Lichen product

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Lichen products, also known as lichen substances, are organic compounds produced by a lichen. Specifically, they are secondary metabolites. Lichen products are represented in several different chemical classes, including terpenoids, orcinol derivatives, chromones, xanthones, depsides, and depsidones. Over 800 lichen products of known chemical structure have been reported in the scientific literature, and most of these compound are exclusively found in lichens.[1] Examples of lichen products include usnic acid (a dibenzofuran), atranorin (a depside), lichexanthone (a xanthone), salazinic acid (a depsidone), and isolichenan, an α-glucan. Many lichen products have biological activity, and research into these effects is ongoing.[2]

Lichen products accumulate on the outer walls of the fungal hyphae, and are quite stable. Crystal deposits can be visualised using scanning electron microscopy.[3] For this reason, even very old herbarium specimens can be analysed.[4] The amount of lichen products in lichen (as a percentage of dry weight) is typically between 0.1%–10%, although in some instances it may be as high as 30%.[5] They are usually found in the medulla, or less commonly, the cortex.[6]

Most lichen products are biochemically synthesized via the acetyl-polymalonyl pathway (also known as polyketide pathway), while only a few originate from the mevalonate and shikimate biosynthetic pathways.[7]

In 1907, Wilhelm Zopf identified and classified about 150 lichen products. Seventy years later, this number had risen to 300, and by 1995, 850 lichen products were known;[8] as of 2021, more than 1000 have been identified.[9] Analytical methods were developed in the 1970s using thin-layer chromatography for the routine identification of lichen products.[10][11] More recently, published techniques demonstrate ways to more efficiently harvest secondary metabolites from lichen samples.[12]

Chemical isolate Lichen source Researched activity and uses
Atranorin Cetraria islandica Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial[13][14]
Constipatic acid Xanthoparmelia
Lichexanthone Hypotrachyna osseoalba
Portentol Roccella portentosa Anticancer[15]
Salazinic acid Parmotrema, Bulbothrix Antibacterial[16][17]
Usnic acid Usnea Antibacterial,[18] adrenergic activity[19]

References

  1. ^ Ranković & Kosanić 2019, p. 1.
  2. ^ Molnár, Katalin; Farkas, Edit (2010). "Current Results on Biological Activities of Lichen Secondary Metabolites: a Review". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 65 (3–4): 157–173. doi:10.1515/znc-2010-3-401. PMID 20469633. S2CID 25560251.
  3. ^ Stocker-Wörgötter, Elfie (2008). "Metabolic diversity of lichen-forming ascomycetous fungi: culturing, polyketide and shikimatemetabolite production, and PKS genes". Natural Product Reports. 25 (1): 188–200. doi:10.1039/b606983p. PMID 18250902.
  4. ^ Culberson, Chicita F.; Elix, john A. (1989). "Lichen Substances". Methods in Plant Biochemistry. Vol. 1. pp. 509–535. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-461011-8.50021-4. ISBN 9780124610118.
  5. ^ Ranković & Kosanić 2019, p. 4.
  6. ^ Ranković & Kosanić 2019, p. 5.
  7. ^ Stocker-Wörgötter, Elfie; Cordeiro, Lucimara Mach Cortes; Iacomini, Marcello (2013). "Accumulation of Potential Pharmaceutically Relevant Lichen Metabolites in Lichens and Cultured Lichen Symbionts". Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. Vol. 39. Elsevier. pp. 337–380. doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-62615-8.00010-2. ISBN 978-0-444-62615-8.
  8. ^ Culberson, Chicita F.; Culberson, William Louis (2001). "Future directions in lichen chemistry". The Bryologist. 104 (2): 230–234. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2001)104[0230:FDILC]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 3244888. S2CID 85799659.
  9. ^ Kalra, Rishu; Conlan, Xavier A.; Goel, Mayurika (2021). "Lichen allelopathy: a new hope for limiting chemical herbicide and pesticide use". Biocontrol Science and Technology. 31 (8): 773–796. doi:10.1080/09583157.2021.1901071. S2CID 233661871.
  10. ^ Culberson, Chicita F.; Kristinsson, Hör-Dur (1970). "A standardized method for the identification of lichen products". Journal of Chromatography A. 46: 85–93. doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(00)83967-9.
  11. ^ Culberson, Chicita F. (1972). "Improved conditions and new data for identification of lichen products by standardized thin-layer chromatographic method". Journal of Chromatography A. 72 (1): 113–125. doi:10.1016/0021-9673(72)80013-x. PMID 5072880.
  12. ^ Komaty, Sarah; Letertre, Marine; Dang, Huyen Duong; Jungnickel, Harald; Laux, Peter; Luch, Andreas; Carrié, Daniel; Merdrignac-Conanec, Odile; Bazureau, Jean-Pierre; Gauffre, Fabienne; Tomasi, Sophie; Paquin, Ludovic (2016). "Sample preparation for an optimized extraction of localized metabolites in lichens: Application to Pseudevernia furfuracea" (PDF). Talanta. 150: 525–530. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.081. PMID 26838439.
  13. ^ Studzinska-Sroka, Elzbieta; Galanty, Agnieszka; Bylka, Wieslawa (7 November 2017). "Atranorin - An Interesting Lichen Secondary Metabolite". Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 17 (17): 1633–1645. doi:10.2174/1389557517666170425105727. PMID 28443519.
  14. ^ Jaeck, Andreas. "Atranorin". www.internetchemie.info.
  15. ^ Cheng, Bichu; Trauner, Dirk (2015-11-04). "A Highly Convergent and Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Portentol". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 137 (43): 13800–13803. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b10009. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 26471956.
  16. ^ Candan, Mehmet; Yılmaz, Meral; Tay, Turgay; Erdem, Murat; Türk, Ayşen Özdemir (2007-08-01). "Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts of the Lichen Parmelia sulcata and its Salazinic Acid Constituent". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 62 (7–8): 619–621. doi:10.1515/znc-2007-7-827. ISSN 1865-7125. PMID 17913083. S2CID 20709081.
  17. ^ Manojlović, Nedeljko; Ranković, Branislav; Kosanić, Marijana; Vasiljević, Perica; Stanojković, Tatjana (October 2012). "Chemical composition of three Parmelia lichens and antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of some their major metabolites". Phytomedicine. 19 (13): 1166–1172. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2012.07.012. PMID 22921748.
  18. ^ "Wikispaces".
  19. ^ Harris N. J. (1961), Honors Thesis, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts

Cited literature

  • Ranković, Branislav; Kosanić, Marijana (2019). "Lichens as a potential source of bioactive secondary metabolites". In Ranković, Branislav (ed.). Lichen Secondary Metabolites. Bioactive Properties and Pharmaceutical Potential (2 ed.). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. p. 13. ISBN 978-3-030-16813-1.
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