. (2017). "Leptomyxa valladaresi n. sp. (Amoebozoa, Tubulinea, Leptomyxida), from Mount Teide, Tenerife, Spain". Experimental Parasitology. 183: 85–91. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2017.09.017. ISSN 0014-4894.
  10. ^ Smirnov, Alexey (2018). "Fine structure of Leptomyxa ambigua n. sp. CCAP 1546/2 strain, formerly known as "Rhizamoeba flabellata" (Amoebozoa, Tubulinea, Leptomyxida)". European Journal of Protistology. 62: 95–100. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2017.12.001. ISSN 0932-4739.
  11. ^ a b c d González-Miguéns, Rubén; Todorov, Milcho; Blandenier, Quentin; Duckert, Clément; Porfirio-Sousa, Alfredo L.; Ribeiro, Giulia M.; Ramos, Diana; Lahr, Daniel J.G.; Buckley, David; Lara, Enrique (2022). "Deconstructing Difflugia: The tangled evolution of lobose testate amoebae shells (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) illustrates the importance of convergent evolution in protist phylogeny". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 175: 107557. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107557. ISSN 1055-7903.
  12. ^ Bobrov, Anatoly; Mazei, Yuri (2017). "A review of testate amoeba genus Cryptodifflugia Penard, 1890 (Phryganellina: Cryptodifflugiidae) with a key to species". Zootaxa. 4282 (2): 292–308. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4282.2.4.
  13. ^ Hart MB, Williams CL (1993). Benton MJ (ed.). The Fossil Record. Vol. 2. Chapman & Hall, London. ISBN 0 412 39380 8.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Leontyev, Dmitry V; Schnittler, Martin; Stephenson, Steven L; Novozhilov, Yuri K; Shchepin, Oleg N (March 2019). "Towards a phylogenetic classification of the Myxomycetes". Phytotaxa. 399 (3). doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.399.3.5.
  15. ^ Tikhonenkov DV, Mikhailov KV, Hehenberger E, Mylnikov AP, Aleoshin VV, Keeling PJ, et al. (2020). "New Lineage of Microbial Predators Adds Complexity to Reconstructing the Evolutionary Origin of Animals". Current Biology. 30 (22): 4500–4509. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.061.
  16. ^ a b Cavalier-Smith T (2012). "Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa". European journal of protistology. 49 (2): 115–178. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001. PMID 23085100.
  17. ^ Karpov SA, Mamkaeva MA, Aleoshin VV, Nassonova E, Lilje O, Gleason FH (2014). "Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia". Front Microbiol. 5: 112. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112. PMC 3975115. PMID 24734027.
  18. ^ Karpov SA, Tcvetkova VS, Mamkaeva MA, Torruella G, Timpano H, Moreira D, Mamanazarova KS, López-García P (2016). "Morphological and Genetic Diversity of Opisthosporidia: New Aphelid Paraphelidium tribonemae gen. et sp. nov". J Eukaryot Microbiol. 64 (2): 204–212. doi:10.1111/jeu.12352. PMC 5551964. PMID 27487286.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.; Lewis, Rhodri (April 2018). "Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria: contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria". Protoplasma. 255: 1517–1574. doi:10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1. PMC 6133090. PMID 29666938.
  20. ^ Cavalier-Smith T, Allsopp MTEP, Häuber MM, Gothe G, Chao EE, Couch JA, Maier UG (1996). "Chromobiote phylogeny: the enigmatic alga Reticulosphaera japonensis is an aberrant haptophyte, not a heterokont". European Journal of Phycology. 31 (3): 255–263. doi:10.1080/09670269600651461.
  21. ^ Norris RE (1983). "The family position of Papposphaera Tangen and Pappomonas Manton & Oates (Prymnesiophyceae) with records from the Indian Ocean". Phycologia. 22 (2): 161–169. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-22-2-161.
  22. ^ Edvardsen B, Eikrem W, Green JC, Andersen RA, Moon-van der Staay SY, Medlin LK (1 January 2000). "Phylogenetic reconstructions of the Haptophyta inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences and available morphological data". Phycologia. 39 (1): 19–35. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-39-1-19.1.
  23. ^ Edvardsen B, Eikrem W, Throndsen J, Sáez AG, Probert I, Medlin LK (2011). "Ribosomal DNA phylogenies and a morphological revision provide the basis for a revised taxonomy of the Prymnesiales (Haptophyta)". European Journal of Phycology. 46 (3): 202–228. doi:10.1080/09670262.2011.594095.
  24. ^ Nakayama T, Yoshida M, Noël MH, Kawachi M, Inouye I (2005). "Ultrastructure and phylogenetic position of Chrysoculter rhomhoideus gen. et sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae), a new flagellate haptophyte from Japanese coastal waters". Phycologia. 44: 369–383. doi:10.2216/0031-8884(2005)44[369:UAPPOC]2.0.CO;2.
  25. ^ Bendif EM, Probert I, Hervé A, Billard C, Goux D, Lelong C, Cadoret JP, Véron B (2011). "Integrative Taxonomy of the Pavlovophyceae (Haptophyta): A Reassessment". Protist. 162 (5): 738–761. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.05.001. ISSN 1434-4610.
  26. ^ Green JC (1980). "The fine structure of Pavlova pinguis Green and a preliminary survey of the order Pavlovales (Prymnesiophyceae)". British Phycological Journal. 15 (2): 151–191. doi:10.1080/00071618000650171.
  27. ^ Kawachi, Masanobu; Nakayama, Takuro; Kayama, Motoki; Nomura, Mami; Miyashita, Hideaki; Bojo, Othman; Rhodes, Lesley; Sym, Stuart; Pienaar, Richard N.; Probert, Ian; Inouye, Isao; Kamikawa, Ryoma (June 2021). "Rappemonads are haptophyte phytoplankton" (PDF). Current Biology. 31 (11): 2395–2403.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.012. PMID 33773100. S2CID 232369943.
  28. ^ a b c d e Yabuki A, Chao EE, Ishida KI, Cavalier-Smith T (2012). "Microheliella maris (Microhelida ord. n.), an Ultrastructurally Highly Distinctive New Axopodial Protist Species and Genus, and the Unity of Phylum Heliozoa". Protist. 163 (3): 356–388. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.10.001. ISSN 1434-4610.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255: 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3.
  30. ^ a b Daugbjerg N, Norlin A, Lovejoy C (23 August 2018). "Baffinella frigidus gen. et sp. nov. (Baffinellaceae fam. nov., Cryptophyceae) from Baffin Bay: Morphology, pigment profile, phylogeny, and growth rate response to three abiotic factors". J Phycol. 54 (5): 665–680. doi:10.1111/jpy.12766. PMID 30043990.
  31. ^ a b Clay BL, Kugrens P, Lee RE (October 1999). "A revised classification of Cryptophyta". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 131 (2): 131–151. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1999.tb01845.x.
  32. ^ a b c Cavalier-Smith T (2022). "Ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree: implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa, Plantae, and Fungi". Protoplasma. 259: 487–593. doi:10.1007/s00709-021-01665-7.
  33. ^ a b c d e f Bass D, Chao EE, Nikolaev S, Yabuki A, Ishida KI, Berney C, Pakzad U, Wylezich C, Cavalier-Smith T (2009). "Phylogeny of Novel Naked Filose and Reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea Revised". Protist. 160 (1): 75–109. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.07.002. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 18952499.
  34. ^ Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (2012). "Oxnerella micra sp. n. (Oxnerellidae fam. n.), a Tiny Naked Centrohelid, and the Diversity and Evolution of Heliozoa". Protist. 163 (4): 574–601. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.12.005. ISSN 1434-4610.
  35. ^ a b c d Irwin, Nicholas A.T.; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Burki, Fabien; Keeling, Patrick J. (2019-01-01). "Phylogenomics supports the monophyly of the Cercozoa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 130: 416–423. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.004. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 30318266. S2CID 52982396.
  36. ^ Howe; et al. (2011), "Novel Cultured Protists Identify Deep-branching Environmental DNA Clades of Cercozoa: New Genera Tremula, Micrometopion, Minimassisteria, Nudifila, Peregrinia", Protist, 162 (2): 332–372, doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.10.002, PMID 21295519
  37. ^ Karpov SA, Ekelund F, Moestrup Ø (2003), "Katabia gromovi nov. gen., nov. sp. a new soil flagellate with affinities to Heteromita (Cercomonadida)", Protistology, 3: 30–41
  38. ^ Sierra R, Mauffrey F, Cruz J, Holzmann M, Gooday AJ, Maurer-Alcalá X, Thakur R, Greco M, Weiner AKM, Katz LA, Pawlowski J (2022). "Taxon-rich transcriptomics supports higher-level phylogeny and major evolutionary trends in Foraminifera". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 174: 107546. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107546. ISSN 1055-7903.
  39. ^ Engler A (1903). Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (3rd ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.22956.
  40. ^ Whittaker RH (10 January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms". Science. 163 (3863): 150–60. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760.
  41. ^ Hittorf M, Letsch‐Praxmarer S, Windegger A, Bass D, Kirchmair M, Neuhauser S (12 July 2020). "Revised taxonomy and expanded biodiversity of the Phytomyxea (Rhizaria, Endomyxa)". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 67 (6): 648–659. doi:10.1111/jeu.12817.
  42. ^ Kolátková V, Čepička I, Hoffman R, et al. (2021). "Marinomyxa Gen. Nov. Accommodates Gall-Forming Parasites of the Tropical to Subtropical Seagrass Genus Halophila and Constitutes a Novel Deep-Branching Lineage Within Phytomyxea (Rhizaria: Endomyxa)". Microb Ecol. 81: 673–686. doi:10.1007/s00248-020-01615-5.
  43. ^ a b c d e Kaminski MA (2014). "The year 2010 classification of the agglutinated foraminifera". Micropaleontology. The Micropaleontology Project., Inc. 60 (1): 89–108.
  44. ^ a b c d e f Pawlowski J, Holzmann M, Tyszka J (2013). "New supraordinal classification of Foraminifera: Molecules meet morphology". Marine Micropaleontology. 100: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2013.04.002. ISSN 0377-8398.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Holzmann M, Pawlowski J (2017). "An updated classification of rotaliid foraminifera based on ribosomal DNA phylogeny". Marine Micropaleontology. 132 (1): 18–34. doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2017.04.002. ISSN 0377-8398.
  46. ^ a b c d e f Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2012). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes". European Journal of Protistology. 49: 328–353. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002.
  47. ^ a b Derelle R, López-García P, Timpano H, Moreira D (November 2016). "A Phylogenomic Framework to Study the Diversity and Evolution of Stramenopiles (=Heterokonts)". Mol Biol Evol. 33 (11): 2890–2898. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw168. PMC 5482393. PMID 27512113.
  48. ^ Shiratori, Takashi; Thakur, Rabindra; Ishida, Ken-ichiro (2017). "Pseudophyllomitus vesiculosus (Larsen and Patterson 1990) Lee, 2002, a Poorly Studied Phagotrophic Biflagellate is the First Characterized Member of Stramenopile Environmental Clade MAST-6". Protist. 168 (4): 439–451. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2017.06.004. ISSN 1434-4610.
  49. ^ a b FioRito R, Leander C, Leander B (2016). "Characterization of three novel species of Labyrinthulomycota isolated from ochre sea stars (Pisaster ochraceus)". Mar Biol. 163 (170). doi:10.1007/s00227-016-2944-5.
  50. ^ a b c d e f Anderson, O. Roger; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2012). "Ultrastructure of Diplophrys parva, a New Small Freshwater Species, and a Revised Analysis of Labyrinthulea (Heterokonta)". Acta Protozoologica. 51 (4). doi:10.4467/16890027AP.12.023.0783.
  51. ^ Gomaa F, Mitchell EAD, Lara E (2013). "Amphitremida (Poche, 1913) Is a New Major, Ubiquitous Labyrinthulomycete Clade". PLoS ONE. 8 (1): e53046. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053046.
  52. ^ a b Graf L, Yang EC, Han KY, Küpper FC, Benes KM, Oyadomari JK, Herbert RJH, Verbruggen H, Wetherbee R, Andersen RA, Yoon HS (December 2020). "Multigene Phylogeny, Morphological Observation and Re-examination of the Literature Lead to the Description of the Phaeosacciophyceae Classis Nova and Four New Species of the Heterokontophyta SI Clade". Protist. 171 (6): 125781. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2020.125781. PMID 33278705.
  53. ^ a b Yang EC, Boo GH, Kim HJ, Cho SM, Boo SM, Andersen RA, Yoon HS (March 2012). "Supermatrix data highlight the phylogenetic relationships of photosynthetic stramenopiles". Protist. 163 (2): 217–31. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.08.001. PMID 22001261.
  54. ^ a b c Wetherbee R, Jackson CJ, Repetti SI, Clementson LA, Costa JF, van de Meene A, Crawford S, Verbruggen H (April 2019). "The golden paradox - a new heterokont lineage with chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes". J Phycol. 55 (2): 257–278. doi:10.1111/jpy.12822. PMID 30536815.
  55. ^ a b Kai A, Yoshii Y, Nakayama T, Inouye I (2008). "Aurearenophyceae classis nova, a New Class of Heterokontophyta Based on a New Marine Unicellular Alga Aurearena cruciata gen. et sp. nov. Inhabiting Sandy Beaches". Protist. 159 (3): 435–457. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2007.12.003. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 18358776.
  56. ^ Craig Bailey J, Bidigare RR, Christensen SJ, Andersen RA (September 1998). "Phaeothamniophyceae Classis Nova: A New Lineage of Chromophytes Based upon Photosynthetic Pigments, rbcL Sequence Analysis and Ultrastructure". Protist. 149 (3): 245–63. doi:10.1016/S1434-4610(98)70032-X. PMID 23194637.
  57. ^ a b c d Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (22 March 2006). "Phylogeny and Megasystematics of Phagotrophic Heterokonts (Kingdom Chromista)". J Mol Evol. 62: 388–420. doi:10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8.
  58. ^ Kawai, Hiroshi; Maeba, Shunsuke; Sasaki, Hideaki; Okuda, Kazuo; Henry, Eric C. (2003). "Schizocladia ischiensis: A New Filamentous Marine Chromophyte Belonging to a New Class, Schizocladiophyceae". Protist. 154 (2): 211–228. doi:10.1078/143446103322166518. ISSN 1434-4610.
  59. ^ a b c d Silberfeld T, Rousseau F, de Reviers B (2014). "An Updated Classification of Brown Algae (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae)". Cryptogamie, Algologie. 35 (2): 117–156. doi:10.7872/crya.v35.iss2.2014.117.
  60. ^ Hibberd DJ (February 1981). "Notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of the algal classes Eustigmatophyceae and Tribophyceae (synonym Xanthophyceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 82 (2): 93–119. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1981.tb00954.x.
  61. ^ Maistro S, Broady PA, Andreoli C, Negrisolo E (2009). "Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Xanthophyceae (Stramenopiles, Chromalveolata)". Protist. 160 (3): 412–426. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2009.02.002. ISSN 1434-4610.
  62. ^ Bente Edvardsen, Wenche Eikrem, Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi, Ingvild Riisberg, Geir Johnsen, Lars Naustvoll, Jahn Throndsen (15 September 2007). "Verrucophora farcimen gen. et sp. nov. (Dictyochophyceae, Heterokonta)—a bloom-forming ichthyotoxic flagellate from the Skagerrak, Norway". Journal of Phycology. 43 (5): 1054–1070. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00390.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  63. ^ Mikrjukov KA, Patterson DJ (1 February 2001). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of Heliozoa. III. Actinophryids" (PDF). Acta Protozoologica. 40 (1): 3–26.
  64. ^ Han, Kwi Young; Graf, Louis; Reyes, Carolina P.; Melkonian, Barbara; Andersen, Robert A.; Yoon, Hwan Su; Melkonian, Michael (2018). "A Re-investigation of Sarcinochrysis marina (Sarcinochrysidales, Pelagophyceae) from its Type Locality and the Descriptions of Arachnochrysis, Pelagospilus, Sargassococcus and Sungminbooa genera nov". Protist. 169 (1): 79–106. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2017.12.004. ISSN 1434-4610.
  65. ^ a b Dovilė Barcytė, Wenche Eikrem, Anette Engesmo, Sergio Seoane, Jens Wohlmann, Aleš Horák, Tatiana Yurchenko, Marek Eliáš (2 March 2021). "Olisthodiscus represents a new class of Ochrophyta". Journal of Phycology. 57 (4). doi:10.1111/jpy.13155.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  66. ^ Hausmann K, Weitere M, Wolf M, Arndt H (2002). "Meteora sporadica gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Protista incertae sedis) – an extraordinary free-living protist from the Mediterranean deep sea". Europ. J. Protistol. 38: 171–177. doi:10.1078/0932-4739-00872.
Retrieved from "https://justapedia.org/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Protista&oldid=1117601698"