Non-explosive reactive armor

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Non-explosive reactive armor (NxRA), also known as non-energetic reactive armor (NERA), is a type of vehicle armor used by modern main battle tanks and heavy infantry fighting vehicles. NERA advantages over the explosive reactive armor (ERA) are that they are inexpensive, completely passive and thus easy to integrate on armored vehicles.[1]

Operating mechanism[edit]

NERA operating principle relies on the speed deviation of a shock wave propagating in different materials.

When a projectile such as a shaped-charge jet hits the front metal plate, this generates a shock wave that will travel at high speed inside the metallic layer and then encounters a confined non-metallic material with elastic properties. Due to the lower propagation velocity of the non-metallic material, the shock wave diffracts and causes a brutal acceleration of the metallic back plate whose deformation is hard enough to cause lateral interferences that destabilize and shear the shaped-charge jet and consume it.[2][3]

Layout[edit]

NERA typically consists of three-layer composite sandwich structure sloped between 50° and 60°.[4] In order to guarantee an excellent multi-hit capability against threats, the sandwiches are overlapped in a spaced configuration forming an array.[5]

Materials[edit]

The two metallic plates in the NERA sandwich are made of steels of different hardness and thickness, depleted uranium plates were also tested.[6] Rubber and plastic were firstly used as inner non-metallic material but foam, nylon, polycarbonate, glass, elastomer and more energetic material such as Glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) are also used.[7]

History[edit]

British developments[edit]

The aluminium-hulled FV4211 demonstrated for the first time that the use of Chobham armour on a tank was practical.

The threat posed by antitank guided missiles was clearly recognized by the FVRDE and as a result, a research program was initiated in 1963. The program was largely of an empirical nature and was directed by Dr G.N Harvey, then Assistant Director of Research at FVRDE (who has been generally credited with the invention of Chobham armor) in collaboration with J.P Downey, who was responsible for its extensive series of firing trials. The research program began to bear fruit in 1964, and by the following year had resulted in the creation of a new form of armor which was more than twice as effective against shaped charges as rolled homogeneous armor of the same weight, and at least as effective as the latter against kinetic energy armor-piercing projectiles. The new armor was then called Chobham armour, after the location of FVRDE.[8]
In 1968 work began on applying it to tanks and a feasibility study (codenamed Almagest) on fitting Chobham armor (also called Burlington) to the Chieftain main battle tank was undertaken. Two different Chobham armour kits were used, the skirt armour consisted basically of steel boxes containing plastic/steel sandwiches arranged in the manner of venetian blinds assembly while the front hull armor consisted of a bar armor mounted over a steel burster plate with underneath, three sandwiches consisting each of three to five plastic and steel layers.[9]
By February 1970 a decision was taken to build an experimental tank based on the Chieftain Mk. 3 components, which would incoportate Chobham armor. The test vehicle was built at FVRDE in 13 months and was designated as FV4211. In addition to having Chobham armor, the FV4211 was also the first main battle tank to have a hull made of welded aluminium plates to keep down its weight.

Russian developments[edit]

During the 1977 summer, samples of Chobham armour were smuggled from West Germany into East Germany by Soviet agents.[i]
In the early 1980s, NII Stali developed in conjunction with Uralvagonzavod a new turret for the late production T-72A with отражающими листами (Russian for "reflecting plates") armour inserts. By September 1982, the cast turret codenamed 172.10.077SB entered low rate production[ii] and was then dubbed "Super Dolly Parton" by Western observers due to its prominent shape. Each reflecting plate array consisted of an assembly of three layers ; a heavy armor plate, a rubber interlayer and a thin metal plate, all glued together.[10]

French developments[edit]

The AMX-40 was fitted with NERA elements inside its gun mantlet and hull front.

By the end of 1979, the AMX-APX began to investigate further its research on composite armor for the upcoming AMX-40 main battle tank. In order to remain competitive on the foreign market, the new armor was to represent a technological breakthrough compared to spaced armor previously developed for the AMX-32.[11]
Furthermore, the Staff of the French Army (EMAT) had high hopes in the EPC program which was to lead to the creation of the Leclerc main battle tank. Protection against modern threats being a keystone of the program. The armor research department of the AMX-APX was managed at the time by Maurice Bourgeat and his assistant Daniel Vallée, both were weapons scientists and worked closely with the French-German Research Institute of Saint -Louis (ISL) and the Central Technical Establishment of Weapons at Arcueil (ETCA). Under contract to the Technical Center of Land Weapons (CETAM) of Bourges, they developed the first configuration of what would later be named the PAC or Plaques Accélérées par Chocs (French for "Shock-Accelerated Plates") whose working principle and layout can be compared to Non-Explosive Reactive Armor (NERA).
Bourgeat and Vallée later worked on its integration on the Leclerc tank in the form of removable composite modules.[12] They were awarded the 1987 Engineer Chanson Prize for their work.[13]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ According to Douglas Devin, a subscriber of the US Army's ARMOR magazine in which he refers to a 1977 article from The Daily Express of London, a British newspaper.
  2. ^ According to the article "T-72: Part 2" published on Tankograd, a blog specialized on Soviet armor.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Reactive armor technologies under development for battle tanks". www.asminternational.org. ADVANCED MATERIALS & PROCESSES/SEPTEMBER 2001. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  2. ^ Chassillan, Marc. "Ne pas être percé". Raids Hors-Série (5): 56.
  3. ^ admin (2006-04-25). "Add-On - Reactive Armor Suits". Defense Update. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  4. ^ Chassillan, Marc (March–April 2018). "La Protection Balistique des Chars Modernes". No. 66. Trucks & Tanks Magazine. Caraktère. p. 76.
  5. ^ Chieftain Mk. 5/2 preliminary design study. Chertsey: UK National Archive. 1970. p. 2.
  6. ^ GB 2377984, Jeffrey Flatley, "Stealth protection/armour", published 29/01/2003, assigned to Brookes Batchellor 
  7. ^ Chassillan, Marc. "Ne pas être percé". Raids Hors-Série (5): 56.
  8. ^ Bud, Robert; Gummett, Philip (1999). Cold War, Hot Science: Applied Research in Britain's Defence Laboratories 1945-1990. Routledge. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-9057024818.
  9. ^ Feasibility study of Burlington (Chobham armour) fitted to Chieftain tank (UK National Archives ed.). Chertsey: FVRDE. 1969.
  10. ^ Warford, James M. (May 2002). "T-72B MBT – The First Look at Soviet Special Armor". Journal of Military Ordnance. 12 (3).
  11. ^ Chassillan, Marc (March–April 2018). "La Protection Balistique des Chars Modernes". No. 66. Trucks & Tanks Magazine. Caraktère. p. 75.
  12. ^ Chassillan, Marc (March–April 2018). "La Protection Balistique des Chars Modernes". No. 66. Trucks & Tanks Magazine. Caraktère. p. 76.
  13. ^ "45ème PRIX AAT – INGENIEUR GENERAL CHANSON" (PDF). starnav.fr. Association de l’Armement Terrestre. Retrieved 5 June 2022.

External links[edit]

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