Project 22220 icebreaker

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Class overview
BuildersBaltic Shipyard
OperatorsFSUE Atomflot
Preceded by
Succeeded byProject 10510
Built2013–present
In service2020–present
Planned7
Building3
Completed2
Active2
General characteristics [1][2]
TypeIcebreaker
Displacement
  • 33,530 t (33,000 long tons) (dwl)
  • 25,540 t (25,140 long tons) (minimum)
Length
  • 173.3 m (569 ft) (overall)
  • 160.0 m (525 ft) (dwl)
Beam
  • 34 m (112 ft) (maximum)
  • 33 m (108 ft) (dwl)
Height51.25 m (168 ft)[3]
Draft
  • 10.5 m (34 ft) (dwl)
  • 9.00 m (30 ft) (minimum; achievable)[5]
  • 8.65 m (28 ft) (minimum; official)[6]
  • 8.50 m (28 ft) (minimum; design)
Depth15.2 m (50 ft)
Ice classRMRS Icebreaker9
Installed power
Propulsion
  • Nuclear-turbo-electric
  • Three shafts (3 × 20 MW)
Speed
  • 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph)
  • 1.5–2 knots (2.8–3.7 km/h; 1.7–2.3 mph) in 2.8 m (9 ft) ice
Endurance
  • 7 years (reactor fuel)
  • 6 months (provisions)[4]
Crew75
Aviation facilitiesHelideck and hangar

Project 22220, also known through the Russian type size series designation LK-60Ya,[note 1] is a series of Russian nuclear-powered icebreakers. The lead ship of the class, Arktika, was delivered in 2020 and surpassed the preceding Soviet-built series of nuclear-powered icebreakers as the largest and most powerful icebreaker in the world.[7]

As of October 2022, two Project 22220 icebreakers (Arktika and Sibir) are in service, third (Ural) is undergoing sea trails, fourth (Yakutiya) and fifth (Chukotka) have been laid down at Baltic Shipyard in Saint Petersburg, and a sixth and seventh are planned.

Development

LK-60Ya

After the Second World War, the Soviet Union launched an ambitious marine transportation development program with the intention of turning the ice-covered Northern Sea Route into a navigable shipping route which could be then used to extract natural resources from the Arctic. This included replacing the obsolete steam-powered icebreakers with more powerful diesel-electric vessels and culminated with the construction of the first nuclear-powered icebreaker in the late 1950s. The second phase, which began in the early 1970s and continued until the dissolution of the Soviet Union, further expanded the Soviet icebreaker fleet with additional nuclear- and diesel-powered icebreakers that enabled uninterrupted year-round operation in the western part of the Northern Sea Route as well as extended the navigating season in the eastern sector.[8]

In the 1980s, studies by the Central Marine Research and Design Institute (CNIIMF) and the Central Design Bureau "Iceberg" resulted in "icebreaker type size series" ranging from 7-megawatt auxiliary icebreakers (LK-7) to a 110-megawatt nuclear-powered "icebreaker-leaders" (LK-110Ya). One of the proposed new icebreaker classes, LK-60Ya, was developed as a direct replacement for the previous-generation Arktika-class nuclear-powered icebreakers which had entered service in the late 1970s and seen widespread use in the Russian Arctic.[8] In addition to operating as heavy line icebreakers along the full length of the Northern Sea Route from Murmansk all the way to the Bering Strait, the new 60-megawatt icebreakers would also replace the shallow-draft nuclear-powered icebreakers Taymyr and Vaygach on the Dudinka-Murmansk route which included icebreaking operations in the Yenisey river estuary. The latter operation was made possible by the novel dual-draft functionality, ability to de-ballast the vessel when approaching shallow coastal areas. Other technical characteristics of the next-generation nuclear-powered icebreakers were drawn from the Russians' extensive operational experience from Arctic shipping. For example, it was determined that in order to ensure reliable year-round navigation in the western part of the Northern Sea Route, LK-60Ya would have to be capable of breaking at least 2.8-metre (9 ft) ice, an improvement over the old Arktika's 2.3-metre (8 ft) icebreaking capability. In addition, escorting Russian Arctic cargo ships such as the then-common SA-15 type safely and efficiently in heavy ice conditions would require an icebreaker with a beam of 32 to 33 metres (105 to 108 ft) and a displacement of 34,000 to 36,000 tonnes (33,000 to 35,000 long tons).[8][9]

While traffic volumes along the Northern Sea Route declined drastically in the early 1990s due to the slowdown of the Russian economy,[10] an ambitious fleet renewal program was nonetheless launched under the presidential program Revival of the Merchant Fleet of Russia (1993–2000). In the end, none of the planned icebreakers were built and the follow-up federal program Modernization of the transport system of Russia (2002–2010) included funding for the construction of only two new diesel-electric icebreakers in addition to completing the unfinished Arktika-class icebreaker 50 Let Pobedy and starting the preliminary design development of the next generation nuclear-powered icebreakers.[11][12][13]

Project 22220

Although the preliminary design had been developed already in the late 1980s,[9][14] the final technical design of LK-60Ya was completed in 2009 by Central Design Bureau "Iceberg" as Project 22220.[15]

The construction of the lead ship was awarded to Saint Petersburg-based Baltic Shipyard, part of the state-owned United Shipbuilding Corporation, in August 2012 with a contract price of 36.959 billion rubles (about US$1.16 billion).[16] A 84.4 billion ruble (about US$2.4 billion) follow-up contract for two additional vessels was signed in May 2014[17][18] and a second contract, worth over 100 billion rubles (about US$1.5 billion), for two more in August 2019.[19][20] In 2021, Rosatom announced that the Ministry of Finance is working on the possibility of financing two additional Project 22220 icebreakers[21] and Vyacheslav Ruksha, Director for the Northern Sea Route Directorate of Rosatom, stated that year-round navigation along the Northern Sea Route won't be possible without sixth and seventh ship.[22] In late April 2022, Kommersant reported that the Russian government plans to allocate 118 billion rubles for the construction of two additional Project 22220 icebreakers that would be delivered in 2028 and 2029.[23]

With the Project 22220 icebreakers under construction, focus has moved to the development of even larger and more powerful nuclear-powered icebreakers known as Project 10510 Lider, with the first ship expected in 2027.[24]

Construction

Sibir under construction at Baltic Shipyard, December 2018

The construction of the first Project 22220 icebreaker began with a steel cutting ceremony on 1 November 2012[25] and the keel of the lead ship of the class was laid on the slipway on 5 November 2013.[26] In a launching ceremony on 16 June 2016,[27] the icebreaker was named Arktika (Russian: Арктика, tr. Arctic, IPA: [ˈarktʲɪkə]) after the first surface ship to reach the North Pole that was in service in 1975–2008.[28] While initially scheduled for delivery by December 2017,[25] the construction of the lead Project 22220 icebreaker fell behind schedule due to problems related to the delivery of domestically-sourced components.[29][30] Arktika began the first stage of sea trials in Gulf of Finland under diesel power on 12 December 2019 and returned to Saint Petersburg two days later.[31][32] The next sea trials, during which the vessel would be tested under nuclear power for the first time, commenced on 23 June[33] and concluded on 13 July.[34] Shortly after completing the final sea trials by mid-September,[35] Arktika sailed from Saint Petersburg to Murmansk via the North Pole where the icebreaker arrived on 3 October.[36][37] The flag-raising ceremony marking the vessel's entry to service was held in Murmansk on 21 October 2020.[38]

The keel of the second Project 22220 icebreaker (referred to as the "first serial ship" of the class in Russia) was laid on 26 May 2015.[39] The icebreaker was launched as Sibir (Russian: Сибирь, tr. Siberia) on 22 September 2017.[40] Previously, the name had been used on the second Arktika-class icebreaker that was in service in 1977–1992.[41] As with the lead ship, the problems with equipment delivery have postponed the delivery of the vessel from 2018 to late 2021.[42][43][44] Sibir left for first sea trials on 16 November 2021 and returned to Saint Petersburg at the end of the month.[45] After second sea trials, Sibir was delivered to Atomflot on 24 December 2021.[46] The vessel began icebreaking operations in the Kara Sea in January 2022.[47]

The keel-laying ceremony of the third ("second serial") Project 22220 icebreaker was held on 25 July 2016 shortly after the partially-assembled hull of Sibir had been moved down the slipway for final hull assembly.[48][49] The vessel was launched on 27 May 2019 as Ural (Russian: Урал).[50] The name had previously been selected for the final Arktika-class icebreaker when it was laid down in 1989, but during the construction the vessel was renamed 50 Let Pobedy (Russian: 50 лет Победы, tr. 50 Years of Victory).[51] The delivery of the vessel, initially scheduled for 2020,[43] has been postponed until November 2022.[52] Ural left for sea trials on 14 October 2022[53] and returned to the shipyard on 31 October,[54] having reportedly finished factory sea trials in record time.[clarification needed][55]

Steel cutting for the fourth ("third serial") Project 22220 icebreaker began in late 2019 and the keel was laid on 26 May 2020. The vessel will be named Yakutiya (Russian: Якутия).[6][56]

The keel-laying ceremony of the fifth ("fourth serial") Project 22220 icebreaker, Chukotka (Russian: Чукотка), was held on 16 December 2020.[57]

Design

General characteristics

Project 22220 icebreakers are 173.3 metres (569 ft) long overall and 160.0 metres (525 ft) at design waterline. While the maximum beam is 34 metres (112 ft), at design waterline the width of the hull reduces to 33 metres (108 ft) due to inclined sides. In order to be able to operate efficiently both in shallow Arctic river estuaries as well as along the Northern Sea Route, the draught of the Project 22220 icebreakers can be varied by taking in and discharging ballast water. Originally designed with an operational draught range of 8.5 to 10.5 metres (27 ft 11 in to 34 ft 5 in),[1] the official minimum operational draught has since increased first to 8.55 metres (28 ft 1 in)[58] and later to 8.65 metres (28 ft 5 in).[6] However, due to excess weight, the minimum achievable draught is actually about 9 metres (29 ft 6 in).[5] At the original minimum draught of 8.5 metres (28 ft), the icebreakers have a displacement of 25,540 tonnes (25,140 long tons) while the full load displacement at design draught is 33,530 tonnes (33,000 long tons).[1][2] In terms of size, Project 22220 icebreakers are 13.7 metres (45 ft) longer and 4 metres (13 ft) wider than 50 Let Pobedy, previously the world's largest icebreaker, and at full load have about one third greater displacement.

The ice class of Project 22220 icebreakers, Icebreaker9, is the highest assigned by the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping (RMRS) and allows operation in up to 4 metres (13 ft) thick ice during the winter and spring navigating period.[59]

Power, propulsion and performance

Like the preceding Russian nuclear-powered icebreakers since the 1959-built Lenin, Project 22220 icebreakers feature a nuclear-turbo-electric powertrain in which nuclear reactors produce steam for turbogenerators which, in turn, generate electrical power for propulsion motors driving the ship's propellers.

The onboard nuclear power plant consists of two RITM-200 pressurized water reactors with a thermal output of 175 MWt each. The reactors, developed by OKBM Afrikantov, use up to 20% enriched Uranium-235 and, when operating with a capacity factor of 0.65, require refueling every seven years over a 40-year planned service life. The external dimensions of the two-reactor plant located amidships are 6 by 13.2 by 15.5 metres (20 by 43 by 51 ft) and it weighs 1,100 tonnes (1,100 long tons; 1,200 short tons).[60] Two main turbogenerators produced by Kirov-Energomash each generate 36 megawatts of electrical power at 3,000 rpm.[61][62]

The propulsion system of Project 22220 icebreakers follows the classic polar icebreaker pattern with three shaft lines and a single rudder. The 6.2-metre (20 ft) four-bladed fixed pitch propellers, each driven by a 20-megawatt (27,000 hp) electric motor,[63] are made of stainless steel and weigh about 60 tonnes (59 long tons; 66 short tons) apiece.[64] With a total propulsion power of 60 megawatts (80,000 hp), Project 22220 icebreakers supersede the 56-megawatt (75,000 hp) Yamal and 50 Let Pobedy — the two remaining Arktika-class icebreakers in service — as the world's most powerful icebreakers.[7][65]

Project 22220 icebreakers are designed to be capable of breaking 2.8 metres (9 ft) thick level ice at a continuous speed of 1.5–2 knots (2.8–3.7 km/h; 1.7–2.3 mph) at full power when operating in deep water at design draught.[2] In open water, the icebreakers can achieve a speed of 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph).[1]

Ships in class

Name Builder Yard number IMO number Laid down Launched Commissioned Status
Arktika Baltic Shipyard 05706 9694725 5 November 2013[26] 16 June 2016[27] 21 October 2020[38] In service
Sibir Baltic Shipyard 05707 9774422 26 May 2015[39] 22 September 2017[40] 24 December 2021[46] In service
Ural Baltic Shipyard 05708 9658642 25 July 2016[48] 25 May 2019[50] November 2022 (planned)[52] Factory sea trials finished[54]
Yakutiya Baltic Shipyard 05709[66] 9911202 26 May 2020[6] December 2024 (planned)[42][67] Under construction
Chukotka Baltic Shipyard 05712[66] 9924106 16 December 2020[57] December 2026 (planned)[42][57] Under construction

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The type size series designation "LK-60Ya" (Russian: ЛК-60Я) comes from the Russian language word for "icebreaker" (Russian: ледокол, romanized: ledokol), propulsion power (60 megawatts), and the first letter of the Russian word for "nuclear" (Russian: ядерное, romanized: yadernoye).

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Project 22220 icebreakers.
  1. ^ a b c d "Универсальный атомный ледокол проекта 22220" (in Russian). Rosatomflot. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  2. ^ a b c "Multipurpose nuclear icebreaker project 22220". United Shipbuilding Corporation. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  3. ^ "Как ледокол "Арктика" готовился к ходовым испытаниям" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  4. ^ "Ледокол "Арктика" готов на 60%" (in Russian). Ruselprom. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Испытание Дудинкой. «Сибирь» поборола лишний вес" (in Russian). Fontanka.ru. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d "Baltiysky Zavod lays down forth 60-MW icebreaker of Project 22220". PortNews. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  7. ^ a b "World's largest nuclear icebreaker starts sea trials". The Barents Observer. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  8. ^ a b c Tsoy, L.G.; Stoyanov, I.A.; Mikhailichenko, V.V.; Livshits, S.G. (1995), "Perspective types of Arctic icebreakers and their principal characteristics" (PDF), Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, 1995 (POAC'95), vol. 1, pp. 13–26
  9. ^ a b Tsoy, L.G. (1994), "New generation Arktika class nuclear icebreaker feasibility study", Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Ships and Marine Structures in Cold Regions, 1994 (ICETECH'95), pp. P1–P8
  10. ^ Les Défis Pour la Société Européenne À L'aube de L'an 2000: Stratégies Pour Un Développement Durable Des Etats Du Nord de L'Europe, Council of Europe, 1998, p. 94, ISBN 9789287137289
  11. ^ Borduchenko, Y.L. (26 June 2013). "Развитие отечественного ледокольного флота" (in Russian). PRoAtom.ru. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  12. ^ Borduchenko, Y.L. (10 April 2012). "Современное состояние и перспективы развития атомного ледокольного флота России" (in Russian). PRoAtom.ru. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
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  17. ^ "Baltic Shipyard building nuclear icebreaker". VEUS e.V. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  18. ^ "Baltiysky Shipyard to build three new icebreakers by 2020". Barents Observer. 8 May 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  19. ^ "Atomflot Inks Contract for Another Two Nuclear-Powered Icebreakers". PortNews. 5 September 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  20. ^ "Russia's ATOMFLOT Orders 4th & 5th Project 22220 Nuclear-Powered Icebreakers". Naval News. 11 August 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  21. ^ ""Росатом" оценивает два дополнительных атомных ледокола для Севморпути в 120 млрд рублей" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  22. ^ "Rosatom hints it might build another two nuclear icebreakers". The Barents Observer. 3 December 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  23. ^ "Севморпуть продавят ледоколами" (in Russian). Kommersant. 29 April 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  24. ^ "RUB 127.57 billion of federal budget allocations approved for construction of Leader-class icebreaker". PortNews. 17 January 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  25. ^ a b "Baltic Shipyard holds steel-cutting for LK-60 icebreaker of Project 22220". PortNews. 1 November 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  26. ^ a b "Baltiysky Zavod lays down multipurpose icebreaker Arktika". PortNews. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  27. ^ a b "Baltiysky Zavod launches Arktika, lead nuclear-powered icebreaker of Project 22220 (photo)". PortNews. 16 June 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  28. ^ "World's Largest Nuclear Icebreaker Starts Sea Trials". The Moscow Times. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
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  34. ^ "Атомный ледокол "Арктика" вернулся на Балтийский завод" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 13 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  35. ^ "The second stage of the lead universal nuclear icebreaker Arktika sea trials is completed". Rosatom. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  36. ^ "Атомный ледокол "Арктика" достиг Северного полюса" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 3 October 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  37. ^ "Russia's New Super Icebreaker Reaches North Pole During Ice Trials". High North News. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  38. ^ a b "На ледоколе "Арктика" поднят российский флаг" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  39. ^ a b "Keel laying ceremony of the nuclear-powered icebreaker takes place at the Baltic Shipyard". PortNews. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  40. ^ a b "Baltiysky Zavod launches Sibir, first serial nuclear-powered icebreaker of Project 22220 (photo)". PortNews. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  41. ^ "Russia scraps three nuclear icebreakers". Barents Observer. 26 January 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  42. ^ a b c "В "Атомфлоте" рассказали об ожидаемых сроках сдачи ледоколов проекта 22220" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  43. ^ a b "Atomflot announces tender for construction of two serial nuclear icebreakers". PortNews. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  44. ^ "Ледокол ЛК-60 «Сибирь» должен начать работу в 2022 году - Росатом" (in Russian). PortNews. 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  45. ^ "Первый серийный атомный ледокол проекта 22220 «Сибирь» вернулся в Санкт-Петербург с ходовых испытаний в акватории Финского залива" (in Russian). Атомная энергия 2.0. 30 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
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  47. ^ "Атомный ледокол проекта 22220 «Сибирь» в первой декаде января 2022 года выйдет в Карское море - Вячеслав Рукша" (in Russian). PortNews. 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  48. ^ a b "Second serial icebreaker of project 22220, the Ural, laid down at Baltiysky Zavod (photo)". PortNews. 25 July 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  49. ^ "Hull of the Siberia, first serial icebreaker of project 22220, shifted to a new position at Baltiysky Zavod shipyard". PortNews. 28 June 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  50. ^ a b "Nuclear-powered icebreaker Ural, Project 22220, launched at Baltiysky Zavod shipyard in Saint-Petersburg (video)". PortNews. 27 May 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  51. ^ Savelyev, Igor. "Nuclear giant goes out to the Northern Sea route". Maritime Market. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  52. ^ a b "Atomflot to hold trials and flag-raising ceremony on icebreaker Ural of Project 22220 in November 2022". PortNews. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  53. ^ "Baltiysky Zavod commences sea trials of nuclear-powered icebreaker Ural of Project 22220". PortNews. 14 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  54. ^ a b "Атомный ледокол "Урал" вернулся на Балтийский завод" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  55. ^ "Атомный ледокол "Урал" завершил ходовые испытания" (in Russian). Mil.Press FlotProm. 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  56. ^ "Yakutiya (9911202)". Sea-web. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  57. ^ a b c "Балтзавод заложил атомоход проекта 22220 «Чукотка»" (in Russian). PortNews. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  58. ^ "Ледокол проекта 22220 может получить расширенный корпус" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  59. ^ "Rules for the Classification and Construction of Sea-Going Ships, Part I: Classification". Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  60. ^ "Serving the nuclear machine building industry since 1945" (PDF). JSC "Afrikantov OKBM". Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  61. ^ "Kirovsky Zavod Will Manufacture a Steam-Turbine Plant for the World's Largest Nuclear-Powered Ice-Breaker". Kirovsky Zavod. 27 August 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  62. ^ "Турбогенератор РУСЭЛПРОМА установили на атомный ледокол" (in Russian). Ruselprom. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  63. ^ "Электродвигатели "Русэлпрома" погружены на ледокол "Сибирь"" (in Russian). Ruselprom. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  64. ^ ""Звездочка" изготовила лопасти гребных винтов для головного атомного ледокола" (in Russian). TASS. 20 April 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  65. ^ "Атомные ледоколы" (in Russian). Rosatomflot. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  66. ^ a b "Крыловский центр закупает гребные электродвигатели для двух ледоколов проекта 22220" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  67. ^ "Балтийский завод планирует заложить новый серийный ледокол проекта 22220 в мае" (in Russian). TASS. 30 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
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