Nguyen

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For the equivalent Chinese surname '阮', see Ruan (surname).
Nguyễn
RuanNguyen.png
Chữ Hán for Nguyễn
Pronunciation[wɪn] (English), [ŋwiə̯n˧ˀ˥] (Northern Vietnamese), [ŋwiə̯ŋ˧˩˧] (Southern Vietnamese)
Language(s)Vietnamese
Other names
Variant form(s)Ruan, Won, Yuen

Nguyễn (阮) is the most common Vietnamese surname. Outside of Vietnam, the surname is commonly rendered without diacritics as Nguyen. Nguyên (元）is a different word and surname.

By some estimates 39 percent of Vietnamese people bear this surname.[1][2][3]

Origin and usage

"Nguyễn" is the spelling of the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation of the Han character 阮 (Middle Chinese pronunciation: [ŋiuɐn], lit. 'a string instrument that is plucked'[4]).[5] The same Han character is often romanized as Ruǎn in Mandarin, Yuen in Cantonese,[6] Gnieuh or Nyoe¹ /ɲɥø˩˧/ in Wu Chinese,[citation needed] or Nguang in Hokchew.[citation needed]. Hanja reading (Korean) is 완 (Wan) or 원 (Won) and in Hiragana, it is げん (Gen), old reading as け゚ん (Ngen)[citation needed].

The first recorded mention of a person surnamed Nguyen is a 317 CE description of a journey to Giao Châu undertaken by Eastern Jin dynasty (Nhà Tấn, 晉朝) officer Nguyễn Phu [vi] and his family. Many events in Vietnamese history have contributed to the name's prominence. In 1232, after usurping the Lý Dynasty, Trần Thủ Độ forced the descendants of the Lý to change their surname to Nguyễn. When Hồ Quý Ly overturned the Trần Dynasty, he killed many of their descendants so when the Hồ Dynasty collapsed in 1407, many of his descendants changed their surname to Nguyễn in fear of retribution.[citation needed] In 1592, on the collapse of the Mạc Dynasty, their descendants changed their surname to Nguyễn. In late 16th century, the Tư Mã clan from Thanh Hóa changed to Nguyễn and settled in Cochinchina.[citation needed] When the Nguyễn Dynasty (the descendants of the Nguyễn Lords) took power in 1802, some of the descendants of the Trịnh Lords fearing retribution changed their surname to Nguyễn, while others fled north into China. The Nguyễn Dynasty awarded many people the surname Nguyễn during their rule, and many criminals also changed their surname to Nguyễn to avoid prosecution.

Distribution of Vietnamese family names. Họ khác means "other surnames."

Usage outside Vietnam

The prevalence of Nguyễn as a family name in Vietnam extends to outside the country, due to numerous and widespread Vietnamese emigrants. Outside Vietnam, the surname is commonly rendered without diacritics, as “Nguyen”. Nguyen was the seventh most common family name in Australia in 2006 [7] (second only to Smith in Melbourne phone books[8]), and the 54th most common in France.[9] It was the 41st most common surname in Norway in 2020[10] and tops the foreign name list in the Czech Republic.[11]

In the United States, Nguyen is the 38th most-common surname and is shared by more than 437,000 individuals,[12] according to the 2010 Census; it was the 57th and 229th most-common surname, respectively, in the 2000[13] and 1990[14] censuses. It is also the most common exclusively East Asian surname.[15] It is ranked 124th in the U.S. Social Security Index.[16] Nguyen was the 57th most common surname in the whole of Australia in 2022.[17]

Subfamilies

In Vietnamese tradition, people are referred to by their personal names and not by their family names even in formal situations. However, some groups distinguish themselves from other Nguyễn by passing elements of their names that are usually considered middle names to their children. This practice is more common with male than with female children. Some of the prominent subgroups within the Nguyễn family are:

  • Nguyễn Phước or Nguyễn Phúc (阮福): Surname for the Nguyễn Lords family members, and all members of the Nguyễn dynasty emperors.
  • Nguyễn Đình 阮廷
  • Nguyễn Hữu 阮有
  • Nguyễn Cảnh 阮景
  • Nguyễn Khắc 阮克
  • Nguyễn Tiến 阮進
  • Nguyễn Đức 阮德
  • Nguyễn Minh 阮明
  • Nguyễn Thanh 阮清
  • Nguyễn Ngọc 阮玉
  • Nguyễn Văn 阮文
  • Nguyễn Quang 阮光
  • Nguyễn Xuân 阮春
  • Nguyễn Huy 阮輝
  • Nguyễn Hoàng 阮黃
  • Tôn Thất 尊室 (Tôn Nữ 尊女 for females): Surname for members of the Nguyễn Dynasty royal family that were not direct descendants of the Emperor.

Pronunciation

The Vietnamese pronunciation is [ŋwǐˀən] (listen) in northern dialect or [ŋwǐəŋ] (listen) in southern dialect,[citation needed] in both cases, in one syllable. [ŋ] is the velar nasal found in the middle of the English word "singer".[18] Unlike in Vietnamese, this consonant is never found in initial position in English. [w] is the semivowel found in the English word "win". [iə] is a rising diphthong, the sound of which is similar to the diphthong /ɪə/ found in the British English Received Pronunciation of "ear". Finally, [n] occurs in the English word "net".

However, Nguyễn is also pronounced with a tone in Vietnamese. In Southern Vietnam, Nguyễn is pronounced with the dipping tone; the pitch of the voice first drops from a mid-level to the bottom of the speaker's range of pitch and then rises back to mid. In Northern Vietnam, it is pronounced with the creaky rising tone: the pitch of the voice rises from mid-level to the top of the speaker's range of pitch, but with constricted vocal cords, akin to a glottal stop in the middle of the vowel. See Vietnamese tones.

Common pronunciations by English speakers include [wɪn][19][20] and [nuːˈjɛn].

Changes of family name

There have been various points in Vietnam's history at which people have changed their family name to "Nguyễn." When the Lý Dynasty fell in 1232, Trần Thủ Độ, who orchestrated its overthrow, forced Lý's descendants to adopt the name due to the naming taboo surrounding Trần Lý, grandfather to emperor Trần Cảnh.

During almost 1000 years, from 457 to Hồ Quý Ly (1401), in Hải Dương and a part of Haiphong today there is the district of the Phí family (Vietnamese: huyện Phí Gia). At the end of the Lý and the Trần Dynasty there were many people who changed their names to "Nguyễn" and "Nguyễn Phí." By the Lê Dynasty, the court changed the name of the district to "Kim Thành."

When the Mạc Dynasty fell in 1592, their descendants changed their family name to "Nguyễn."

Trần Quang Diệu (like his wife Bùi Thị Xuân) worked as a major officer for the Tây Sơn Dynasty, against Nguyễn Ánh. After the Tây Sơn dynasty was defeated, his children adopted various names or changed names (one of them into "Nguyễn") in order to flee retaliation.

Historically in Vietnam and many East Asian countries, the rulers may let their courtiers share their family name as a reward for their loyalty. Many officials thereby changed their name to match that of the last Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1945). Civilians also adopted the name during the Trịnh–Nguyễn Civil War for purposes of social climbing, having migrated from the north to the south. Even the Tây Sơn Brothers changed their name to "Nguyễn" from "Hồ."

Notable people

Main article: List of people with surname Nguyễn

People with the name include:

Hồ Chí Minh was born Nguyễn Sinh Cung and used various names with the surname Nguyễn throughout his career (Nguyễn Tất Thành, Nguyễn Ái Quốc). He was not known as Hồ Chí Minh until late in his life.

References

  1. ^ Lê Trung Hoa, Họ và tên người Việt Nam, NXB Khoa học - Xã hội, 2005
  2. ^ "Vietnamese names". Archived from the original on 1 July 2008.
  3. ^ Kelly, Maura (27 July 2011). "Nafissatou and Amadou". Slate.
  4. ^ "Instrument Gallery | Middle Tennessee State University". www.mtsu.edu. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  5. ^ "Why Are So Many Vietnamese People Named Nguyen?". IB Times.
  6. ^ "Why Are So Many Vietnamese People Named Nguyen?". International Business Times. 18 February 2014.
  7. ^ The Age (4 September 2006). "Nguyens keeping up with the Joneses". Retrieved 9 September 2006.
  8. ^ Melbourne City Council. "City of Melbourne - Multicultural Communities - Vietnamese". Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2006.
  9. ^ "Les noms de famille les plus portés France". www.journaldesfemmes.com.
  10. ^ Statistics Norway. "Top 200 last names". Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  11. ^ "Žebříčky nejčastějších jmen vedou Nováci a Nguyenové" (in Czech). Novinky. 17 May 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
  12. ^ "Frequently Occurring Surnames from the 2010 Census".
  13. ^ "Frequently Occurring Surnames from the 2000 Census".
  14. ^ "Frequently Occurring Surnames from Census 1990 – Names Files".
  15. ^ "In Name Count, Garcias Are Catching Up to Joneses". The New York Times. 17 November 2007. Retrieved 29 August 2013..
  16. ^ PBS, POV: The Sweetest Sound: Popularity Index
  17. ^ "Most Common Australian Surnames & Meanings". forebears.io. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  18. ^ Bac Hoai Tran; Ha Minh Nguyen; Tuan Duc Vuong (2012). Colloquial Vietnamese: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 9781136682865. OCLC 823723353. The combination of consonants ng often comes at the beginning of a word, as in the surname Nguyễn, and it is one of the other difficulties (fortunately there are not many) that Vietnamese consonants pose.
  19. ^ "Either way, in the 1st district, it's a Nguyen for taxpayers". The Orange County Register. California. 11 February 2007. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2007.
  20. ^ "Nguyen-Nguyen situation". Total Buzz (blog). Orange County Register. 7 February 2007. Archived from the original on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2007.

External links

Look up Nguyễn in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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