List of driver-less train systems

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This is a list of driver-less train systems, which are capable of GoA3 and GoA4 (GoA3+) according to the Grade of Automation classifications specified by the standard IEC 62290‐1. These are explained diagrammatically by the UITP. This list focuses heavily on trains in the classical sense used for large-scale railways for passengers and freight but does include a few people mover systems. For a similar list for GoA2, see list of semi-automated train systems.

Grade-of-Automation 3 systems

These systems are capable of driverless train operation (DTO), although some operators may choose to staff trains anyway.

GoA3 – Americas

Whereas Docklands Light Railway trains are driverless and do not have a separate cab, there is provision for manual operation
Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
Brazil Brazil Salvador Metro Line 1 2014 SelTrac[1] [a]
Line 2 2016
São Paulo Metro Line 3 (Red) 10 March 1979 ATO [b]
United States United States Walt Disney World Monorail System 2016 SelTrac

GoA3 – Asia

Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
China China (Mainland) Beijing Subway Capital Airport Express 19 July 2008 Alstom Urbalis 400
Shanghai Pudong Airport APM 16 September 2019 FITSCO JeRail
Shanghai Metro Line 5 June 2018 Thales, Shanghai Electric TSTCBTC2.0 Initially operated in GoA1 (Manual operation) [c][3]
Line 17 30 December 2017 CASCO TRANAVI [4]
Wuhan Metro Yangluo line 26 December 2017 CASCO [5]
Indonesia Indonesia Soekarno–Hatta Airport Skytrain 2020 SiLSafe 5000 [d]
Japan Japan Disney Resort Line 27 July 2001
🇵🇰 Pakistan Lahore Metro Orange Line 25 October 2020 CASCO (Alstom)
Singapore Singapore Sentosa Express November 2017 Hitachi Moving Block Wireless CBTC

GoA3 – Europe

Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
Bulgaria Bulgaria Sofia Metro Line 3 26 August 2020 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC [6]
Hungary Hungary Budapest Metro Line 2 2013 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC [e]
Spain Spain Barcelona Metro Line 11 2009 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
United Kingdom United Kingdom Docklands Light Railway 31 August 1987 SelTrac [f]


Grade-of-Automation 4 systems

These systems are capable of unattended train operation (UTO), although some operators may choose to staff trains anyway.

GoA4 – Americas

GTAA LINK
Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
Brazil Brazil Porto Alegre Metro Metro-Airport Connection 10 August 2013 Aeromovel
São Paulo Metro Line 1 (Blue) 3 July 2022 Alstom Urbalis CBTC [7]
Line 2 (Green) 2 March 2020
Line 3 (Red) December 2022 (Under Conversion)
Line 4 (Yellow) 25 May 2010 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC First completely driverless metro line in Latin America.[8]
Line 5 (Lilac) 12 March 2017 Bombardier CITYFLO 650 [g]
Line 15 (Silver) 30 August 2014 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Canada Canada LINK Train 6 July 2006 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
SkyTrain Expo Line 11 December 1985 SelTrac The longest driverless network in the Americas, at 79.6 km.[9]
Millennium Line 7 January 2002
Canada Line 17 August 2009
Chile Chile Santiago Metro Line 3 22 January 2019 SelTrac
Line 6 2 November 2017
Mexico Mexico Aerotrén 2007 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
United States United States AeroTrain 20 January 2010 SelTrac
Airport Transit System 6 May 1993 VAL system
AirTrain JFK 17 December 2003 SelTrac
AirTrain Newark 31 May 1996 SelTrac
AirTrain SFO 24 February 2003 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Aria Express 1 December 2009 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
Bay Area Rapid Transit BART to OAK line 22 November 2014 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
Cincinnati Airport People Mover 9 June 1994 Otis Hovair
Detroit People Mover 31 July 1987 SelTrac
DFW Skylink 21 May 2005 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
DIA Automated Guideway Transit 28 February 1995 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
ExpressTram 24 February 2002 Otis Hovair
George Bush Intercontinental Airport People Movers Skyway 24 May 1999 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
Subway 1969 WEDway [h]
Getty Center Tram 1997 Otis Hovair
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport People Movers The Plane Train 21 September 1980 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
ATL Skytrain 8 December 2009
Huntsville Hospital Tram System 19 June 2002 Otis Hovair
Jacksonville Skyway 1989 SelTrac
Las Vegas Monorail 2004 SelTrac
Mandalay Bay Tram 9 April 1999 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
McCarran International Airport Automated People Movers Green Line 1985 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Blue Line 1998
Red Line 2012
Memphis Suspension Railway 1982
Miami International Airport People Movers MIA e Train 1980 MiniMetro [i]
Skytrain 15 September 2010 Mitsubishi Crystal Mover
MIA Mover 9 September 2011
Miami Metromover 17 April 1986 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
Minneapolis–St. Paul Airport Trams Hub Tram 3 April 2001 Otis Hovair
'C' Concourse People Mover 5 May 2004
Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit 1975
Orlando International Airport People Movers Airside systems 1981 Mitsubishi Crystal Mover
Intermodal Terminal system 2017
PHX Sky Train 8 April 2013 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Pittsburgh International Airport People Mover 1 October 1992 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Satellite Transit System 1973 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
SMF Automated People Mover 6 October 2011 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Tampa International Airport People Movers Airside systems 1971 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
Monorail 1991
SkyConnect 2018 Mitsubishi Crystal Mover
Navajo Mine Railroad GE E60 electric locomotives [j]
Venezuela Venezuela Cabletren Bolivariano 14 August 2013 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car

GoA4 – Asia

A Magenta Line Train waiting at a station in Delhi
Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
China China (Mainland) Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3 People Mover March 2008 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
Beijing Subway Line 11 31 December 2021
Line 17
Line 19
Yanfang line 30 December 2017 BTCT [10]
Daxing Airport Express 26 September 2019 [11]
Chengdu Metro Line 9 18 December 2020 Alstom Urbalis 400 [12]
Chongqing Rail Transit Bishan rubber-tyred tram 16 April 2021 BYD SkyShuttle
Jinan Metro Line 2 26 March 2021 [13]
Guangzhou Metro APM Line 8 November 2010 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Nanjing Metro Line 7 31 December 2022
Nanning Metro Line 5 16 December 2021 [14]
Ningbo Rail Transit Line 5 28 December 2021 [15]
Shanghai Metro Line 10 10 April 2010 Alstom/CASCO Urbalis 888[16] Initially operated in GoA2 and GoA3, transitioned to GoA4 in 2020[17]
Line 14 30 December 2021 Thales, Shanghai Electric TSTCBTC2.0 [k][19][3]
Line 15 23 January 2021 Alstom Urbalis 400 [20]
Line 18 26 December 2020
Pujiang line 31 March 2018 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Shenzhen Metro Line 20 28 December 2021 CASCO Urbalis 888 [21]
Suzhou Rail Transit Line 5 29 June 2021 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC [22]
Taiyuan Metro Line 2 26 December 2020
Tianjin Metro Line 8 28 December 2021 [23]
Wuhan Metro Line 5 26 December 2021 [24]
Wuhu Rail Transit Line 1 3 November 2021
Line 2 28 December 2021
Xi'an Qujiang Sightseeing Monorail 2015
Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover 6 July 1998 SelTrac
MTR Disneyland Resort line 1 August 2005 SelTrac Most trains have an attendant on board
South Island line (East) 28 December 2016 Alstom Urbalis 400 All trains have an attendant on board[25]
India India Delhi Metro Pink Line 14 March 2018 Bombardier CITYFLO 650 58.59 km (36.41 mi). Initially with an attendant on board [26]
Magenta Line 25 December 2017 Nippon Signal SPARCS Initially with an attendant on board
Grey Line 4 October 2019 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Mumbai Metro Line 2 2 April 2022
Line 7
Japan Japan Kanazawa Seaside Line 5 July 1989
Kobe New Transit Port Island Line 5 February 1981 World's first GoA4 line
Rokkō Island Line 21 February 1990
Linimo 6 March 2005 World's first unmanned maglev
Osaka Metro Nanko Port Town Line 20 October 1991 Previously used GoA2 from 1981 to 1991
Skyrail Midorizaka Line 28 August 1998 People Mover monorail
Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation Nippori-Toneri Liner 30 March 2008
Wing Shuttle 4 September 1994
Yurikamome 1 November 1995 Mitsubishi Crystal Mover
Macau Macau Macau Light Rapid Transit Taipa Line 10 December 2019 [27]
Malaysia Malaysia KLIA Aerotrain 1998 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
Rapid KL Kelana Jaya Line 1 September 1998 SelTrac The first GoA4 in Malaysia, at 46.4 km (28.8 mi)
Kajang Line 16 December 2016 Bombardier CITYFLO 650 The second GoA4 and the longest in Malaysia, at 51 km (32 mi)
Ampang Line 2017 SelTrac [l]
Sri Petaling Line
Melaka Monorail 4 December 2017
Pakistan Pakistan Lahore Metro Orange Line 25 October 2020 CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive The first driverless metro in Pakistan.
Qatar Qatar Doha Metro Red Line 8 May 2019 SelTrac
Green Line 10 December 2019
Gold Line 21 November 2019
Hamad International Airport Shuttle 2014 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University Automated People Mover 2012 AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro / Ansaldo STS DTG [28]
Singapore Singapore Changi Airport Skytrain 1990 Kyosan APM [m]
Light Rail Transit (Singapore) Bukit Panjang LRT line 6 November 1999 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
Sengkang LRT line 18 January 2003 Kyosan APM
Punggol LRT line 29 January 2005
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) North East MRT line 20 June 2003 Alstom Urbalis 300 [n][o]
Circle MRT line 28 May 2009
Downtown MRT line 22 December 2013 Siemens Trainguard Sirius CBTC
North South MRT line 2017[30] Thales Seltrac® Convergence CBTC[31]
East West MRT line 18 June 2017 (Tuas West extension)
28 May 2018 (whole line)[30]
Thomson–East Coast MRT line 31 January 2020[32] Alstom Urbalis 400
South Korea South Korea Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit 9 September 2011 SelTrac
Busan Metro Line 4 30 March 2011
Daegu Metro Line 3 23 April 2015
Incheon Airport Maglev 3 February 2016
Incheon Airport Shuttle train 20 June 2008
Incheon Subway Line 2 30 July 2016 SelTrac
Seoul Light Rapid Transit U Line 1 July 2012 VAL system
Everline 26 April 2013 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Ui LRT 2 September 2017
Gimpo Goldline 28 September 2019 Nippon Signal SPARCS
Seoul Metropolitan Subway Shinbundang Line 28 October 2011 SelTrac
Wolmi Sea Train 8 October 2019 Urbanaut
Taiwan Taiwan Taichung Metro Green Line 25 April 2021 Alstom Urbalis 400
Taipei Metro Wenhu Line 28 March 1996 Bombardier CITYFLO 650 [p][q]
Circular Line 31 January 2020 AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro / Ansaldo STS CBTC Currently operated with attendant on-board [28]
Taoyuan International Airport Skytrain 18 January 2003
Thailand Thailand BTS Skytrain Gold Line 16 December 2020 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Turkey Turkey Istanbul Metro Line M5 15 September 2017 Bombardier CITYFLO 650 [r][33]
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Dubai International Airport Automated People Mover Terminal 1 APM 2016
Terminal 3 APM January 2013
Dubai Metro Red Line 9 September 2009 SelTrac [s]
Green Line 9 September 2011
Dubai Tram 11 November 2014 Alstom Urbalis 400
Palm Jumeirah Monorail 30 April 2009

GoA4 – Europe

The Lille Metro is operated using fully automated rubber-tyred VAL vehicles
Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
Denmark Denmark Copenhagen Metro Line M1 19 October 2002 AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro / Ansaldo STS DTG [28]
Line M2
Line M3 29 September 2019 AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro / Ansaldo STS CBTC
Line M4 28 March 2020
France France CDGVAL Line 1 3 April 2007 VAL system
Line 2 27 June 2007
Lille Metro Line A 25 April 1983 VAL system First line to use the VAL system
Line B 1 April 1989
Lyon Metro Line B 25 June 2022 Alstom Urbalis 400 [t][u]
Line D 11 December 1992
Orlyval 2 October 1991 VAL system
Paris Metro Line 1 3 November 2011 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC [t]
Line 4 12 September 2022 (first GoA4 shuttle)
2023 (Full conversion)		 Older manual GoA2 trains are progressively being replaced by GoA4 fully automated shuttles
Line 14 15 October 1998
Rennes Metro Line A 15 March 2002 VAL system
Line B 20 September 2022
Toulouse Metro Line A 26 June 1993 VAL system
Line B 30 June 2007
Germany Germany Dortmund H-Bahn 2 May 1984 SIPEM
Düsseldorf Airport SkyTrain 1 July 2002 SIPEM
Munich Airport Satellite Terminal Shuttle Train 2016 Bombardier CITYFLO 650 [34]
Nuremberg U-Bahn Line U2 2 January 2010 [t]
Line U3 14 June 2008
SkyLine 1994 VAL system
Hungary Hungary Budapest Metro Line 4 28 March 2014 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC [35]
Italy Italy Brescia Metro 2 March 2013 AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro / Ansaldo STS DTG [28]
Marconi Express 18 November 2020 Intamin People Mover P30 [36]
Milan Metro Line 4 2022 (Under construction) AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro / Ansaldo STS CBTC [28]
Line 5 10 February 2013 AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro / Ansaldo STS DTG
Pisa Mover 2017 MiniMetro
Rome Metro Line C 9 November 2014 AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro / Ansaldo STS DTG [28]
SkyBridge 1999
Turin Metro Line M1 4 February 2006 VAL system [v]
Venice People Mover 19 April 2010 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
Russia Russia Automated Passenger Transportation System June 2018 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
Spain Spain Barcelona Metro Line 9 13 December 2009 Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC 47.8 km (29.7 mi)
Line 10 10 April 2010
Madrid Barajas Airport People Mover December 2005 Bombardier CITYFLO 550
Switzerland Switzerland Lausanne Metro Line M2 27 October 2008 Alstom Urbalis 300
Skymetro September 2003 Otis Hovair
Turkey Turkey Istanbul Metro Line M7 28 October 2020 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
United Kingdom United Kingdom AirRail Link 7 March 2003 DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car
Gatwick Airport Shuttle Transit 1987 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Heathrow Terminal 5 Transit 2008 Bombardier CITYFLO 650
Stansted Airport Transit System 1991 Bombardier CITYFLO 550

GoA4 – Oceania

Sydney Metro Alstom Metropolis
Country/region Name of system Line Date System Notes
Australia Australia Pilbara railways Rio Tinto iron ore trains from Roy Hill 28 December 2018 Hitachi AutoHaul [w]
Sydney Metro North West Line 26 May 2019 Alstom Urbalis 400 [x]

Notes

  1. ^ With train captains monitoring in cab
  2. ^ With train captains monitoring in cab
  3. ^ UTO system jointly developed by Thales Group and Shanghai Electric.[2]
  4. ^ Previously operated in manual mode
  5. ^ A supervisor is monitoring the train in the cab
  6. ^ To be converted to GoA4
  7. ^ With train captains monitoring in cab.
  8. ^ Rebuilt in 1981
  9. ^ Rebuilt in 2016
  10. ^ This railroad is GoA2 capable, able to run a train without any person on board for the entire trip out to the Four Corners Generating Station and back to the mines.[citation needed]
  11. ^ UTO system jointly developed by Thales Group and Shanghai Electric.[18]
  12. ^ With train attendants to drive trains in the event of a disruption.
  13. ^ Original system opened in 1990; upgraded to current system in 2006.
  14. ^ The largest fully automated rapid transit network in the world with 202.4 km (125.8 mi) of automated rail lines.[29] Trains may have an attendant on board. Only North South line and East West line has driving cabins.
  15. ^ North South and East West lines were converted from a lower GoA to a higher GoA
  16. ^ Previously used VAL
  17. ^ System started with an attendant on board each train full-time. Gradually over time, the presence of attendants decreased. By September 2017, trains have attendants only while in long tunnel sections.
  18. ^ On the Asian side of Istanbul
  19. ^ Red Line at 52.1 km (32.4 mi). The longest driverless network in the Middle East.
  20. ^ a b c Converted from manual to automated operation
  21. ^ Rubber-tyred trains controlled by a system known as MAGGALY (Métro Automatique à Grand Gabarit de l'Agglomération Lyonnaise).
  22. ^ First fully automatic metro in Italy. First section opened for the 2006 Winter Olympics, completed in 2014.
  23. ^ The Rio Tinto Group "AutoHaul" system on its iron ore railways in the Pilbara.[37] This system is GoA 4 capable, able to run trains without a single person aboard for the entire trip out to the mines and back to the port. In October 2017 the first fully autonomous test took place over a 100 kilometres (62 mi) section.[38] The group was granted accreditation by Australia's Office of the National Rail Safety Regulator, approving the autonomous operation of iron ore trains in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.[39]
  24. ^ First completely driverless metro line in Australia.

References

  1. ^ "Thales Awarded Signalling Contract for News Salvador Metro". Thales Group. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  2. ^ Briginshaw, David. "Shanghai awards contract for first automated metro line". Retrieved 2018-05-21.
  3. ^ a b "上海5号线TSTCBTC®2.0信号系统成功通过载客运营考核评审 – TST". www.thalessec.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
  4. ^ "卡斯柯100%全自主信号护航 上海轨道交通17号线开通载客运营". www.casco.com.cn. Retrieved 2019-09-10.
  5. ^ "武汉地铁进入全自动驾驶时代 5号线有望"尝鲜"" [Wuhan Metro enters the fully driverless era: Line 5 could have "early preview"]. Chutian Metropolis Daily. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2019 – via China News Service.
  6. ^ "Sofia metro line 3 to open in October 2019". The Sofia Globe. 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
  7. ^ "Relatório de Empreendimentos - Julho/2022". Metrô. 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  8. ^ "ViaQuatro ganha Prêmio UITP Latino" (in Portuguese).
  9. ^ "Evergreen Extension opening today". 2 December 2016.
  10. ^ "Beijing welcome significant expansion of their urban rail network". Intelligent Transport. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  11. ^ "建设运营 北京地铁大兴机场线下月底开通". 2019-08-30.
  12. ^ Ltd, DVV Media International. "Chengdu driverless metro contracts awarded". Metro Report. Archived from the original on 2018-07-04. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
  13. ^ 新浪新闻综合 (2021-03-19). "明日暂不通车！济南地铁2号线预计3月下旬开始初期运营". news.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  14. ^ "南宁地铁5号线开通！华南地区首条全自动运行地铁". gx.people.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  15. ^ "宁波轨道交通5号线一期12月28日10点开通运营". www.bl.gov.cn. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  16. ^ "Urbalis 888国产化列车运行控制系统解决方案". 2019-03-08. Archived from the original on 2019-03-08. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  17. ^ "上海地铁10号线列车驾驶室接连拆除，发生了什么？". sh.people.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  18. ^ Briginshaw, David. "Shanghai awards contract for first automated metro line". Retrieved 2018-05-21.
  19. ^ "上海地铁14、15、18号线将全部采用无人驾驶" [Shanghai Metro Lines 14, 15 and 18 will all be unmanned]. Kanxsw.com. 10 October 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-03.
  20. ^ "上海轨道交通14、15、18号线将全部实现无人驾驶". 上海国际轨道交通展览会 (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  21. ^ "CASCO Wins the Bids for Shenzhen Metro Line 20 Phase I and Nantong Rail Transit Line 2 Phase I". CASCO Signal Ltd. Retrieved 2020-08-23.
  22. ^ "Siemens Mobility to install CBTC system on two Chinese metro lines". Railway Pro. Retrieved 2020-08-23.
  23. ^ 中国新闻网 (2021-12-28). "天津地铁首条全自动运行线路开通 智慧车站示范站亮相津门". finance.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  24. ^ ""武汉造"全自动无人驾驶地铁列车来啦！不设驾驶室，还有这些"高精尖"_首页武汉_新闻中心_长江网_cjn.cn". news.cjn.cn. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  25. ^ "南港島線無人駕駛列車 職員長駐隨時應急". 東方日報 Oriental Daily. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  26. ^ Rajput, Abhinav (April 28, 2016). "South Delhi-Noida direct Metro connectivity by August". HT Media Limited. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  27. ^ "Taipa line of the Macau light railway starts operating". Macauhub. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-31.
  28. ^ a b c d e f Betis, Alexander; Torre, Marino; Ghiorzo, Alessandro; Del Gaudio, Giovanni (2017-04-06). "LA LINEA M4 DI MILANO: APPROFONDIAMO GLI ASPETTI TECNICI L'evoluzione del sistema di automazione dalla M5 alla M4, evoluzione e non rivoluzione" (PDF). CIFI (in Italian). Collegio Ingegneri Ferroviari Italiani. p. 18. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  29. ^ Briginshaw, David (July 20, 2016). "Automated metros set to reach 2200km by 2025". International Railway Journal. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  30. ^ a b "All MRT lines now on new signalling system". The Straits Times. 2018-05-29. Retrieved 2019-07-06.
  31. ^ TODAY Online (April 13, 2017). "doors open and close automatically under the new system-Gov.sg". gov.sg. Retrieved February 9, 2018.[permanent dead link]
  32. ^ "First three stations of Thomson-East Coast Line to begin service on Jan 31; free travel for commuters for three days". The Straits Times. 2019-12-11. Retrieved 2019-12-31.
  33. ^ UK, DVV Media. "Erdoğan opens first driverless metro line in Istanbul". Metro Report. Archived from the original on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
  34. ^ "Munich Airport streaks ahead of Berlin with driverless trains". www.thelocal.de. 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
  35. ^ Railway Gazette International May 2014, pg 15.
  36. ^ "Marconi Express 2020 in Operation". Intamin Transportation. 2021-02-08. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  37. ^ "Rio Tinto has confirmed that it is on track to completely transition to driverless trains across its entire Pilbara operation by the end of 2018". iseekplant.com.au. July 20, 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  38. ^ "Rio Tinto operates first fully-autonomous test train". Railway Gazette. October 2, 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  39. ^ Ltd, DVV Media International. "Rio Tinto's automated trains approved". Railway Gazette. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
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