List of leaders of the Circassian Confederation
In the 19th century, several people have nominally or effectively stood out as leaders of Circassia.
History
Background
Circassia was traditionally divided into tribal regions.[1] In 1807, Shuwpagwe Qalawebateqo self-proclaimed himself as the leader of the Circassian confederation, and divided Circassia into 12 major regions.[2][3][4][5] In 1827, Ismail Berzeg officially declared the military confederation of the Circassian tribes and by 1839 united a significant part of Circassia under his control.[6][7] In 1839, the Circassians declared Bighuqal (Anapa) as their new capital and Hawduqo Mansur was declared the new leader of the Circassian Confederation. He kept this title until his death.[8][9][7]
In 1848, ambassadors came to Imam Shamil from the Abdzakh, one of the Circassian regions. They asked to be given a naib to be introduced to Islam properly and unite the peoples under the banner of the Imamate.[10][11] Imam Shamil agreed to send Muhammad Amin in order to lead their struggle against the expansion of Russia.[12] After learning that a warriorly scholar has arrived, thousands of families moved to the Abdzakh region to accept his rule.[13] Seferbiy Zaneqo assumed power after Amin's departure, but died the next year. In 1860, Qerandiqo Berzeg was elected as the leader of Circassia.[14][15][16]
List
| Portrait | Name | Term of office | Tribe of origin | Profession | Status | Established effective control | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 (Coat of Arms)
|
Shuwpagwe Qalawebateqo | 1807–1827 | Soldier, politician | De jure |  No
|
[3][4] | |
|
Ismail Berzeg | 1827–1839 | Military commander, politician | De facto |  Yes
|
[6][7] | |
|
Hawduqo Mansur | 1839–1846 | Natukhaj or Shapsug 
|
Military commander, politician | De facto & De jure | Yes
|
[8][9][7] |
|
Muhammad Amin | 1848–1859 | Islamic preacher | De facto & De jure | Yes
|
[10][11][13][17] | |
|
Seferbiy Zaneqo | 1859–13 June 1860 | Diplomat, Military commander, politician | De facto | Yes
|
[18][19] | |
|
Qerandiqo Berzeg | 13 June 1860 – 21 May 1864 | Military commander, politician | De facto & De jure | Yes
|
[14][15][16] |
References
- ^ Gammer, Mos%u030Ce (2004). The Caspian Region: a Re-emerging Region. London: Routledge. p. 67.
- ^ Berkok, İsmail. Tarihte Kafkasya. İstanbul Matbaası.
- ^ a b Berkok, İsmail. Tarihte Kafkasya
- ^ a b KAFFED, Çerkes Özgürlük Meclisi
- ^ These regions were Shapsugo-Natukhaj, Abdzakh, Chemguy, Barakay, Bzhedug, Kabardo-Besleney, Hatuqway, Makhosh, Bashilbey, Taberda, Abkhazia and Ubykh.
- ^ a b Hatajuqua, Ali. "Hadji-Ismail Dagomuqua Berzeg, Circassian Warrior and Diplomat". Eurasia Daily Monitor. 7 (38).
- ^ a b c d D, S. Kronolojik Savaş Tarihi
- ^ a b Хункаров, Д. Урыс-Адыгэ зауэ
- ^ a b A.Ü. Arşivi, XII.V, Çerkez tarihi liderleri
- ^ a b Казиев Ш.М. Имам Шамиль / Изд. 2-е испр. — М.: Молодая гвардия, 2003. — 378 с.
- ^ a b AKAK, Vol. X, p.590, document No. 544, Vorontsov to Chernyshev (secret), 8 [20] November 1847, No. 117
- ^ Карлгоф Н. Магомет-Амин II // Кавказский календарь на 1861 год. — Тф.: Тип. Гл. управ. намес. кавказского, 1860. — С. 77—102 (отд. 4).
- ^ a b NA, F.O. 195/443, “Report of Mehmed Emin…”, 15 August 1854
- ^ a b "Giranduko Berzeg". Muammer Dursun Erer. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Giranduko Berzeg". Archived from the original on 31 July 2019.
- ^ a b Ruslan, Yemij (August 2011). Soçi Meclisi ve Çar II. Aleksandr ile Buluşma.
- ^ Khoon, Yahya (2010). Muhammad Amin: Imam Shamil’s Naib to the Circassians in the Northwest Caucasus.
- ^ BOA, Hariciye Nezâreti Siyasî Kısım [HR.SYS.], 1345/94, 22 Safer 1270 [24 November 1853]
- ^ Sadâret Divan-I Hümayun Kalemi [A.DVN.], 94/2, 25 Safer 1270 [27 November 1853]