Oenanthe pimpinelloides

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Oenanthe pimpinelloides
Oenanthe pimpinelloides2.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Oenanthe
Species:
O. pimpinelloides
Binomial name
Oenanthe pimpinelloides

Oenanthe pimpinelloides is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae known by the common name corky-fruited water-dropwort or water parsley.[1]

Description

Corky fruited water dropwort is a hairless, upright tuberous perennial with a solid, strongly grooved stem measuring up to 100 cm in height and 0.5 cm across. The lanceolate to ovate lower leaves are twice pinnate with broad, toothed, cuneate segments. Each basal leaf has a long petiole measuring up to 10 cm in length, with the lobes measuring about 5 mm long.[2] However, because the basal leaves tend to wither before or when the plant is flowering, this character is not usually helpful for identifying the species.[3]

Flowers of corky-fruited dropwort, showing the slightly enlarged outer petals.
A fruiting umbel, showing the characteristic flat top and the long pedicels where male flowers have faded.

The upper leaves are once or twice pinnate, and the blade is at least the same length as the petiole. The linear, entire lobes are 10 – 30 mm.[2]

The dense compound umbels each consist of 6 – 15 smooth flowers with white to red-tinged petals. The 1 – 2 cm long rays thicken after flowering and become flat-topped in fruit.[3] The peduncle is longer than the rays. The 3 mm long fruits are cylindrical and essentially straight-sided, with the styles measuring 2 – 3 mm,[2] often the same length as the fruit.[3] There are 1 – 5 bracts at the base of each partial umbel.[3]

The petiole may exude sparse white latex when pierced.[4]

Unlike other species in the genus, Oenanthe pimpinelloides has ovoid to globose root tubers or ‘potatoes’ that are situated some distance from the base of the stem. The congeneric O. silaifolia may also have tubers resembling this shape (the only other species displaying such a character), but in contrast to O. pimpinelloides, these are held close to the base of the plant.[5] However, on the grounds of conservation and wildlife law, the plant should not be uprooted to examine this character for identification purposes; different morphological features and habitat context should be looked at instead.[6]

It flowers from June to August.[3]

Identification

The upper leaves have narrow, linear segments

Amongst the British species of Oenanthe, corky-fruited dropwort is distinctive because it tends to grow in dry habitats and has recognisable fruits in flat-topped umbellules. The presence of bracts on the primary umbels also separates it from O. silaifolia, which has similarly fine foliage. Identification keys often put an emphasis on the fact that the rays and pedicels expand at fruiting, but this is a fairly subtle effect. The way that the tubers are situated further down amongst the roots than in other species is also not easily observed.[2][7]

O. pimpinelloides has been frequently confused with the very similar O. incrassans in southeast Europe, where the two species coexist.[8][9]

Taxonomy and nomenclature

The scientific name for corky-fruited water-dropwort was coined by Peter Artedi, who developed the modern binomial classification system, and defined the species on the basis of its involucral characters.[10] It was published after Artedi's death by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, in 1753, and that name still stands, although numerous synonyms have been proposed over the years, including Oenanthe globosa Georgi (1800), Oenanthe graminifolia Gaudin (1828), Oenanthe anatolica K. Koch (1846), and Phellandrium mathioli Bubani (1899). A full list can be found in the Synonymic Checklists of the Plants of the World.[11]

The following subspecies are currently recognised: O. pimpinelloides subsp. incrassans (Bory & Chaub.) Strid (2012), which occurs only in Greece;[12] O. pimpinelloides subsp. callosa (Salzm. ex DC.) Maire, which is found in Morocco and Spain;[13] and O. pimpinelloides subsp. pimpinelloides, which accounts for all other populations but is rarely recorded.[14]

There are no reported hybrids.[15]

Its chromosome number is 2n = 22.[2]

The scientific name "Oenanthe" comes from the Greek οίνος, "wine" and άνθος, "flower", not because the flowers have the scent of wine, but because of the intoxication caused by a related species, hemlock water-dropwort.[16] The Latin specific epithet “pimpinelloides” means “resembling Pimpinella”, another genus in the same family (Apiaceae). The "dropwort" part of the common name is a reference to the tubers produced amongst the roots of this and certain other species in the genus.[17]

Habitat and ecology

The plant grows in damp and dry grassland, hay meadows, old pastures and on roadsides. Being more resistant to water stress than its congeners,[18] it is the only Oenanthe species that grows in ordinarily dry lowland habitats in some parts of its natural range.[19]

O. pimpinelloides can be a noxious weed in New Zealand on account of its vigorous, persistent growth where no natural enemies occur, potentially outcompeting native eucalypts.[20]

Distribution and status

Corky fruited water dropwort is widely distributed in Europe, ranging from western Ireland and southern Britain to Turkey, then into western Asia including Israel, Jordon, Lebanon, and Syria. It also extends south through France, Spain, Portugal, and Morocco.[21]

In the UK, its natural range is restricted to a few counties such as Somerset, Dorset, and Hampshire; where it is locally common.[2] However, it may be naturalized elsewhere in the country, such as in Cambridgeshire. In 2006, several plants were discovered growing around fishermen’s platforms dug into the bank of a lake at RAF Waterbeach.[22] The following year, about a dozen plants were found growing in a naturalized state on a lawn around a small pond at the British Antarctic Headquarters at High Cross, Cambridge.[23]

A new Irish record for the species was made at Duncannon in County Wexford in 2006.[24]

Uses and toxicity

Like other species in the genus, O. pimpinelloides is toxic, being especially dangerous to grazing livestock.[25] However, in Turkey, it is reported to be consumed by the locals after roasting or cooking with yoghurt and bulgur wheat.[26]

References

  1. ^ Emorsgate Seeds. "Oenanthe pimpinelloides – Corky-fruited Water-dropwort". Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Tutin TG. 1980. Umbellifers of the British Isles. BSBI Handbook No. 2. ISBN 0-9-0115802-X
  3. ^ a b c d e Streeter D, Hart-Davies C, Hardcastle A, Cole F, Harper L. 2009. Collins Flower Guide. Harper Collins ISBN 9-78-000718389-0
  4. ^ Poland J, Clements EJ. 2009. Vegetative Key to the British Flora. BSBI.
  5. ^ Southam M. 1996. Recurring problems in Oenanthe. BSBI News 71: 22 – 24.
  6. ^ Rose F, Walls RM. Oenanthe, fined leaved species. In: Rich TCG, Jermy AC. 1998. Plant Crib. BSBI.
  7. ^ Sell, Peter; Murrell, Gina (2009). Flora of Great Britain and Ireland, vol 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  8. ^ Foley MJY, Southam MJ. 2007. Oenanthe incrassans Bory & Chaub. (Apiaceae), a distinctive plant of the Aegean region. Candollea 62(2). ISSN: 0373-2967.
  9. ^ Güner ED. 2016. Oenanthe incrassans: an enigmatic species from Turkey and its comparison with Oenanthe pimpinelloides (Apiaceae). Phytokeys 62: 101 – 111. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.62.8106
  10. ^ Constance, L. (1971). History of the classification of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) in Heywood, V. H. (ed.) The Biology and Chemistry of the Umbelliferae. London: Academic Press. pp. 1–11.
  11. ^ Hassler, M. "Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World".
  12. ^ Global Biodiversity Information Facility. "Oenanthe pimpinelloides subsp. incrassans".
  13. ^ Global Biodiversity Information Facility. "Oenanthe pimpinelloides subsp. callosa".
  14. ^ Global Biodiversity Information Facility. "Oenanthe pimpinelloides subsp. pimpinelloides".
  15. ^ Stace, C.A. (1975). Hybridization and the Flora of the British Isles. London: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-661650-7.
  16. ^ G. Appendino; F. Pollastro; L. Verotta; M. Ballero; A. Romano; P. Wyrembek; K. Szczuraszek; J. W. Mozrzymas & O. Taglialatela-Scafati (2009). "Polyacetylenes from Sardinian Oenanthe fistulosa: A Molecular Clue to risus sardonicus". Journal of Natural Products. 72 (5): 962–965. doi:10.1021/np8007717. PMC 2685611. PMID 19245244.
  17. ^ Wiktionary. "dropwort".
  18. ^ Radutoiu D, Stan I, Costache I. 2014. Oenanthe pimpinelloides L. in the flora of Romania. Contribuţii Botanice 49: 61 – 66.
  19. ^ Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora. Oenanthe pimpinelloides. Available at [Oenanthe pimpinelloides | Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora (brc.ac.uk)] (Accessed 03/07/2022).
  20. ^ McKenzie H, Davenhill N, Gifford H, Hawke A. 1998. Growth of Eucalyptus nitens after application of herbicide to control parsley dropwort. Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 51: 241 – 244.
  21. ^ Cook CDK. 1968. Oenanthe. In: Tutin et. al. (eds.). Flora Europaea. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2: 338-339.
  22. ^ Leslie A. 2007. Vascular Plant Records. Nature in Cambridgeshire 49: 89 – 95.
  23. ^ Cadbury CJ. 2010. Water dropwort Oenanthe species in Cambridgeshire. Nature in Cambridgeshire, No. 52.
  24. ^ Green PR. 2008. Oenanthe pimpinelloides (corky fruited water dropwort) found at Duncannon, New for County Wexford (V.C. H12). Irish Botanical News 18: p31.
  25. ^ Plantwild. Available at [[Corky-fruited water-dropwort (Oenanthe pimpinelloides) plants (plantwild.co.uk)] (Accessed 16/07/2022)
  26. ^ Ozbek K, Karabak S, Aysar N, Guzelsoy NA, Nurgal SARI, Duran RM, Tasci R, Guner B, Yucearslan H, Deniz D, Aksoy A. 2017. Biodiversity for food and nutrition project: Black Sea region studies ANADOLU Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi 27(2): 17 - 25.

External links

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