Peytoia

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Peytoia
Temporal range: Cambrian Stage 3–Miaolingian
ROM-BurgessShale-LagganiaCambriaFossil.png
Fossil specimen of Peytoia nathorsti, Royal Ontario Museum
20191021 Peytoia nathorsti Laggania cambria.png
Reconstruction of P. nathorsti
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: †Dinocaridida
Order: †Radiodonta
Family: †Hurdiidae
Genus: †Peytoia
Walcott, 1911
Type species
†Peytoia nathorsti
Walcott, 1911
Species
Synonyms
  • Laggania
    Walcott, 1911
  • Pomerania
    Lendzion, 1975 (preoccupied)
  • Cassubia
    Lendzion, 1977

Peytoia is a genus of hurdiid radiodont that lived in the Cambrian period, containing two species, Peytoia nathorsti from the Miaolingian of Canada and Peytoia infercambriensis from Poland, dating to Cambrian Stage 3.[1] Its two frontal appendages had long bristle-like spines, it had no fan tail, and its short stalked eyes were behind its large head.

Paleontologists have determined that these attributes disqualify Peytoia from apex predator status (as opposed to Anomalocaris), to the extent that it used its appendages to filter water and sediment on the sea floor to find food.[2]

108 specimens of Peytoia are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprise 0.21% of the community.[3]

Peytoia nathorsti and its junior synonym Laggania cambria played a major role in the discovery of the radiodont body plan. Initially interpreted as a jellyfish and a sea cucumber respectively, they were eventually shown to be the mouthparts and body of a single animal, which bore Anomalocaris-like appendages.

Peytoia infercambriensis is the geologically oldest known radiodont species.[1]

Classification

Peytoia belongs to the clade Hurdiidae, and is closely related to the contemporary genus Hurdia.[4]

Peytoia contains two named species: Peytoia nathorsti, the type species, from the Burgess Shale of Canada and the Wheeler and Marjum Formations of the United States,[5] and Peytoia infercambriensis from the Zawiszyn Formation of Poland.[1] Another species of Peytoia may be present in the Burgess Shale, represented by a single frontal appendage from the Tulip Beds locality.[6] A specimen regarded as Peytoia cf. nathorsti is known from the Balang Formation of China.[7]

History

Only specimen of Peytoia infercambriensis

The history of Peytoia is entangled with that of "Laggania" and Anomalocaris: all three were initially identified as isolated body parts and only later discovered to belong to one type of animal. This was due in part to their makeup of a mixture of mineralized and unmineralized body parts; the oral cone (mouth) and frontal appendage were considerably harder and more easily fossilized than the delicate body.[8]

The first was a detached frontal appendage of Anomalocaris, described by Joseph Frederick Whiteaves in 1892 as a phyllocarid crustacean, because it resembled the abdomen of that taxon.[8] The first fossilized oral cone was discovered by Charles Doolittle Walcott, who mistook it for a jellyfish and placed it in the genus Peytoia. In the same paper, Walcott described a poorly-preserved body specimen as Laggania; he interpreted it as a holothurian (sea cucumber). In 1978, Simon Conway Morris noted that the mouthparts of Laggania were identical to Peytoia, but interpreted this as indicating that Laggania was a composite fossil of Peytoia and the sponge Corralio undulata.[9] Later, while clearing what he thought was an unrelated specimen, Harry B. Whittington removed a layer of covering stone to discover the unequivocally connected arm thought to be a phyllocarid abdomen and the oral cone thought to be a jellyfish.[10][8] Whittington linked the two species, but it took several more years for researchers to realize that the continuously juxtaposed Peytoia, Laggania and frontal appendage represented one enormous creature.[8] Laggania and Peytoia were named in the same publication, but Conway Morris selected Peytoia as the valid name in 1978, which makes it the valid name according to International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature rules.[9][11]

A second species, Peytoia infercambriensis, was named in 1975 as Pomerania infercambriensis. Its discoverer, Kazimiera Lendzion, interpreted it as a member of Leanchoiliidae,[12] a family which now known as part of the unrelated megacheirans (great appendage arthropods). It was subsequently renamed Cassubia infercambriensis because the name Pomerania had already been used for an ammonoid.[13] C. infercambriensis was later recognized as a radiodont.[2] It was later determined that the specimen was a composite of a radiodont frontal appendage and the body of an unknown arthropod.[1] Due to the close similarity of the appendage to Peytoia nathorsti, C. infercambriensis was reassigned to Peytoia.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Daley, A. C.; Legg, D. A. (2015). "A morphological and taxonomic appraisal of the oldest anomalocaridid from the Lower Cambrian of Poland". Geological Magazine. 152 (5): 949–955. doi:10.1017/S0016756815000412. S2CID 130745134.
  2. ^ a b Dzik, J.; Lendzion, K. (1988). "The Oldest Arthropods of the East European Platform". Lethaia. 21: 29–38. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1988.tb01749.x.
  3. ^ Caron, Jean-Bernard; Jackson, Donald A. (October 2006). "Taphonomy of the Greater Phyllopod Bed community, Burgess Shale". PALAIOS. 21 (5): 451–65. doi:10.2110/palo.2003.P05-070R. JSTOR 20173022. S2CID 53646959.
  4. ^ Vinther, J.; Stein, M.; Longrich, N. R.; Harper, D. A. T. (2014). "A suspension-feeding anomalocarid from the Early Cambrian" (PDF). Nature. 507 (7493): 497–499. doi:10.1038/nature13010. PMID 24670770. S2CID 205237459.
  5. ^ Pates, Stephen; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Daley, Allison C.; Kier, Carlo; Bonino, Enrico; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2021-01-19). "The diverse radiodont fauna from the Marjum Formation of Utah, USA (Cambrian: Drumian)". PeerJ. 9. doi:10.7717/peerj.10509. ISSN 2167-8359.
  6. ^ Daley, Allison C.; Budd, Graham E.; Caron, Jean-Bernard (2013-03-22). "Morphology and systematics of the anomalocaridid arthropod Hurdia from the Middle Cambrian of British Columbia and Utah". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (7): 743–787. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.732723. eISSN 1478-0941. ISSN 1477-2019.
  7. ^ Liu, Qing (2013-05-02). "The first discovery of anomalocaridid appendages from the Balang Formation (Cambrian Series 2) in Hunan, China". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 37 (3): 338–343. doi:10.1080/03115518.2013.753767. eISSN 1752-0754. ISSN 0311-5518.
  8. ^ a b c d Gould, Stephen Jay (1989). Wonderful life: the Burgess Shale and the nature of history. New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 194–206. ISBN 0-393-02705-8.
  9. ^ a b Conway Morris, S. (1978). "Laggania cambria Walcott: A composite fossil". Journal of Paleontology. 52 (1): 126–131.
  10. ^ Conway Morris, S. (1998). The crucible of creation: the Burgess Shale and the rise of animals. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. pp. 56–9. ISBN 0-19-850256-7.
  11. ^ Daley, A. and Bergström, J. (2012). "The oral cone of Anomalocaris is not a classic 'peytoia'." Naturwissenschaften, doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0910-8
  12. ^ Lendzion, Kazimiera (1975). "Fauna of the Mobergella zone in the Polish Lower Cambrian". Geological Quarterly. 19 (2): 237–242.
  13. ^ Lendzion, Kazimiera (1977). "Cassubia - a new generic name for Pomerania Lendzion, 1975". Geological Quarterly. 21 (1).

External links


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