Mercury sulfide

Mercury sulfide
Names
	IUPAC name Mercury sulfide
	Other names Cinnabar; Vermilion
Identifiers
CAS Number	1344-48-5 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
EC Number	215-696-3;
PubChem CID	62402;
UNII	ZI0T668SF1 ;
UN number	2025
	InChI InChI=1S/Hg.S Key: QXKXDIKCIPXUPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
	SMILES [S]=[Hg];
Properties
Chemical formula	HgS
Molar mass	232.66 g/mol
Density	8.10 g/cm3
Melting point	580 °C (1,076 °F; 853 K) decomposes
Solubility in water	insoluble
Band gap	2.1 eV (direct, α-HgS)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−55.4·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	w=2.905, e=3.256, bire=0.3510 (α-HgS)
Thermochemistry
Std molar; entropy (S⦵298)	78 J·mol−1·K−1
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−58 kJ·mol−1
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H300, H310, H317, H330, H373, H410
Precautionary statements	P261, P272, P280, P302+P352, P321, P333+P313, P363, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	3 1 0
Flash point	Non-flammable
Safety data sheet (SDS)	ICSC 0981
Related compounds
Other anions	Mercury oxide; Mercury selenide; Mercury telluride
Other cations	Zinc sulfide; Cadmium sulfide
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Mercury sulfide, or mercury(II) sulfide is a chemical compound composed of the chemical elements mercury and sulfur. It is represented by the chemical formula HgS. It is virtually insoluble in water.^[4]

Crystal structure

Cinnabar from Nevada, US

HgS is dimorphic with two crystal forms:

red cinnabar (α-HgS, trigonal, hP6, P3221) is the form in which mercury is most commonly found in nature. Cinnabar has rhombohedral crystal system. Crystals of red are optically active. This is caused by the Hg-S helices in the structure.^[5]
black metacinnabar (β-HgS) is less common in nature and adopts the zinc blende (T²_d-F43m) crystal structure.

Preparation and chemistry

β-HgS precipitates as a black solid when Hg(II) salts are treated with H₂S. The reaction is conveniently conducted with an acetic acid solution of mercuric acetate. With gentle heating of the slurry, the black polymorph converts to the red form.^[6] β-HgS is unreactive to all but concentrated acids.^[4]

Mercury is produced from the cinnabar ore by roasting in air and condensing the vapour.^[4]

HgS → Hg + S

Uses

When α-HgS is used as a red pigment, it is known as vermilion. The tendency of vermilion to darken has been ascribed to conversion from red α-HgS to black β-HgS. However β-HgS was not detected at excavations in Pompeii, where originally red walls darkened, and was attributed to the formation of Hg-Cl compounds (e.g., corderoite, calomel, and terlinguaite) and calcium sulfate, gypsum.^[7]

As the mercury cell as used in the chlor-alkali industry (Castner–Kellner process) is being phased out over concerns over mercury emissions, the metallic mercury from these setups is converted into mercury sulfide for underground storage.

With the band gap of 2.1eV and its stability, it is possible to be used as photo-electrochemical cells^[8]

References

^ L. I. Berger, Semiconductor Materials (1997) CRC Press ISBN 0-8493-8912-7
^ Webminerals
^ ^a ^b Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. p. 1406. ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4.
^ A. M. Glazer, K. Stadnicka (1986). "On the origin of optical activity in crystal structures". J. Appl. Crystallogr. 19 (2): 108–122. doi:10.1107/S0021889886089823.
^ Newell, Lyman C.; Maxson, R. N.; Filson, M. H. (1939). "Red Mercuric Sulfide". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 1. pp. 19–20. doi:10.1002/9780470132326.ch7. ISBN 9780470132326.
^ Cotte, M; Susini J; Metrich N; Moscato A; Gratziu C; Bertagnini A; Pagano M (2006). "Blackening of Pompeian Cinnabar Paintings: X-ray Microspectroscopy Analysis". Anal. Chem. 78 (21): 7484–7492. doi:10.1021/ac0612224. PMID 17073416.
^ Davidson, R. S.; Willsher, C. J. (March 1979). "Mercury(II) sulphide: a photo-stable semiconductor". Nature. 278 (5701): 238–239. doi:10.1038/278238a0. ISSN 1476-4687.

[1] L. I. Berger, Semiconductor Materials (1997) CRC Press ISBN 0-8493-8912-7

[2] Webminerals

[b1-3] Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.

[Greenwood-4] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. p. 1406. ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4.

[5] A. M. Glazer, K. Stadnicka (1986). "On the origin of optical activity in crystal structures". J. Appl. Crystallogr. 19 (2): 108–122. doi:10.1107/S0021889886089823.

[6] Newell, Lyman C.; Maxson, R. N.; Filson, M. H. (1939). "Red Mercuric Sulfide". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 1. pp. 19–20. doi:10.1002/9780470132326.ch7. ISBN 9780470132326.

[7] Cotte, M; Susini J; Metrich N; Moscato A; Gratziu C; Bertagnini A; Pagano M (2006). "Blackening of Pompeian Cinnabar Paintings: X-ray Microspectroscopy Analysis". Anal. Chem. 78 (21): 7484–7492. doi:10.1021/ac0612224. PMID 17073416.

[8] Davidson, R. S.; Willsher, C. J. (March 1979). "Mercury(II) sulphide: a photo-stable semiconductor". Nature. 278 (5701): 238–239. doi:10.1038/278238a0. ISSN 1476-4687.

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Mercury sulfide

Contents

Crystal structure

Preparation and chemistry

Uses

See also

References

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