Mexico City Metro overpass collapse

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Mexico City Metro overpass collapse
The bridge lies collapsed in a V-shape, with two train cars on each side of the tracks.
Investigators on site the night of the collapse
Lua error: Coordinates must be specified on Wikidata or in |coord=.
Details
Date3 May 2021 (2021-05-03)
22:22 CDT (UTC-5)
LocationTezonco–Olivos elevated interstation
Tláhuac Avenue, Tláhuac, Mexico City
Coordinates19°18′18″N 99°03′41″W / 19.3049°N 99.0613°W / 19.3049; -99.0613Coordinates: 19°18′18″N 99°03′41″W / 19.3049°N 99.0613°W / 19.3049; -99.0613
CountryMexico
LineLine 12
OperatorSistema de Transporte Colectivo (STC)
Incident typeRailway collapse
CauseLack of functional studs and poor welds that led to fatigue in the collapse point
Statistics
Trains1
Vehicles1
Crew1[2]
Deaths26[1]
Injured98[1]

On 3 May 2021, at 22:22 CDT (UTC−5), an overpass carrying Line 12 of the Mexico City Metro collapsed beneath a passing train in the borough of Tláhuac. The overpass and the last two cars of the train fell onto Tláhuac Avenue near Olivos station, killing 26 people and injuring 98 others. It was the Metro's deadliest accident in almost fifty years.

The line presented technical and structural problems that led to a partial closure of the elevated section–where the accident occurred–between 2014 and 2015. An earthquake in 2017 further damaged the span and, although it was repaired within a few months, residents reported that problems still existed years later. The line was announced in 2007 as an underground line with the possibility of operating with rubber-tired trains because of the instability of the city's soil and was scheduled to be opened by 2010. Due to budget and time constraints, however, the project was modified to operate both underground and overground with steel-wheeled trains, which researchers have pointed out as one of the causes of track instabilities and damage since the beginning of the line's operations. Empresas ICA, the company that built the other lines of the system, co-constructed it with Alstom Mexicana and Grupo Carso (the latter owned by businessman Carlos Slim).

Claudia Sheinbaum, mayor of the city, hired the Norwegian risk management firm Det Norske Veritas (DNV) to conduct an investigation to find out the causes of the collapse. Their preliminary investigations suggested that it was related to deficiencies in the construction of the bridge and a lack of functional studs coupled with poor welds that led to fatigue in the collapsed beam. Further investigations led them to conclude that the bridge was designed and built without quality standards, that the construction and the line's design changes had substandard supervision, that there was a lack of fixing and safety elements, and that there were no periodic maintenance checks that would have detected the girder buckling—the last statement being contested by the government of the city.

Although Carso was the company responsible for the construction of that section, the group denied any wrongdoing. Nonetheless, Slim agreed with the government of Mexico to repair the section free of charge. The office of the city's attorney general filed charges against ten former officials involved in the construction and supervision of the project (including the project director) in December 2021 and as of October 2023 are awaiting trial for manslaughter, injury and property damage.

Background

Metro system

Main article: Mexico City Metro

The Sistema de Transporte Colectivo (STC) operates the Mexico City Metro,[3] one of the busiest in the world, carrying around 4.5 million passengers a day.[4][5] Commencing operations in 1969, it is the second-largest metro system in North America, after the New York City Subway system.[6]

Prior to the crash, the system had shown signs of deterioration, with general concerns being expressed about its maintenance.[7][8] In March 2020, two trains collided at Tacubaya station after one driver did not follow parking protocols that led the train's brakes to fail.[9] In January 2021, a fire in the Metro's downtown headquarters killed a police officer, hospitalized 30 people,[6][7] and took six subway lines out of service for several days.[10][11] In April, Line 4 was shut down after a fire on the tracks.[12]

In December 2018, Florencia Serranía was appointed to the position of STC general director by the recently appointed mayor of Mexico City, Claudia Sheinbaum. Serranía had served in the same position from 2004 to 2006 during the governorship of Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who would later be the president of Mexico when the collapse happened.[13] From 2020 to April 2021, the deputy director-general of maintenance remained unassigned and Serranía assigned herself as manager of the position.[14][15]

Line 12

Main article: Mexico City Metro Line 12
A map showing the route and stations of Line 12
Line 12 map

Line 12, also known as the Golden Line in reference to its color on the system map, runs from south-central Mexico City to the semi-rural southeastern borough of Tláhuac, serving roughly 350,000 passengers per day.[8] As of October 2023, it is the newest line on the Metro.[7] Empresas ICA co-built it in association with Alstom Mexicana and Grupo Carso.[16] The head of government of Mexico City, Marcelo Ebrard, announced it in August 2007,[17] and its construction began in September 2008.[18] The opening was expected to coincide with the 200th anniversary of Mexico's independence in 2010,[19][20] but it suffered multiple construction delays before its inauguration in October 2012 by Ebrard and president Felipe Calderón.[7][21][22] The project's cost of MX$26 billion (US$1.29 billion as of 2021) exceeded projections by about 50 percent.[21][23]

Line 12 runs underground through the more central parts of the city and is elevated in the outlying areas.[24] Originally, the line was planned to be built mostly underground. It would have had 23 stations; 20 of them would have been underground—from Mixcoac to Nopalera—and the last three—Zapotitlán, Tlaltenco and Tláhuac—were planned as at-grade stations.[25] Due to budget constraints, the project was modified to have nine underground stations from Mixcoac to Atlalilco, nine elevated stations from Culhuacán to Zapotitlán, and two at-grade stations, Tlaltenco and Tláhuac.[19] The elevated interstation sections were built with concrete columns that carry two parallel metal beams in order to support the girders; the foundations are built on rocky soil.[26]: 54 

Rolling stock

Main article: FE-10 (Mexico City Metro)
A steel-wheeled train leaves a station.
An outbound FE-10 at Calle 11 station

The FE-10 model, by Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF), is a train exclusively used on Line 12. The model uses steel wheels, which differentiates it from the other lines in the system (with the exception of Line A) as they use rubber tires. Francisco Bojórquez, the then-general director of the Metro system, recommended using rubber tires because he considered them to be a more secure option. However, an internal Labor Commission disagreed with his opinion and supported the steel ones as they were cheaper.[27] The line was designed in a similar way to Line A, taking into consideration the specifications of Bombardier trains, which have a width of 2.50 meters (8 ft 2 in) and a weight of 170 metric tons (170 long tons; 190 short tons) per railcar. The FE-10 trains, nevertheless, are wider and heavier, being 2.80 meters (9 ft 2 in) wide and have a weight of 240 metric tons (240 long tons; 260 short tons) per railcar.[28][29] They have a capacity of 1,900 passengers and they are gangway models, allowing users to change from one car to another.[26]: 40 

CAF received a concession for the trains from 2010 to 2026 with a US$1.588 billion contract, becoming the first time that the STC did not buy the trains directly.[30] SYSTRA, a multinational engineering and consulting group, wrote that train operations were within the accepted limits of safety.[31] Technischer Überwachungsverein recommended replacing the trains due to the excessive wear of the wheels and rails caused by the mismatching between both.[32]

Issues

A picture of Line 12's overground track with a train passing by.
The Olivos–Tezonco viaduct in 2016. The accident occurred near the Vips and Walmart signs, which can be seen on the far left.

From the start of service, Line 12 faced problems with trains on its elevated sections. Before the start of pre-operational testing with trains, topographic monitoring detected subsidence on several columns.[29] Personnel recorded vibrations on the tracks in the Tláhuac borough area. Passenger testing began in June 2012 and the Metro system recorded in the subsequent months around 10,000 ties damaged due to vibrations.[29] The operations necessitated speeds as low as 5 km/h (3 mph) on some segments and a congressional report noted that the unprotected rails coupled with wheels that do not meet the required standards could derail the trains.[7][21] In March 2014, the elevated section was closed for 20 months to repair technical and structural faults.[7][33] The government of the city created a special board to investigate the causes of the problems and hold officials accountable for the errors that led to the partial closure.[34] Among those investigated was Ebrard, who went into self-imposed exile in France in 2015, saying that he was the target of a political vendetta created by Miguel Ángel Mancera, his successor.[35][36][37] In total, 33 officials and ex-officials were sanctioned with disqualifications from public work, fines, or both, including Enrique Horcasitas, the director of the Line 12 project.[38]

The government of Mancera hired SYSTRA to independently submit a report on their investigation in 2014. After the group reviewed over 2,900 documents and tested the tracks,[39] the team concluded that errors were present during the "planning, design, construction and operation" of the line.[40] In a non-public report published by SinEmbargo.mx after the collapse, SYSTRA added that the wear and tear of the work were unusual for a project no more than two years old, which they attributed to "mediocre quality" works. The group concluded that to avoid future problems, the Metro system would need to correct the origin of the wear because repairs would be impermanent fixes and the defects would eventually return. They further informed to governmental authorities that it would not be possible to have a permanent solution and suggested to them to create a maintenance manual based on the needs of the line to maintain it perpetually.[41]

In 2015, the Superior Auditor of the Federation (Auditoría Superior de la Federación; ASF) concluded that the construction process presented 12 irregularities, including the incompatibility between the train wheels and the rails, which could cause instabilities in the track, and that train operations were within the accepted limit of safety.[42] According to Florencia Serranía, the French company Tricaud Societé Organisé (TSO) was contracted in 2016 to maintain the daily operating conditions of the line's fixed installations and it did not report any concerns before the collapse.[43] The total cost to address these problems amounted to over MX$1.2 billion.[44]

The 2017 Mw7.1 Puebla earthquake damaged the line's tracks and forced six stations, from Tezonco station to the eastern terminal, to close temporarily.[24][45] Tezonco and Olivos stations were reopened three days later, with the latter serving as the provisional terminal station for about a month while the remaining stations underwent repairs.[46][47] According to collaborators from the Associated Press, experts suggested to them that the line needed to be closed and inspected thoroughly rather than being reinforced.[24] The ASF made observations of damage to the section which ultimately collapsed.[48] Residents had reported after the earthquake that the structure presented visible structural cracks. Transport authorities made repairs following these complaints.[4] They also repaired a column between Olivos and Nopalera stations that showed cracks in its base in January 2018.[49][50] Before the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, residents provided photos and videos to the authorities for them to review the bridge as they perceived that it was buckling and that the structure was moving abnormally as trains passed by.[51] By the end of 2019, engineering company Ingeniería, Servicios y Sistemas Aplicados (ISSA) conducted a study of the structural and geotechnical behavior of the overpass, finding no risk to the line's operation.[43]

Collapse

Multiple concrete columns and girders under construction.
Line 12 bridge under construction in 2010 a few meters away from Olivos station. The accident occurred when a steel girder, similar to those pictured, collapsed.

On 3 May 2021 at 22:22 CDT (UTC−5),[52] an eastward-bound train was passing on the track between Olivos and Tezonco stations in Tláhuac.[53] Around 220 meters (720 ft) before reaching Olivos station,[54] the section between columns 12 and 13[55] collapsed when its girder failed and broke in half, causing the last two train cars to fall off the track.[56][57] The fallen cars ended up suspended in a V-shape with one train car hitting the ground and the other left dangling.[21][58] Debris fell onto an automobile traveling on Tláhuac Avenue, killing the driver and injuring his wife.[59] The overpass is about 5 meters (16 ft) above ground level but was situated above a concrete median strip, which minimized casualties among motorists and pedestrians on the ground.[60]

A total of 26 people died in the collapse (15 of whom died at the scene)[61] and 98 others were hospitalized.[1] It was the Metro's deadliest incident since 1975, when a collision between two trains killed 31 passengers;[62] it was the system's third fatal accident in fourteen months.[56] After the collapse, approximately 22 people were reported missing.[63] By 6 May, the number decreased to five people unaccounted for.[64] According to the government of the city, none of them were most likely not on board as they had been missing since days before the accident.[65]

According to Rodrígo García, the train driver, he perceived a jolt in the train meters before arriving at Olivos station and subsequently his control board indicated a power failure. García activated the emergency brake, got out of the cab and saw smoke and passengers leaving the train in the last car. The control center asked him to verify the situation and to reassure the passengers if necessary. He was subsequently notified of the collapse. In the fifth and last available car, García found injured and unconscious people. He estimated that the train was three-quarters full.[66]

The STC warned residents to avoid the area.[67] Immediately, witnesses began rescue efforts[51][68] and were later joined by first response teams.[69][70] Neighbors offered the rescuers coffee, water, and bread.[71][72] A shopping mall in the zone emptied its parking lot and let authorities set up a control post.[73] Rescue maneuvers were stopped after a few hours as the structure was unstable.[74] A crane was dispatched to hoist sections of the train while search and rescue teams worked to find survivors.[75] The first train car was removed the next day at 09:20 CDT and the second before 14:00 CDT later that day.[73] By the end of May, the debris had been removed.[76][77]

Immediate aftermath

One of the railcars is being lifted by a crane. Behind it, the second railcar still hanging. Below them, a car is seen below the debris.
A railcar being lifted the day after the accident

Service on the entirety of Line 12 was suspended.[78][79] The following day, it was replaced with 490 city buses, which were insufficient to meet passenger demand. To complement the service, the city contracted buses from the company Autobuses de Oriente,[80] and approved temporary routes toward Tasqueña, Universidad,[81] Atlalilco,[82] and Coyuya metro stations.[83] The federal government declared three days of national mourning.[84] Social media users reported structural damage at other elevated stations, including Oceanía, Consulado and Pantitlán. Sheinbaum said they would be examined accordingly.[85] The general secretary of the Mexican Union of Metro Workers announced that around 8,000 workers would go on strike due to unsafe working conditions.[6][62]

The office of the federal Attorney General (FGR), its Mexico City counterpart (FGJCDMX) headed by Ernestina Godoy Ramos, and Norwegian risk management firm Det Norske Veritas (DNV) were appointed to investigate the collapse.[86][87] Sheinbaum said the families of those killed would receive MX$700,000 (US$35,000) each, including MX$50,000 (US$2,500) from the city and MX$650,000 (US$32,650) from the Metro.[86] The indemnity increased to MX$1,870,000 per family later on.[88]

When Serranía was asked about satellite images that showed the section was slightly warped, she said: "There is no such information, it is not true".[43] National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), the ruling party of Mexico, voted against creating a special commission to investigate the collapse, adding that it is a "scavenger" proposal as the collapse had no "urgent and obvious resolution".[89] The current and former heads of government of Mexico City, Sheinbaum and Ebrard, are both protégés of president López Obrador and have been considered leading candidates of the MORENA party for the presidential election in 2024.[90] According to international journalists, the collapse may affect their presidential campaigns as the construction of Line 12 had been overseen by Ebrard and was considered his "signature infrastructure project", while Sheinbaum had over two years to address concerns regarding the line's condition and make sure that the line was properly maintained.[6][23][90]

Reactions

Minutes after the collapse, Sheinbaum went to the accident site.[91] Ebrard, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs when the incident happened, said on Twitter, "What happened today in the Metro is a terrible tragedy ... My sympathy to the victims and their families".[92] The following morning, president López Obrador gave his condolences and said, "Nothing will be hidden, we should not fall into speculations ... no accusations will be made without evidence".[56][93] Carlos Slim's Grupo Carso, the main constructor of the Periférico Oriente–Zapotitlán section, announced that they would wait for the official expert analyses before offering any statement on the incident.[94][95]

Protests and tributes

Twenty-six crosses with the names of the deceased are on the protective fence of Olivos station.
Day of the Dead altars in honor of the victims at Olivos station

In the following days, protesters who were upset over the collapse and the authorities' responses vandalized several stations, breaking glass platform partitions and painting slogans such as "It wasn't an accident – It was negligence" on station walls.[96][97] Demonstrators marched from Periférico Oriente station to the accident site with banners that read "It was not an accident, those responsible have first and last names" and "Corruption kills and the dead are always the people".[98] Residents set up an altar in the nearby shopping mall.[99] On 7 May, hundreds of protesters held a vigil at the scene of the accident, demanding justice.[100]

For the Day of the Dead observance in 2021, residents called to place a thematic altar called "Train to Mictlān".[101] On the eve of the first anniversary of the collapse, the National Action Party (PAN), an opposition party, placed an anti-monument on Paseo de la Reforma, in front of the Antimonumento +43 memorial. The PAN anti-monument references the collapsed train and includes the legends "#FueMorena" (#ItWasMorena) and "La tragedia de la Línea 12" (The tragedy of Line 12) on a wine-colored plinth, referencing MORENA's institutional colors.[102] On the anniversary of the collapse, family members, survivors and residents went to the site where they placed altars and candles. They also informed journalists that they will ask the city council for permission to place a memorial in front of the collapsed area.[103]

Investigations

DNV report

A damaged concrete slab showing incorrect distances in relation to stud placement
A girder with multiple poorly welded studs.
A broken stud due to a poor welding work
Some photographs from the first DMV report explaining the root cause of the collapse. They show examples of improperly executed welds and incorrect stud distribution.

The government of the city contracted DNV on 5 May 2022 to conduct a detailed independent investigation into the collapse.[104] It was decided to split it into three parts and each would receive a payment: The first one would discuss the preliminary causes that contributed to it and cost 8,169,343 pesos; the second one was set to include its immediate cause and cost 5,049,743 pesos, and the third and last part would include the root cause and recommendations for the line's reopening and cost 9,394,914 pesos.[105][106] According to the contract, DNV was allowed "to collect information for documentary analyses, covering design, construction, rehabilitation, intervention, operation, maintenance and supervision" of the line until the date of collapse.[107]

On 16 June 2021, DNV published the report's first part. The firm found structural faults linked to six construction deficiencies:[108]

  • A poor welding process of Nelson studs.
  • Porosity and lack of union in the stud–beam joint.
  • Lack of Nelson studs in the beams that span the bridge assembly.
  • Different types of concrete were used on the girder.
  • Unfinished and/or improperly executed welds.
  • Supervision and dimensional control in fillet welds.

DNV investigated if the design was appropriate for the line, if the materials used were appropriate for it, if the structure's performance fulfilled the design requirements and if the operations, repairs and rehabilitations affected the bridge.[108] The group reported that fewer studs were used than those required to support the structure and that the concrete that covered them might have been faulty.[109] The firm also noticed that supervisors issued an alert in August 2010 related to the construction of the Tezonco–Olivos overpass which stated that only ten reinforcement bars were to be used in the bridge, although the project plans originally specified twenty of them.[110] According to El Financiero, the report excluded at the "last minute" four additional lines of research: "lateral-torsional buckling of the steel beams", "crushing of the concrete slab", "influence of loads from the railroad system" and "lack of infrastructure maintenance".[111]

DNV was expected to deliver the second part of the report on 14 July 2021,[105][112] however, the group postponed it until 7 September 2021. In the 180-page investigation, DNV concluded that the collapse was caused by the lack of functional Nelson studs in the stretch, which lead to the buckling of north and south beams. This led the girders to work independently from each other in conditions for which they were not created, thus driving the distortion to the central transverse frame and causing fatigue in the support. Bad distribution of the existing studs and poor welds in the zone further contributed to the collapse.[113][114]

The third part of the report was expected for August 2021,[105] but it was delivered on 28 February 2022.[115] However, the city's government rejected its conclusions and reserved to publish it. Sheinbaum acknowledged it on 4 May 2022 and said that it was declined because it was a "deficient, poorly produced, [...] tendentious and false" document that presented "technical issues", that it serves the country's opposition parties, that DNV unilaterally changed the methodology that the group originally presented when it was hired, and she mentioned that the company had a conflict of interest as one of the lawyers of the firm had previously litigated against López Obrador. She also announced a civil lawsuit against DNV and that the firm would not receive a payment for the last part.[116][117][118] Andrés Lajous, the head of the city's Secretary of Mobility, explained that the change in the report's methodology referred to DNV's decision to "plant maintenance" as a cause of the collapse.[119] DNV informed that their report was delivered "in accordance with the agreed RCA [root cause analysis] methodology and to strict internal quality and revision procedures".[107] According to journalist investigations, the aforementioned lawyer was hired in 2019.[120]

On 9 May 2022, the Spanish newspaper El País published part of the third report. DNV concluded that the root cause of the accident was that the bridge's design did not comply with the standards for bridge construction, there was a lack of certification by an independent entity, including deficient supervision and changes to the original design, misplaced, poorly welded or missing studs throughout the girders, and lack of maintenance inspections during the period 2012–2019, even though the manual delivered by ICA–Carso–Alstom recommended thorough annual inspections.[121][122] The city government released the report two days later and explained in a conference the discrepancies they found in it. Officials explained their opposition to it as DNV did not compare the collapsed section with similar segments, that the firm used Google tools—including Google Street View—despite the existence of a disclaimer that says data may not reflect actual conditions, that DNV initially stated that the deformations were not visible to the naked eye to later say the opposite by using Google Street View images, that the ICA–Carso–Alstom maintenance manual does not establish methodologies for deformation criteria, that it initially mentions that no maintenance reports were delivered and then acknowledged that there are reports for 2019 and 2020, and that the group did not adhere to the requested methodology.[123] Sheinbaum announced that the contract with DNV would be rescinded and a group of engineers would be hired to "present the whole truth".[124]

Other reviews

Photograph of a concrete bridge above an avenue.
Concrete girders used by ICA (pictured near Zapotitlán station). The College of Civil Engineers of Mexico found that, unlike the steel girders used by Carso, of which all presented vulnerabilities, these showed "minor and common deficiencies" along the overpass.[125]

Journalists from The New York Times published an investigation three days prior to DNV. The team suggested that the collapse was due to a chain of errors originating in its planning. They stated that the line was built in a rushed manner as the end of the administration of Ebrard was approaching. They suggested that the installation of steel studs failed due to bad welds and that after the 2017 earthquake, audits revealed that there were errors of origin, graded as "authorized poor quality work", including improperly poured concrete and lack of steel elements.[126] Sheinbaum criticized the article and said she did not leak information to a journal that denounced the Fourth Transformation—the president's political platform.[127] Ebrard said the collapse was not caused by structural faults, but due to the lack of maintenance.[128]

In their investigation, the FGJCDMX found similar results to those of DNV's first report. The FGJCDMX report indicated that the shear bolts that joined the slabs to the beams were misplaced and even in some cases the bolts and beams were not fused, leading to distortion-induced fatigue. The attorney concluded that the collapse occurred when the eastbound beam suddenly yielded and dragged the westbound beam in 1.9 seconds.[129][130] According to a study carried out by specialists hired by the attorney general's office, the collapsed section had 65 percent of the required bolts.[131] In a related study, specialists could not find evidence of inspection reports of problems related to the bridge and that if these examinations had been carried out in a specialized manner through appropriate maintenance, the existing malformations and defects would have been detected.[132]

The College of Civil Engineers of Mexico (Colegio de Ingenieros Civiles de México; CICM) conducted independent studies of Line 12, except for the collapsed area. They observed that the bridge has two different types of girders: from Culhuacán to Calle 11 stations—built by ICA[125]—the section uses concrete girders, and from Periférico Oriente to Zapotitlán stations—built by Carso[94][125]—the overpass uses steel girders. They also found that 68 percent of the elevated section has minor and common deficiencies. In comparison, the remaining 32 percent—all within the section between Periférico Oriente and Zapotitlán stations—presented vulnerabilities that would require additional analyses. These include poor welds, improper spacing between beams, fissures in columns and beams, and irregularities in the steel structure support.[125][133]

Planned reopening

The bridge of the subway system with its respective missing section.
The collapse site in January 2022 prior to the start of reconstruction work.

Service on the entirety of Line 12 has remained closed since the night of the accident as of October 2023. According to Sheinbaum, its reconstruction is expected to be completed by the end of 2022.[134] A week after the collapse, the STC considered reopening only the underground section.[135] In their report, the CICM recommended not to reopen the line unless a reinforcement and rehabilitation project is conducted.[136] The institute further advised to not reopen the underground section alone because the railway workshops are needed for train maintenance and they are located after Tláhuac station.[137]

In June 2021, Sheinbaum discussed with ICA and Carso the possibility of them giving money for the rehabilitation of the elevated section.[138] On 22 June, López Obrador met with Sheinbaum and Slim, and they agreed that Slim would help with the rehabilitation process, which López Obrador said should be carried out "as soon as possible",[139] and "that within a year at the latest, Line 12 [would] be back in operation with full safety".[140] A week later, López Obrador said that Carso agreed to rehabilitate the collapsed section free of charge,[141][142] and Slim commented: "I am convinced that [the line] was made with the best structural engineers of Mexico, who did the calculations, the design, and if you recall it, in October 2012, around November [...] the project was approved, which was performed by international experts, and for that, I am convinced that it has no inherent vices. So much so that the President of the Republic, the head of government and the head of government-elect boarded it, and they invited us and lots of people to travel, we traveled around 12 kilometers (7.5 mi)".[a]

Reconstruction work on the collapsed section started on 16 February 2022.[144] A total of 6.7 km (4.2 mi) will be strengthened with column reinforcements and supports based on struts, diaphragms and tensors. In addition, a girder located 200 meters from the accident site will be dismantled and rebuilt.[145] According to the Guacamaya Leaks [es], multiple Internet leaks of classified information documents of the Secretariat of National Defense by the hacktivist group Guacamaya [es], Mexico City authorities requested the army to donate 20,000 t (20,000 long tons; 22,000 short tons) of steel to reinforce the girders in the elevated section of the line, which was originally intended for the canceled Texcoco Airport; the army only provided 13,000 t (13,000 long tons; 14,000 short tons).[146] Sheinbaum confirmed the leaked information and said that the material that was not used in the construction of the Felipe Ángeles International Airport was recycled for the line's reinforcement.[147]

Aftermath and litigation

After the release of the first DNV report, Grupo Carso lost 7.8 billion pesos on the Mexican Stock Exchange.[148] The company further lost 2.7 billion pesos after they announced they would rebuild the collapsed section.[149] Florencia Serranía was removed from her position on 28 June 2021 and was replaced by Guillermo Calderón, the Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos general director.[150] Days before the delivery of its second report, DNV filed a complaint with the FGJCDMX due to a breach in the chain of custody of a package containing evidence that was sent to the United States for further studies. When the package returned to Mexico, the box containing the samples had been violated, potentially affecting the investigation.[151]

The FGJCDMX began an investigation against eleven welders and two supervisors in August 2021.[152] The office announced in October 2021 that charges of manslaughter, injury and property damage will be brought against Enrique Horcasitas, project director of Line 12, and nine former officials and supervisors—several of them were disqualified in 2014 and 2015 from holding any public role in Mexico City for their participation in the planning and construction of the line.[153][154] Horcasitas' defense said that the errors occurred when the city preferred to make modifications to the original project, including the contracting of companies other than those stipulated and that it had not been properly maintained since its opening.[155] According to the attorney, who is also defending four others, the Spanish version of DNV's report omits information related to maintenance on the line.[156] The ten ex-officials were formally charged in December 2021 and are waiting for trial.[157]

Carso estimated that the reconstruction and reinforcement of the line's bridge will cost the company MX$800 million pesos.[158] In November 2021, the group revealed that in 2010 it subcontracted the stud welding company J. J. Jiménez, S. A. de C. V. and that Carso subsequently supervised the work through a verification system that evaluated the welding of the studs, their alignment, and their final position.[159]

By February 2022, 80 percent of those involved had received indemnification from Carso's CICSA division on a deal in which none would take legal action or request further amounts in the future.[160] The percentage increased to 90 percent by May 2022.[161] The range of compensation varied according to the seriousness of the injuries from 450,000 pesos (US$21,600) to 6 million pesos (US$290,000)—the latter for the families of the deceased. The company also reserved the right to chargeback the sums to those found legally responsible for the collapse.[160][162][163] The remaining percent are in the process of taking legal action against Carso.[164]

Notes

  1. ^ Original text in Spanish: "... estoy convencido de que la hicieron los mejores calculistas de México, hicieron los cálculos, el diseño y si recordarán en octubre de 2012, por ahí de noviembre [...], se dio el visto bueno al proyecto, lo que se había hecho por expertos internacionales, lo cual estoy convencido que desde su origen no tiene vicios. Tan es así que se subió el presidente de la República, el jefe de Gobierno y el jefe de Gobierno electo y nos invitaron a muchas gentes a recorrer, recorrimos como 12 kilómetros".[143]

References

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  108. ^ a b Vela, Daniel Saúl; Alzaga, Ignacio (16 June 2021). "Peritaje Línea 12: Estas son las 6 deficiencias en la construcción que se encontraron" [Line 12 survey: These are the 6 construction deficiencies that were found]. El Financiero (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  109. ^ Stevenson, Mark (16 June 2021). "Report blames poor welds for Mexico City subway collapse". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  110. ^ Vela, Daniel Saúl; Alzaga, Ignacio (18 June 2021). "Otra revelación del peritaje de la Línea 12: se buscó usar menos varilla" [Another revelation from the Line 12 expert report: less rebar was to be used]. El Financiero (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  111. ^ Vela, Daniel Saúl; Alzaga, Ignacio (17 June 2021). "Peritaje Línea 12: suprimen de 'última hora' el tema del mantenimiento" [Line 12 expertise: maintenance issue removed at 'last minute'.]. El Financiero (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  112. ^ Ramos, Rolando (16 June 2021). "Informe preliminar de DNV revela deficiencias en la Línea Dorada" [Preliminary DNV report reveals deficiencies in the Golden Line]. El Economista (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  113. ^ "Missing bolts contributed to Mexico City metro collapse: Report". Al Jazeera. 7 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  114. ^ "Report blames poor welds for Mexico City subway collapse". ABC News. Associated Press. 7 September 2021. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  115. ^ Rodríguez, Iván (5 May 2022). "Gobierno de CDMX rescinde contrato y demanda a DNV" [Government of Mexico City rescinds contract and sues DNV]. El Economista (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  116. ^ Camhaji, Elías (4 May 2022). "El Gobierno de Ciudad de México demanda a DNV, la empresa encargada de los peritajes de la Línea 12" [Mexico City Government sues DNV, the company in charge of the Line 12 surveys]. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  117. ^ "Sheinbaum demandará a DNV por peritaje 'tendencioso y falso' del desplome de la Línea 12" [Sheinbaum to sue DNV for 'biased and false' report on Line 12 collapse]. Proceso (in Spanish). 4 May 2022. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  118. ^ Camhaji, Elías (11 May 2022). "El Gobierno de Sheinbaum hace público el informe de DNV que adelantó EL PAÍS sobre el colapso en la Línea 12" [Sheinbaum's government makes public the DNV report that El País published about the collapse of Line 12]. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  119. ^ Yaes, Brenda (5 May 2022). "Informe de DNV sobre L12 "nos sembró el mantenimiento", acusa Andrés Lajous" [DNV report on L12 "planted maintenance", accuses Andrés Lajous]. Expansión (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  120. ^ Buendía, Eduardo (6 May 2022). "¿Quién es Héctor Salomón, abogado de DNV acusado por Sheinbaum de trabajar para Peña Nieto?" [Who is Héctor Salomón, DNV's lawyer accused by Sheinbaum of working for Peña Nieto?]. Milenio (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  121. ^ Zerega, Georgina; Camhaji, Elías; Manetto, Francesco (9 May 2022). "El peritaje final de DNV señala fallas en las inspecciones y el mantenimiento como causas concurrentes en la tragedia de la Línea 12" [DNV's final expert report points out failures in inspections and maintenance as concurrent causes of the Line 12 tragedy]. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  122. ^ "El País revela el peritaje final de DNV a la Línea 12 del Metro; fallas en el mantenimiento, entre las causas del accidente" [El País reveals DNV's final assessment of Metro Line 12; maintenance failures among causes of accident]. SDP Noticias (in Spanish). 9 May 2022. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  123. ^ "Colapso de Línea 12: Estas inconsistencias detectó el Gobierno de CDMX en el dictamen final de DNV" [Collapse of Line 12: These inconsistencies detected by the Government of CDMX in DNV's final report]. El Financiero (in Spanish). 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  124. ^ "Sheinbaum busca nuevo peritaje sobre colapso en la Línea 12 con 'ingenieros de calidad'" [Sheinbaum seeks new expertise on Line 12 collapse with 'quality engineers']. Proceso (in Spanish). 6 May 2022. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  125. ^ a b c d El Universal (19 June 2021). "Metro CDMX: Línea 12 no puede reabrir; detectan más fallas" [Mexico City Metro: Line 12 cannot reopen; more failures detected]. El Imparcial (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  126. ^ Kitroeff, Natalie; Abi-Habib, Maria; Glanz, James; Lopez, Oscar; Cai, Wiyi; Grothjan, Evan; Peyton, Miles; Cegarra, Alejandro (13 June 2021). "Why the Mexico City Metro Collapsed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  127. ^ "Sheinbaum cuestiona intereses ocultos en revelación de NYT sobre L-12" [Sheinbaum questions hidden interests in NYT's L-12 revelation]. Forbes (in Spanish). Mexico City. 13 June 2021. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  128. ^ Wong, Alma Paola; Vega, Carlos (14 June 2021). "Problemas en L12 del Metro, por falta notoria de mantenimiento en vías: Ebrard a NYT" [Problems in L12 of the Metro, due to a notorious lack of track maintenance: Ebrard to NYT] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  129. ^ Paredes, Ariana (15 October 2021). "L12: los pernos Nelson, otra vez" [L12: Nelson studs, again]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  130. ^ "En L12, el colapso fue fundamentalmente por errores en construcción: Fiscalía capitalina" [On L12, the collapse was fundamentally due to construction errors: CDMX Attorney General]. El Universal (in Spanish). 14 October 2021. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  131. ^ "Third of required bolts missing from collapsed Mexico City metro section – study". Bnamericas. 10 January 2022. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  132. ^ "Another study finds maintenance errors at collapsed Mexico City metro line". Bnamericas. 24 January 2022. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  133. ^ Mandujano Tovar, Rocío (17 June 2021). "Colegio de Ingenieros Civiles de México detecta deficiencias en 32% de L12 del Metro CDMX" [College of Civil Engineers of Mexico detects deficiencies in 32% of L12 of Metro CDMX]. Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  134. ^ "Para 2022 se terminará reconstrucción de Línea 12 del Metro: Sheinbaum" [Metro Line 12 reconstruction to be completed by 2022: Sheinbaum]. Milenio (in Spanish). Mexico City. 8 December 2021. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  135. ^ Mora, Karla (13 May 2021). "Línea 12 del Metro: Perfilan plan para abrir tramo subterráneo" [Metro Line 12: Plan to reopen underground section profiled]. La Razón (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  136. ^ "Colegio de Ingenieros recomienda no reiniciar operaciones en L12; detecta fisuras y filtraciones" [College of Engineers recommends to not restart operations at L12; fissures and leakage detected]. Animal Político (in Spanish). 17 June 2021. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  137. ^ "Parte subterránea de L12 del Metro no podrá ser reabierta: Colegio de Ingenieros Civiles de México" [Underground part of Metro's L12 cannot be reopened: College of Civil Engineers of Mexico]. Megalópolis MX (in Spanish). 18 June 2021. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  138. ^ Zamarrón, Israel (18 June 2021). "Sheinbaum busca que ICA y Slim aporten dinero para rehabilitar Línea 12" [Sheinbaum seeks ICA and Slim to contribute money to rehabilitate Line 12]. Forbes (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  139. ^ Jiménez, Néstor; Martínez, Fabiola (23 June 2021). "Slim, con voluntad para apoyar reconstrucción de la L-12: AMLO" [Slim willing to support reconstruction of L-12: AMLO]. La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  140. ^ Pedro Domínguez (24 June 2021). "A más tardar en un año estará operando la Línea 12 del Metro de CdMx, dice AMLO" [Line 12 of Mexico City's Metro to be operational within a year at the latest, says AMLO]. Milenio. Mexico City. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  141. ^ "Slim pagará reconstrucción del tramo colapsado de Línea 12, no le costará al pueblo, dice AMLO" [Slim will pay for the reconstruction of Line 12 collapsed section, it will not cost the people, says AMLO]. Animal Político (in Spanish). 30 June 2021. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  142. ^ García Soto, Salvador (30 June 2021). "Slim pagará, pero defiende la obra de L12" [Slim will pay, but defends Line 12's construction]. El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  143. ^ "Carlos Slim Helú: la Línea 12, sin vicios de origen en su construcción" [Carlos Slim Helú: Line 12, without inherent vices in its construction]. Expansión (in Spanish). 29 June 2021. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  144. ^ Argüelles, Efrén (16 February 2022). "Línea 12 del Metro: Inicia reconstrucción en zona cero tras desplome" [Metro Line 12: Reconstruction begins at ground zero after collapse]. Excélsior (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  145. ^ Corona, Salvador (7 March 2022). "Reconstruirán otro tramo de la parte elevada de la Línea 12" [Another section of the elevated part of Line 12 will be rebuilt]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  146. ^ "Reconstrucción de la Línea 12 del Metro CDMX se realiza con acero del Aeropuerto de Texcoco" [Reconstruction of Line 12 of the Mexico City Metro to be carried out with steel from Texcoco Airport]. Infobae (in Spanish). 17 October 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  147. ^ Jiménez, Adrián (13 October 2022). "Acero del aeropuerto de Texcoco se utiliza en reforzamiento de L12, confirma Sheinbaum" [Steel from Texcoco Airport to be used in L12 reinforcement, confirms Sheinbaum]. MVS Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  148. ^ Rivera, José Antonio (22 June 2021). "Grupo Carso pierde 7,887 millones de pesos en la BMV desde la conferencia sobre Línea 12" [Grupo Carso loses 7,887 billion pesos in the BMV since the conference on Line 12]. El Economista (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  149. ^ Puga, Tláloc (30 June 2021). "Tras anunciar que rehabilitará tramo de la L12, Carso pierde 2 mil 734 mdp en dos días" [After announcing L12 section rehabilitation, Carso loses 2,734 billion pesos in two days]. El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  150. ^ "Se va Florencia Serranía: deja la dirección del Metro y Guillermo Calderón la sustituye" [Florencia Serranía leaves: She leaves the Metro directorship and Guillermo Calderón replaces her]. El Financiero (in Spanish). Mexico City. 28 June 2021. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  151. ^ García Soto, Salvador (9 September 2021). "DNV denuncia violación a sus investigaciones" [DNV denounces violation of its investigations]. El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  152. ^ "FGJCDMX investiga a 11 soldadores y 2 directivos por accidente de Línea 12 del Metro" [FGJCDMX investigates 11 welders and 2 directors for Metro Line 12 accident]. Proceso (in Spanish). 11 August 2021. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  153. ^ Fuentes, David (18 October 2021). "Por L12, buscan imputar homicidio culposo, daños y lesiones a Horcasitas y otros 9: abogado" [For L12, they seek to charge Horcasitas and 9 others with negligent homicide, damages and injuries: defense]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  154. ^ Trejo, Yeseline (18 October 2021). "Fiscalía CDMX presenta 10 denuncias por colapso de Línea 12" [Mexico City Attorney's Office files 10 complaints for Line 12 collapse]. Diario AS (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  155. ^ "¿Quién es Enrique Horcasitas, director del proyecto Metro del 2006 al 2012?" [Who is Enrique Horcasitas, Metro project director from 2006 to 2012?]. SDP Noticias (in Spanish). Mexico City. 18 October 2021. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  156. ^ Hernández, Nelly (19 October 2021). "En la traducción de peritaje de L12 eliminaron el tema de mantenimiento: Abogado" [In the translation of L12's expert opinion, the maintenance issue was eliminated: Lawyer]. Radio Fórmula (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  157. ^ "Imputan a diez exfuncionarios por caída de metro de México" [Ten ex-officials charged in Mexico City metro crash]. Chicago Tribune. Mexico City. Associated Press. 6 December 2021. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  158. ^ "Carso destinará 800 millones de pesos a reparar la Línea 12" [Carso will destine 800 million pesos to repair Line 12]. Expansión (in Spanish). 26 October 2021. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  159. ^ "Revelan que Carso subcontrató a empresa para fijar los pernos en la Línea 12 del Metro" [It is revealed that Carso subcontracted a company to install the studs on Metro Line 12.]. Aristegui Noticias (in Spanish). 3 November 2021. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  160. ^ a b Camhaji, Elías (31 January 2022). "Carlos Slim's company pays out thousands of dollars to Mexico City metro tragedy victims to prevent further lawsuits". El País. Translated by Kitson, Melissa. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022.
  161. ^ Vela, David Saúl (2 May 2022). "Colapso en Línea 12 del Metro: Difieren audiencia de imputación a Enrique a Horcasitas" [Metro Line 12 Collapse: Enrique Horcasitas' arraignment hearing deferred]. El Financiero (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  162. ^ "Línea 12 del Metro: Cicsa de Slim paga miles de pesos en acuerdos reparatorios a víctimas del colapso" [Metro Line 12: Slim's CICSA pays thousands of pesos in settlements to collapse victims]. El Economista (in Spanish). 1 February 2022. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  163. ^ Pantoja, Sara (31 January 2022). "Empresa de Slim dará hasta 6 mdp a familias de fallecidos en Línea 12; no podrán demandar" [Slim's company will give up to $6 million pesos to families of Line 12 fatalities; they cannot sue]. Proceso (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  164. ^ Pantoja, Sara (2 February 2022). "Fiscal llama a todas las víctimas de la Línea 12 a firmar el acuerdo con Slim" [Attorney general calls all victims of Line 12 to sign agreement with Slim]. Proceso (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.

Further reading

External links

External video
video icon The collapse
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