Leipzig
Leipzig
Leibz'sch (Upper Saxon) | |
---|---|
Clockwise from top: Leipzig market with Old Town Hall, Monument to the Battle of the Nations, New Town Hall and St Thomas' Church, Leipzig Main Station and Wintergarten high-rise, Cloth Hall (Gewandhaus) concert hall and Mende Fountain, Federal Administrative Court | |
| |
Coordinates: 51°20′24″N 12°22′30″E / 51.34000°N 12.37500°ECoordinates: 51°20′24″N 12°22′30″E / 51.34000°N 12.37500°E | |
Country | Germany |
State | Saxony |
District | Urban district |
Government | |
• Lord mayor (2020–27) | Burkhard Jung[1] (SPD) |
Area | |
• City | 297.36 km2 (114.81 sq mi) |
Population (2020-12-31)[3] | |
• City | 597,493 |
• Density | 2,000/km2 (5,200/sq mi) |
• Metro | 1,001,220 (LUZ)[2] |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
Postal codes | 04001–04357 |
Dialling codes | 0341 |
Vehicle registration | L |
Website | www |
Leipzig (/ˈlaɪpsɪɡ, -sɪx/ LYPE-sig, -sikh,[4][5][6][7] German: [ˈlaɪptsɪç] (listen); Upper Saxon: Leibz'sch) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million[8] in the larger urban zone)[2] as of 2021[9][10] places the city as Germany's eighth most populous,[11][12] as well as the second most populous city in the area of the former East Germany after (East) Berlin. Together with Halle (Saale), the city forms the polycentric Leipzig-Halle Conurbation. Between the two cities (in Schkeuditz) lies Leipzig/Halle Airport.
Leipzig is located about 160 km (100 mi) southwest of Berlin, in the southernmost part of the North German Plain (known as Leipzig Bay), at the confluence of the White Elster River (progression: Saale→ Elbe→ North Sea) and two of its tributaries: the Pleiße and the Parthe. The name of the city and those of many of its boroughs are of Slavic origin.
Leipzig has been a trade city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire.[13] The city sits at the intersection of the Via Regia and the Via Imperii, two important medieval trade routes. Leipzig's trade fair dates back to 1190. Between 1764 and 1945, the city was a center of publishing.[14] After the Second World War and during the period of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) Leipzig remained a major urban centre in East Germany, but its cultural and economic importance declined.[14]
Events in Leipzig in 1989 played a significant role in precipitating the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe, mainly through demonstrations starting from St. Nicholas Church. The immediate effects of the reunification of Germany included the collapse of the local economy (which had come to depend on highly polluting heavy industry), severe unemployment, and urban blight. Starting around 2000, however, the decline was first arrested, then reversed, and since then Leipzig has seen many significant changes, including the restoration of major historical buildings, the demolition of derelict properties, and the development of new industries and a modern transport infrastructure.[15][16]
Leipzig is home to one of the oldest universities in Europe (Leipzig University). It is also one of two seats of the German National Library, as well as the seat of the German Federal Administrative Court. Leipzig was rated as the most livable city in Germany in 2013 by the GfK marketing research institution.[17] Leipzig Zoo is one of the most modern zoos in Europe and ranks first in Germany (2013) and second in Europe (2015).[18][19] Since Leipzig City Tunnel came into operation in 2013, Leipzig forms the centrepiece of the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland public transit system.[20] Leipzig was in 2020 listed as a "Sufficiency" level global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network,[21] Germany's "Boomtown"[22] and was the 2019 Academy of Urbanism European City of the Year.[23][24]
Leipzig has long been a major centre for music, including classical and modern dark wave. The Thomanerchor (English: St. Thomas Choir of Leipzig), a boys' choir, was founded in 1212. The Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, established in 1743, is one of the oldest symphony orchestras in the world. Johann Sebastian Bach and Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy are two of several well-known composers who lived and worked in Leipzig. The University of Music and Theatre "Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy" was founded in 1843. The Oper Leipzig, one of the most prominent opera houses in Germany, was founded in 1868. During a stay in Gohlis, which is now part of the city, Friedrich Schiller wrote his poem "Ode to Joy".
Etymology
Name
The name Leipzig is derived from the Slavic word Lipsk, which means "settlement where the linden trees (British English: lime trees; U.S. English: basswood trees) stand".[25] An older spelling of the name in English is Leipsic. The Latin name Lipsia was also used.[26] The name is cognate with Lipetsk (Липецк) in Russia and Liepāja in Latvia.[27]
In 1937 the Nazi government officially renamed the city Reichsmessestadt Leipzig (Reich Trade Fair City Leipzig).[28]
Since 1989 Leipzig has been informally dubbed "Hero City" (Heldenstadt), in recognition of the role that the Monday demonstrations there played in the fall of the East German regime – the name alludes to the honorary title awarded in the former Soviet Union to certain cities that played a key role in the victory of the Allies during the Second World War.[29] The common usage of this nickname for Leipzig up until the present is reflected, for example, in the name of a blog for local arts and culture, Heldenstadt.de.[30]
More recently, the city has sometimes been nicknamed the "Boomtown of eastern Germany", "Hypezig" or "The better Berlin" and is celebrated by the media as a hip urban centre for its vibrant lifestyle and creative scene with many startups.[31][32][33][34]
History
Origins
Leipzig was first documented in 1015 in the chronicles of Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg as urbs Libzi (Chronicon, VII, 25) and endowed with city and market privileges in 1165 by Otto the Rich. Leipzig Trade Fair, started in the Middle Ages, has become an event of international importance and is the oldest surviving trade fair in the world.
There are records of commercial fishing operations on the river Pleiße that, most likely, refer to Leipzig dating back to 1305, when the Margrave Dietrich the Younger granted the fishing rights to the church and convent of St Thomas.[35]
There were a number of monasteries in and around the city, including a Franciscan monastery after which the Barfußgäßchen (Barefoot Alley) is named and a monastery of Irish monks (Jacobskirche, destroyed in 1544) near the present day Ranstädter Steinweg (the old Via Regia).
The University of Leipzig was founded in 1409 and Leipzig developed into an important centre of German law and of the publishing industry in Germany, resulting, in the 19th and 20th centuries, with the Reichsgericht (Imperial Court of Justice) and the German National Library being located here.
During the Thirty Years' War, two battles took place in Breitenfeld, about 8 km (5.0 mi) outside Leipzig city walls. The first Battle of Breitenfeld took place in 1631 and the second in 1642. Both battles resulted in victories for the Swedish-led side.
On 24 December 1701, an oil-fueled street lighting system was introduced. The city employed light guards who had to follow a specific schedule to ensure the punctual lighting of the 700 lanterns.
19th century
The Leipzig region was the arena of the 1813 Battle of Leipzig between Napoleonic France and an allied coalition of Prussia, Russia, Austria and Sweden. It was the largest battle in Europe before the First World War and the coalition victory ended Napoleon's presence in Germany and would ultimately lead to his first exile on Elba. The Monument to the Battle of the Nations celebrating the centenary of this event was completed in 1913. In addition to stimulating German nationalism, the war had a major impact in mobilizing a civic spirit in numerous volunteer activities. Many volunteer militias and civic associations were formed, and collaborated with churches and the press to support local and state militias, patriotic wartime mobilization, humanitarian relief and postwar commemorative practices and rituals.[36]
When it was made a terminus of the first German long-distance railway to Dresden (the capital of Saxony) in 1839, Leipzig became a hub of Central European railway traffic, with Leipzig Hauptbahnhof the largest terminal station by area in Europe. The railway station has two grand entrance halls, the eastern one for the Royal Saxon State Railways and the western one for the Prussian state railways.
In the 19th century, Leipzig was a centre of the German and Saxon liberal movements. The first German labor party, the General German Workers' Association (Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein, ADAV) was founded in Leipzig on 23 May 1863 by Ferdinand Lassalle; about 600 workers from across Germany travelled to the foundation on the new railway. Leipzig expanded rapidly to more than 700,000 inhabitants. Huge Gründerzeit areas were built, which mostly survived both war and post-war demolition.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Leipzig_um_1900.jpg/350px-Leipzig_um_1900.jpg)
20th century
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_nach1905.jpg/350px-Neues_Rathaus_Leipzig_nach1905.jpg)
With the opening of a fifth production hall in 1907, the Leipziger Baumwollspinnerei became the largest cotton mill company on the continent, housing over 240,000 spindles. Yearly production surpassed 5 million kilograms of yarn.[37]
During the 1930s and 1940s, music was prominent throughout Leipzig. Many students attended Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy College of Music and Theatre (then named Landeskonservatorium.) However, in 1944, it was closed due to World War II. It re-opened soon after the war ended in 1945.
On 22 May 1930, Carl Friedrich Goerdeler was elected mayor of Leipzig. He later became an opponent of the Nazi regime.[38] He resigned in 1937 when, in his absence, his Nazi deputy ordered the destruction of the city's statue of Felix Mendelssohn. On Kristallnacht in 1938, the 1855 Moorish Revival Leipzig synagogue, one of the city's most architecturally significant buildings, was deliberately destroyed. Goerdeler was later executed by the Nazis on 2 February 1945.
Several thousand forced labourers were stationed in Leipzig during the Second World War.
Beginning in 1933, many Jewish citizens of Leipzig were members of the Gemeinde, a large Jewish religious community spread throughout Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In October 1935, the Gemeinde helped found the Lehrhaus (English: a house of study) in Leipzig to provide different forms of studies to Jewish students who were prohibited from attending any institutions in Germany. Jewish studies were emphasized and much of the Jewish community of Leipzig became involved.[39]
Like all other cities claimed by the Nazis, Leipzig was subject to aryanisation. Beginning in 1933 and increasing in 1939, Jewish business owners were forced to give up their possessions and stores. This eventually intensified to the point where Nazi officials were strong enough to evict the Jews from their own homes. They also had the power to force many of the Jews living in the city to sell their houses. Many people who sold their homes emigrated elsewhere, outside of Leipzig. Others moved to Judenhäuser, which were smaller houses that acted as ghettos, housing large groups of people.[39]
As with other cities in Europe during the Holocaust, the Jews of Leipzig were greatly affected by the Nuremberg Laws. However, due to the Leipzig Trade Fair and the international attention it garnered, Leipzig was especially cautious about its public image. Despite this, the Leipzig authorities were not afraid to strictly apply and enforce anti-semitic measures.[39] Shortly before Kristallnacht, Polish Jews living in the city were expelled.[39]
On 20 December 1937, after the Nazis took control of the city, they renamed it Reichsmessestadt Leipzig, meaning the "Imperial Trade Fair City Leipzig".[28] In early 1938, Leipzig saw an increase in Zionism through Jewish citizens. Many of these Zionists attempted to flee before deportations began.[39] On 28 October 1938, Heinrich Himmler ordered the deportation of Polish Jews from Leipzig to Poland.[39][40]
On 9 November 1938, as part of Kristallnacht, in Gottschedstrasse, synagogues and businesses were set on fire.[39] Only a couple of days later, on 11 November 1938, many Jews in the Leipzig area were deported to the Buchenwald Concentration Camp.[41] As World War II came to an end, much of Leipzig was destroyed. Following the war, the Communist Party of Germany (German: Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, KPD) provided aid for the reconstruction of the city.[42]
In 1933, a census recorded that over 11,000 Jews were living in Leipzig. In the 1939 census, the number had fallen to roughly 4,500, and by January 1942 only 2,000 remained. In that month, these 2,000 Jews began to be deported.[39] On 13 July 1942, 170 Jews were deported from Leipzig to Auschwitz Concentration Camp. On 19 September 1942, 440 Jews were deported from Leipzig to Theresienstadt Concentration Camp. On 18 June 1943, the remaining 18 Jews still in Leipzig were deported from Leipzig to Auschwitz Concentration Camp. According to records of the two waves of deportations to Auschwitz there were no survivors. According to records of the Theresienstadt deportation, only 53 Jews survived.[39][43]
During World War II, Leipzig was repeatedly struck by Allied bombing raids, beginning in 1943 and lasting until 1945. The first raid occurred on the morning of 4 December 1943, when 442 bombers of the Royal Air Force (RAF) dropped a total amount of almost 1,400 tons of explosives and incendiaries on the city, destroying large parts of the city centre.[44] This bombing was the largest up to that time. Due to the close proximity of many of the buildings hit, a firestorm occurred. This prompted firefighters to rush to the city; however, they were unable to control the fires. Unlike the firebombing of the neighbouring city of Dresden, this was a largely conventional bombing with high explosives rather than incendiaries. The resultant pattern of loss was a patchwork, rather than wholesale loss of its centre, but was nevertheless extensive.
The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Leipzig in late April 1945. The U.S. 2nd Infantry Division and U.S. 69th Infantry Division fought their way into the city on 18 April and completed its capture after fierce urban action, in which fighting was often house-to-house and block-to-block, on 19 April 1945.[45] In April 1945 the SS Gruppenführer/Mayor of Leipzig Bruno Erich Alfred Freyberg, his wife and daughter; the Deputy Mayor/Treasurer of Leipzig, Ernest Kurt Lisso, his wife, daughter, and a Volkssturm Major Walter Dönicke committed suicide in Leipzig City Hall.
The United States turned the city over to the Red Army as it pulled back from the line of contact with Soviet forces in July 1945 to the designated occupation zone boundaries. Leipzig became one of the major cities of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).
Following the end of World War II in 1945, Leipzig saw a slow return of Jews to the city.[39][46] They were joined by large numbers of German refugees who had been expelled from Central and Eastern Europe.[47]
In the mid-20th century, the city's trade fair assumed renewed importance as a point of contact with the Comecon Eastern Europe economic bloc, of which East Germany was a member. At this time, trade fairs were held at a site in the south of the city, near the Monument to the Battle of the Nations.
The planned economy of the German Democratic Republic, however, was not kind to Leipzig. Before the Second World War, Leipzig had developed a mixture of industry, creative business (notably publishing), and services (including legal services). During the period of the German Democratic Republic, services became the concern of the state, concentrated in East Berlin; creative business moved to West Germany; and Leipzig was left only with heavy industry. To make matters worse, this industry was extremely polluting, making Leipzig an even less attractive city to live in.[48] Between 1950 and the end of the German Democratic Republic, the population of Leipzig fell from 600,000 to 500,000.[16]
In October 1989, after prayers for peace at St. Nicholas Church, established in 1983 as part of the peace movement, the Monday demonstrations started as the most prominent mass protest against the East German government.[49][50] The reunification of Germany, however, was at first not good for Leipzig. The centrally planned heavy industry that had become the city's speciality was, in terms of the advanced economy of reunited Germany, almost completely unviable, and closed. Within only six years, 90% of jobs in industry had vanished.[16] As unemployment rocketed, the population fell dramatically; some 100,000 people left Leipzig in the ten years after reunification, and vacant and derelict housing became an urgent problem.[16]
Starting in 2000, an ambitious (and subsequently much-praised[by whom?]) urban-renewal plan first stopped Leipzig's decline and then reversed it. The plan focused on saving and improving as much as possible of the city's urban structure, especially its attractive historic downtown area and various architectural gems, and attracting new industries, partly through infrastructure improvement.[48][16]
21st century
Nowadays, Leipzig is an important economic centre in Germany. Since the 2010s, the city has been celebrated by the media as a hip urban centre with a very high quality of living.[22][51][52] It is often called "The new Berlin".[53] Leipzig is also Germany's fastest growing city.[54] Leipzig was the German candidate for the 2012 Summer Olympics, but was unsuccessful. After ten years of construction, the Leipzig City Tunnel opened on 14 December 2013.[55] Leipzig forms the centrepiece of the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland public transit system, which operates in the four German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and Brandenburg.
Geography
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Weisse_Elster_ehem._Wollgarnfabrik.jpg/300px-Weisse_Elster_ehem._Wollgarnfabrik.jpg)
Location
Leipzig lies at the confluence of the rivers White Elster, Pleiße and Parthe, in the Leipzig Bay, on the most southerly part of the North German Plain, which is the part of the North European Plain in Germany. The site is characterized by swampy areas such as the Leipzig Riverside Forest, though there are also some limestone areas to the north of the city. The landscape is mostly flat though there is also some evidence of moraine and drumlins.
Although there are some forest parks within the city limits, the area surrounding Leipzig is relatively unforested. During the 20th century, there were several open-cast mines in the region, many of which are being converted to use as lakes.[56] Also see: Neuseenland
Leipzig is also situated at the intersection of the ancient roads known as the Via Regia (King's highway), which traversed Germany in an east–west direction, and the Via Imperii (Imperial Highway), a north–south road.
Leipzig was a walled city in the Middle Ages and the current "ring" road around the historic centre of the city follows the line of the old city walls.
Subdivision
Since 1992 Leipzig has been divided administratively into ten Stadtbezirke (boroughs), which in turn contain a total of 63 Ortsteile (localities). Some of these correspond to outlying villages which have been annexed by Leipzig.
Stadtbezirk | Pop. (2020)[57] | Area km2[58] | Pop. per km2 |
Ortsteile[59] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mitte | 65,912 | 13.96 | 4,721 | Zentrum, Zentrum-Ost, Zentrum-Südost, Zentrum-Süd, Zentrum-West, Zentrum-Nordwest, Zentrum-Nord |
Nordost | 48,227 | 26.31 | 1,833 | Schönefeld-Abtnaundorf, Schönefeld-Ost, Mockau-Süd, Mockau-Nord, Thekla, Plaußig-Portitz |
Ost | 85,519 | 40.73 | 2,100 | Neustadt-Neuschönefeld, Volkmarsdorf, Anger-Crottendorf, Sellerhausen-Stünz, Paunsdorf, Heiterblick, Engelsdorf/Sommerfeld, Althen, Baalsdorf, Kleinpösna/Hirschfeld, Mölkau |
Südost | 62,506 | 34.72 | 1,800 | Reudnitz-Thonberg, Stötteritz, Probstheida, Meusdorf, Holzhausen, Liebertwolkwitz |
Süd | 67,079 | 16.95 | 3,957 | Südvorstadt, Connewitz, Marienbrunn, Lößnig, Dölitz-Dösen |
Südwest | 55,742 | 46.56 | 1,197 | Schleußig, Plagwitz, Kleinzschocher, Großzschocher, Knautkleeberg-Knauthain, Hartmannsdorf-Knautnaundorf |
West | 54,190 | 14.69 | 3,689 | Schönau, Grünau-Ost, Grünau-Mitte, Grünau-Siedlung, Lausen-Grünau, Grünau-Nord, Miltitz |
Alt-West | 59,643 | 26.21 | 2,276 | Lindenau, Altlindenau, Neulindenau, Leutzsch, Böhlitz-Ehrenberg, Burghausen, Rückmarsdorf |
Nordwest | 34,710 | 39.07 | 888 | Möckern, Wahren, Lindenthal, Breitenfeld, Lützschena, Stahmeln |
Nord | 71,878 | 38.61 | 1,862 | Gohlis-Süd, Gohlis-Mitte, Gohlis-Nord, Eutritzsch, Seehausen, Göbschelwitz, Hohenheida, Gottscheina, Wiederitzsch |
Neighbouring communities
Delitzsch | Jesewitz | ||
Schkeuditz | Rackwitz | Taucha | |
![]() |
Borsdorf | Brandis | |
Markranstädt | Markkleeberg | Naunhof | |
Kitzen | Zwenkau | Grosspoesna | |
Climate
Like many cities in Eastern Germany, Leipzig has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb close to a Dfb [0 °C US isotherm]), with significant continental influences due to its inland location. Winters are cold, with an average temperature of around 1 °C (34 °F). Summers are generally warm, averaging at 19 °C (66 °F) with daytime temperatures of 24 °C (75 °F). Precipitation in winter is about half that of the summer. The amount of sunshine differs significantly between winter and summer, with an average of around 51 hours of sunshine in December (1.7 hours a day) compared with 229 hours of sunshine in July (7.4 hours a day).[60]
Climate data for Leipzig/Halle, Germany for 1981–2010, temperature records for 1973–2013, sunshine hours for 1991 to 2013 (Source: DWD) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.9 (60.6) |
18.6 (65.5) |
23.0 (73.4) |
29.5 (85.1) |
31.9 (89.4) |
34.8 (94.6) |
36.6 (97.9) |
37.2 (99.0) |
32.9 (91.2) |
28.2 (82.8) |
18.7 (65.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
37.2 (99.0) |
Average high °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) |
4.3 (39.7) |
8.7 (47.7) |
13.9 (57.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.1 (75.4) |
19.3 (66.7) |
14.0 (57.2) |
7.6 (45.7) |
3.6 (38.5) |
13.67 (56.61) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.5 (32.9) |
1.1 (34.0) |
4.7 (40.5) |
8.9 (48.0) |
13.8 (56.8) |
16.5 (61.7) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.6 (65.5) |
14.4 (57.9) |
9.8 (49.6) |
4.7 (40.5) |
1.3 (34.3) |
9.45 (49.01) |
Average low °C (°F) | −2.2 (28.0) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
1.1 (34.0) |
4.1 (39.4) |
8.5 (47.3) |
11.5 (52.7) |
13.8 (56.8) |
13.6 (56.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
6.2 (43.2) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
5.47 (41.85) |
Record low °C (°F) | −27.6 (−17.7) |
−21.6 (−6.9) |
−16.6 (2.1) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
1.8 (35.2) |
5.7 (42.3) |
5.5 (41.9) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−12.9 (8.8) |
−20.2 (−4.4) |
−27.6 (−17.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 31.9 (1.26) |
26.3 (1.04) |
38.8 (1.53) |
39.6 (1.56) |
46.9 (1.85) |
54.8 (2.16) |
68.9 (2.71) |
63.1 (2.48) |
49.9 (1.96) |
31.0 (1.22) |
43.4 (1.71) |
39.8 (1.57) |
534.10 (21.03) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62.8 | 77.8 | 124.5 | 181.7 | 227.4 | 224.8 | 229.0 | 213.1 | 160.9 | 122.9 | 61.5 | 51.1 | 1,737.3 |
Source: Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst, note[61] |
Politics
Mayor
The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was Hinrich Lehmann-Grube of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who served from 1990 to 1998. The mayor was originally chosen by the city council, but since 1994 has been directly elected. Wolfgang Tiefensee, also of the SPD, served from 1998 until his resignation in 2005 to become federal Minister of Transport. He was succeeded by fellow SPD politician Burkhard Jung, who was elected in January 2006 and re-elected in 2013 and 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 2 February 2020, with a runoff held on 1 March, and the results were as follows:
Candidate | Party | First round | Second round | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
Sebastian Gemkow | Christian Democratic Union | 72,427 | 31.6 | 107,611 | 47.6 | |
Burkhard Jung | Social Democratic Party | 68,286 | 29.8 | 110,965 | 49.1 | |
Franziska Riekewald | The Left | 31,036 | 13.5 | |||
Katharina Krefft | Alliance 90/The Greens | 27,481 | 12.0 | |||
Christoph Neumann | Alternative for Germany | 19,854 | 8.7 | |||
Katharina Subat | Die PARTEI | 5,467 | 2.4 | |||
Marcus Viefeld | Free Democratic Party | 2,739 | 1.2 | |||
Ute Elisabeth Gabelmann | Pirate Party Germany | 2,089 | 0.9 | 7,542 | 3.3 | |
Valid votes | 229,379 | 99.6 | 226,118 | 99.5 | ||
Invalid votes | 822 | 0.4 | 1,235 | 0.5 | ||
Total | 230,201 | 100.0 | 227,353 | 100.0 | ||
Electorate/voter turnout | 469,225 | 49.1 | 469,269 | 48.4 | ||
Source: Wahlen in Sachsen |
City council
The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:
Party | Votes | % | +/- | Seats | +/- | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Left (Die Linke) | 171,423 | 21.4 | ![]() |
15 | ![]() | |
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) | 165,683 | 20.7 | ![]() |
15 | ![]() | |
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) | 140,585 | 17.5 | ![]() |
13 | ![]() | |
Alternative for Germany (AfD) | 119,616 | 14.9 | ![]() |
11 | ![]() | |
Social Democratic Party (SPD) | 99,022 | 12.4 | ![]() |
9 | ![]() | |
Free Democratic Party (FDP) | 38,481 | 4.8 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() | |
Die PARTEI (PARTEI) | 30,764 | 3.8 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() | |
Voters Association Leipzig (WVL) | 20,369 | 2.5 | ![]() |
1 | ±0 | |
Pirate Party Germany (Piraten) | 11,512 | 1.4 | ![]() |
1 | ±0 | |
Leipzigers for Basic Income | 4,297 | 0.5 | New | 0 | New | |
Valid votes | 274,916 | 98.7 | ||||
Invalid votes | 3,751 | 1.3 | ||||
Total | 278,667 | 100.0 | 70 | ±0 | ||
Electorate/voter turnout | 466,442 | 59.7 | ![]() |
|||
Source: Wahlen in Sachsen |
Bundestag
Leipzig is represented in the Bundestag by three constituencies; Leipzig I, Leipzig II and Leipzig-Land.
Demographics
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leipzig_%28Rathausturm%2C_Neues_Rathaus%29_11_ies.jpg/350px-Leipzig_%28Rathausturm%2C_Neues_Rathaus%29_11_ies.jpg)
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1507 | 9,000 | — |
1600 | 20,000 | +122.2% |
1750 | 35,000 | +75.0% |
1852 | 66,686 | +90.5% |
1875 | 127,387 | +91.0% |
1890 | 295,025 | +131.6% |
1900 | 456,124 | +54.6% |
1910 | 589,850 | +29.3% |
1920 | 620,000 | +5.1% |
1930 | 718,200 | +15.8% |
1935 | 699,300 | −2.6% |
1940 | 709,100 | +1.4% |
1945 | 581,528 | −18.0% |
1955 | 613,707 | +5.5% |
1960 | 589,632 | −3.9% |
1965 | 595,660 | +1.0% |
1970 | 583,885 | −2.0% |
1980 | 562,480 | −3.7% |
1990 | 511,079 | −9.1% |
1995 | 470,778 | −7.9% |
2000 | 493,208 | +4.8% |
2005 | 502,651 | +1.9% |
2010 | 522,883 | +4.0% |
2015 | 560,472 | +7.2% |
2018 | 587,857 | +4.9% |
2020 | 597,493 | +1.6% |
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. |
Leipzig has a population of about 600,000. In 1930, the population reached its historical peak of over 700,000. It decreased steadily from 1950 to about 530,000 in 1989. In the 1990s, the population decreased rather rapidly to 437,000 in 1998. This reduction was mostly due to outward migration and suburbanisation. After almost doubling the city area by incorporation of surrounding towns in 1999, the number stabilised and started to rise again, with an increase of 1,000 in 2000.[62] As of 2015[update], Leipzig is the fastest-growing city in Germany with over 500,000 inhabitants.[63] The growth of the past 10–15 years has mostly been due to inward migration. In recent years, inward migration accelerated, reaching an increase of 12,917 in 2014.[64]
In the years following German reunification, many people of working age took the opportunity to move to the states of the former West Germany to seek employment opportunities. This was a contributory factor to falling birth rates. Births dropped from 7,000 in 1988 to less than 3,000 in 1994.[65] However, the number of children born in Leipzig has risen since the late 1990s. In 2011, it reached 5,490 births resulting in a RNI of −17.7 (−393.7 in 1995).[66]
The unemployment rate decreased from 18.2% in 2003 to 9.8% in 2014 and 7.6% in June 2017.[67][68][69]
The percentage of the population from an immigrant background is low compared with other German cities. As of 2012[update], only 5.6% of the population were foreigners, compared to the German national average of 7.7%.[70]
The number of people with an immigrant background (immigrants and their children) grew from 49,323 in 2012 to 77,559 in 2016, making them 13.3% of the city's population (Leipzig's population 579,530 in 2016).[71]
The largest minorities (first and second generation) in Leipzig by country of origin as of 31.12.2018 are:[72]
Rank | Ancestry | Total | Foreigners | Germans |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
9,059 | 8,523 | 536 |
2 | ![]() |
8,773 | 3,214 | 5,559 |
3 | ![]() |
5,019 | 3,006 | 2,013 |
4 | ![]() |
4,161 | 3,675 | 486 |
5 | ![]() |
3,491 | 2,245 | 1,246 |
6 | ![]() |
3,430 | 2,403 | 1,027 |
7 | ![]() |
2,816 | 2,104 | 712 |
8 | ![]() |
2,467 | 1,549 | 218 |
9 | ![]() |
2,244 | 246 | 1,998 |
10 | ![]() |
2,171 | 1,916 | 255 |
11 | ![]() |
1,983 | 1,564 | 419 |
12 | ![]() |
1,814 | 1,349 | 465 |
13 | ![]() |
1,615 | 1,238 | 377 |
14 | ![]() |
1,544 | 1,016 | 528 |
15 | ![]() |
1,465 | 1,254 | 211 |
Culture, sights and cityscape
In the last decade, Leipzig has become known for its numerous cultural and nightlife institutions, earning the nickname Hypezig, earning the city comparisons to 1990s and early 2000s Berlin. The affordability, diversity and openness of the city have attracted many young people from across Europe, leading to a trendsetting alternative atmosphere, resulting in an innovative music, dance and art scene that has developed in the 2010s.[73]
Young people, musicians, artists, designers and entrepreneurs continued to settle in the city and made Leipzig a growing cultural center in Germany and Europe recalling the larger Berlin.[74]
The growing cultural performance of the city was underscored by the city's population has grown by more than 50,000 people over the last five years alone, many of whom are young people in the creative class.[73]
Architecture
The historic central area of Leipzig features a Renaissance-style ensemble of buildings from the sixteenth century, including the old city hall in the marketplace. There are also several baroque period trading houses and former residences of rich merchants. As Leipzig grew considerably during the economic boom of the late-nineteenth century, the town has many buildings in the historicist style representative of the Gründerzeit era. Approximately 35% of Leipzig's flats are in buildings of this type. The new city hall, completed in 1905, is built in the same style.
Some 64,000 apartments in Leipzig were built in Plattenbau buildings during Communist rule in East Germany.[75] and although some of these have been demolished and the numbers living in this type of accommodation have declined in recent years, at least 10% of Leipzig's population (50,000 people) are still living in Plattenbau accommodation.[76] Grünau, for example, has approximately 40,000 people living in this sort of accommodation.[77]
The St. Paul's Church was destroyed by the Communist government in 1968 to make room for a new main building for the university. After some debate, the city decided to establish a new, mainly secular building at the same location, called Paulinum, which was completed in 2012. Its architecture alludes to the look of the former church and it includes space for religious use by the faculty of theology, including the original altar from the old church and two newly built organs.
Many commercial buildings were built in the 1990s as a result of tax breaks after German reunification.
Tallest buildings and structures
The tallest structure in Leipzig is the chimney of the Stahl- und Hartgusswerk Bösdorf GmbH with a height of 205 m (673 ft). With 142 m (466 ft). The tallest building in Leipzig is the City-Hochhaus Leipzig. From 1972 to 1973 it was Germany's tallest building.
Buildings and structures | Image | Height in metres | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chimney of Stahl- und Hartgusswerk Bösdorf GmbH | ![]() |
205 | 1984 | |
Funkturm Leipzig | ![]() |
191 | 2015 | |
DVB-T-Sendeturm | ![]() |
190 | 1986 | |
4 x Wind turbine Nordex N100 | ![]() |
190 | 2013 | |
City-Hochhaus Leipzig | ![]() |
142 | 1972 | Total height 153 m, tallest building in former East Germany. Headquarters of European Energy Exchange. |
Fernmeldeturm Leipzig | 132 | 1995 | ||
Tower of New Town Hall | 115 | 1905 | Tallest town hall in Germany | |
Wintergartenhochhaus | 106.8 | 1972 | Used as residential tower | |
The Westin Leipzig | ![]() |
95 | 1972 | Hotel with skybar and restaurant |
Monument to the Battle of the Nations | ![]() |
91 | 1913 | Tallest monument in Europe. |
St. Peters' | 88.5 | 1885 | Leipzig's tallest church. | |
MDR-Hochhaus | 65 | 2000 | MDR is one of Germany's public broadcasters. | |
Hochhaus Löhr's Carree | 65 | 1997 | Headquarters of Sachsen Bank and Sparkasse Leipzig. | |
Center Torgauer Platz | ![]() |
63 | 1995 | |
Europahaus | ![]() |
56 | 1929 | Headquarters of Stadtwerke Leipzig |
Museums and the arts
One of the highlights of the city's contemporary arts was the Neo Rauch retrospective opening in April 2010 at the Leipzig Museum of Fine Arts. This is a show devoted to the father of the New Leipzig School[78][79] of artists. According to The New York Times,[80] this scene "has been the toast of the contemporary art world" for the past decade. In addition, there are eleven galleries in the so-called Spinnerei.[81]
The Grassi Museum complex contains three more of Leipzig's major collections:[82] the Ethnography Museum, Applied Arts Museum and Musical Instrument Museum (the last of which is run by the University of Leipzig). The university also runs the Museum of Antiquities.[83]
Founded in March 2015, the G2 Kunsthalle houses the Hildebrand Collection.[84] This private collection focuses on the so-called New Leipzig School. Leipzig's first private museum dedicated to contemporary art in Leipzig after the turn of the millennium is located in the city centre close to the famous St. Thomas Church on the third floor of the former GDR processing centre.[85]
Other museums in Leipzig include the following:
- The German Museum of Books and Writing is the world's oldest museum of its kind, founded in 1884.
- The Egyptian Museum of the University of Leipzig comprises a collection of about 7,000 artefacts from several millennia.
- The Schillerhaus is the house where Schiller lived in summer 1785.
- The Zeitgeschichtliches Forum Leipzig (Forum of Contemporary History) shows the history of the German division and the everyday life in the socialist German Democratic Republic.
- Naturkundemuseum Leipzig is the city's natural history museum.
- The Leipzig Panometer is a visual panorama displayed inside a former gasometer, accompanied by a thematic exhibition.
- The "Museum in der Runden Ecke" is the best known museum in the city. It deals with the operation of the Stasi State Security of former East Germany.
- Johann Sebastian Bach lived from 1723 until his death in Leipzig. The Bach Archive is an institution for the documentation and research of his life and work.
- Mendelssohn House, home of Felix Mendelssohn from 1845 until his death in 1847.
- Schumann House, home of Robert and Clara Schumann from 1840 to 1844.
Main sights
- Leipzig Zoological Garden is one of the most modern zoos in Europe, with approximately 850 different animal species. It houses the world's largest zoological facilities for primates (Pongoland). Gondwanaland is the world's largest indoor rainforest hall.
- Monument to the Battle of the Nations (Völkerschlachtdenkmal) (Battle of the Nations Monument): one of the largest monuments in Europe, built to commemorate the victorious battle against Napoleonic troops.
- Bundesverwaltungsgericht: Germany's federal administrative court was the site of the Reichsgericht, the highest state court between 1888 and 1945.
- New City Hall: the city's administrative building was built upon the remains of the Pleissenburg, a castle that was the site of the 1519 debate between Johann Eck and Martin Luther. It is also Germany's tallest town hall.
- Old City Hall on Marktplatz: the old city hall was built in 1556 and houses a museum of the city's history.
- City-Hochhaus Leipzig: built in 1972, the city's tallest building is one of the top 25 tallest buildings in Germany.
- The Augusteum and Paulinum at Augustusplatz form the new main campus of the University of Leipzig.
- Leipzig Trade Fair centre in the north of the city is home to the world's largest levitated glass hall.[86]
- Leipzig Hauptbahnhof is the world's largest railway station by floor area and a shopping destination.
- Auerbach's Cellar: a young Goethe ate and drank in this basement-level restaurant while studying in Leipzig; it is the venue of a scene from his play Faust.
- The Old Leipzig bourse at Naschmarkt with a monument of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
- South Cemetery (Südfriedhof) is, with an area of 82 hectares, the largest cemetery in Leipzig.
- The German National Library has two locations, one of them in Leipzig.
- Leipzig Bayerischer Bahnhof is Germany's oldest preserved railway station.
- Gohliser Schlösschen
- Leipzig Synagogue was destroyed in 1938. Now a memorial stands on the same spot. Where the pews once were, 140 bronze chairs now take their place.
'Everest' at Leipzig Panometer
Churches
- St. Thomas's Church (Thomaskirche): Most famous as the place where Johann Sebastian Bach worked as a cantor and home to the renowned boys choir Thomanerchor. A monument to Felix Mendelssohn stands in front of this church. Destroyed by the Nazis in 1936, the statue was re-erected on 18 October 2008.
- St. Nicholas's Church (Nikolaikirche), for which Bach was also responsible. The weekly Montagsgebet (Monday prayer) held here became the starting point of peaceful Monday demonstrations against the DDR regime in the 1980s.
- St. Peter's has the highest tower of any church in Leipzig, at 87 m (285 ft).
- The new Propsteikirche, opened in 2015.
- The Continental Reformed Church of Leipzig (Evangelisch-reformierte Kirche) is one of the most prominent buildings on the Leipzig Innercity ring.
- The Russian Church of Leipzig is the Russian Orthodox church of Leipzig.
- St. Michael's Church is one of the landmarks of Gohlis district.
Propsteikirche in May 2015, New Town Hall in the background
Parks and lakes
Leipzig is well known for its large parks. The Leipziger Auwald (riparian forest) lies mostly within the city limits. Neuseenland is an area south of Leipzig where old open-cast mines are being converted into a huge lake district. It is planned to be finished in 2060.
- Leipzig Botanical Garden is the oldest of its kind in Germany. It contains a total of some 7,000 plant species, of which nearly 3,000 species comprise ten special collections.
- Johannapark and Clara-Zetkin-Park are the most prominent parks in the Leipzig city centre.
- Leipziger Auwald covers a total area of approx. 2,500 hectares. The Rosental is a park in the north of the forest and borders Leipzig Zoo.
- Wildpark in Connewitz, showing 25 species.
Music
Johann Sebastian Bach spent the longest phase of his career in Leipzig, from 1723 until his death in 1750, conducting the Thomanerchor (St. Thomas Church Choir), at the St. Thomas Church, the St. Nicholas Church and the Paulinerkirche, the university church of Leipzig (destroyed in 1968). The composer Richard Wagner was born in Leipzig in 1813, in the Brühl. Robert Schumann was also active in Leipzig music, having been invited by Felix Mendelssohn when the latter established Germany's first musical conservatoire in the city in 1843. Gustav Mahler was second conductor (working under Artur Nikisch) at the Leipzig Opera from June 1886 until May 1888, and achieved his first significant recognition while there by completing and publishing Carl Maria von Weber's opera Die Drei Pintos. Mahler also completed his own 1st Symphony while living in Leipzig.
Today the conservatory is the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig.[87] A broad range of subjects are taught, including artistic and teacher training in all orchestral instruments, voice, interpretation, coaching, piano chamber music, orchestral conducting, choir conducting and musical composition in various musical styles. The drama departments teach acting and scriptwriting.
The Bach-Archiv Leipzig, an institution for the documentation and research of the life and work of Bach (and also of the Bach family), was founded in Leipzig in 1950 by Werner Neumann. The Bach-Archiv organizes the prestigious International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition, initiated in 1950 as part of a music festival marking the bicentennial of Bach's death. The competition is now held every two years in three changing categories. The Bach-Archiv also organizes performances, especially the international festival Bachfest Leipzig (de) and runs the Bach-Museum.
The city's musical tradition is also reflected in the worldwide fame of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, under its chief conductor Andris Nelsons, and the Thomanerchor.
The MDR Leipzig Radio Symphony Orchestra is Leipzig's second largest symphony orchestra. Its current chief conductor is Kristjan Järvi. Both the Gewandhausorchester and the MDR Leipzig Radio Symphony Orchestra make use of in the Gewandhaus concert hall.
For over sixty years Leipzig has been offering a "school concert"[88] programme for children in Germany, with over 140 concerts every year in venues such as the Gewandhaus and over 40,000 children attending.
As for contemporary music, Leipzig is known for its independent music scene and subcultural events. Leipzig has for twenty years been home to the world's largest Gothic festival, the annual Wave-Gotik-Treffen (WGT), where thousands of fans of gothic and dark styled music from across Europe and the world gather in the early summer. The first Wave Gotik Treffen was held at the Eiskeller club, today known as Conne Island, in the Connewitz district. Mayhem's notorious album Live in Leipzig was also recorded at the Eiskeller club. Leipzig Pop Up is an annual music trade fair for the independent music scene as well as a music festival taking place on Pentecost weekend.[89] Its most famous indie-labels are Moon Harbour Recordings (House) and Kann Records (House/Techno/Psychedelic). Several venues offer live music on a daily basis, including the Moritzbastei[90] which was once part of the city's fortifications, and is one of the oldest student clubs in Europe with concerts in various styles. For over 15 years "Tonelli's"[91] has been offering free weekly concerts every day of the week, though door charges may apply Saturdays.
The cover photo for the Beirut band's 2005 album Gulag Orkestar, according to the sleeve notes, was stolen from a Leipzig library by Zach Condon.
The city of Leipzig is also the birthplace of Till Lindemann, best known as the lead vocalist of Rammstein, a band formed in 1994.
View over Augustusplatz with the Gewandhaus.
Moritzbastei is the largest student club in Germany and is famous for its atmosphere and large number of cultural and music events.
Monument of Johann Sebastian Bach
Haus Auensee, a concert hall
Annual events
- Auto Mobil International (AMI) motor show[92]
- AMITEC, trade fair for vehicle maintenance, care, servicing and repairs in Germany and Central Europe[93]
- A cappella: vocal music festival, organized by the Ensemble amarcord
- Bach-Fest: Johann Sebastian Bach festival
- Christmas market (since 1767)
- Dok Leipzig: international festival for documentary and animated film
- Jazztage,[94] contemporary jazz festival
- Ladyfest Leipzig[95] (August) Emancipatoric, feminist punk and electro festival
- Leipzig Book Fair: the second largest German book fair after Frankfurt
- Lichtfest Leipzig , festival celebrating the demonstrations leading up to the collapse of the East German regime
- OPER unplugged with Music Dance Theatre by Heike Hennig & Co[96]
- Stadtfest: city festival
- Wave-Gotik-Treffen at Pentecost: world's largest goth or "dark culture" festival
- Leipzig Pop Up[97]
- Chaos Communication Congress
Wave-Gotik-Treffen 2016, Belantis park in the background
Food and drink
- An all-season local dish is Leipziger Allerlei, a stew consisting of seasonal vegetables and crayfish.
- Leipziger Lerche is a shortcrust pastry dish filled with crushed almonds, nuts and strawberry jam; the name ("Leipzig lark") comes from a lark pâté which was a Leipzig speciality until the banning of songbird hunting in Saxony in 1876.
- Gose is a locally brewed top-fermenting sour beer that originated in the Goslar region and in the 18th century became popular in Leipzig.
Historical Gose bottle (c. 1900)
Sports
More than 300 sport clubs in the city represent 78 different disciplines. Over 400 athletic facilities are available to citizens and club members.[98]
Football
The German Football Association (DFB) was founded in Leipzig in 1900. The city was the venue for the 2006 FIFA World Cup draw, and hosted four first-round matches and one match in the round of 16 in the central stadium.
VfB Leipzig won the first national Association football championship in 1903. The club was dissolved in 1946 and the remains reformed as SG Probstheida. The club was eventually reorganized as football club 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig in 1966. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig has had a glorious past in international competition as well, having been champions of the 1965–66 Intertoto Cup, semi-finalists in the 1973–74 UEFA Cup, and runners-up in the 1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup.
Red Bull entered the local football in May 2009, after having previously been denied the right to buy into FC Sachsen Leipzig in 2006. The newly founded RB Leipzig declared the intention to come up through the ranks of German football and to bring Bundesliga football back to the region.[99] RB Leipzig was finally promoted to the top level of the Bundesliga after finishing the 2015–16 2. Bundesliga season as runners-up. The club finished runners-up in its first ever Bundesliga season and made its debut in the UEFA Champions League in 2017 and the Semi-Final in 2020.
List of Leipzig men and women's football clubs playing at state level and above:
Club | Founded | League | Level | Home ground | Capacity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RB Leipzig | 2009 | Bundesliga | 1 | Red Bull Arena | 47,069 |
RB Leipzig (women) | 20161 | 2. Frauen-Bundesliga | 2 | Sportanlage Gontardweg | 1,300 |
1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig | 2003 | Regionalliga Nordost | 4 | Bruno-Plache-Stadion | 7,000 |
BSG Chemie Leipzig | 19972 | Regionalliga Nordost | 4 | Alfred-Kunze-Sportpark | 4,999 |
FC International Leipzig | 2013 | NOFV-Oberliga Süd | 5 | Sportpark Tresenwald | 1,500 |
Roter Stern Leipzig (de) | 1999 | Landesklasse Sachsen Nord | 7 | Sportpark Dölitz | 1,200 |
Note 1: The RB Leipzig women's football team was formed in 2016 and began play in the 2016–17 season.
Note 2: The club began play in the 2008–09 season.
Ice hockey
Since the beginning of the 20th century, ice hockey has gained popularity, and several local clubs established departments dedicated to that sport.[100]
Handball
SC DHfK Leipzig is the men's handball club in Leipzig and were six times (1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1965 and 1966) the champion of East Germany handball league and was winner of EHF Champions League in 1966. They finally promoted to Handball-Bundesliga as champions of 2. Bundesliga in 2014–15 season. They play in the Arena Leipzig which has a capacity of 6,327 spectators in HBL games but can take up to 7,532 spectators for handball in maximum capacity.
Handball-Club Leipzig is one of the most successful women's handball clubs in Germany, winning 20 domestic championships since 1956 and 3 Champions League titles. The team was however relegated to the third tier league in 2017 due to failing to achieve the economic standard demanded by the league licence.
American football
Leipzig Kings is an American football team playing in the European League of Football (ELF), which is a planned professional league, that is set to become the first fully professional league in Europe since the demise of NFL Europe.[101] The Kings will start playing games against teams from Germany, Spain and Poland in June 2021.[102] They play their home games at Alfred-Kunze-Sportpark.
Other sports
From 1950 to 1990 Leipzig was host of the Deutsche Hochschule für Körperkultur (DHfK, German College of Physical Culture), the national sports college of the GDR.
Leipzig also hosted the Fencing World Cup in 2005 and hosts a number of international competitions in a variety of sports each year.
Leipzig made a bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics. The bid did not make the shortlist after the International Olympic Committee pared the bids down to 5.
Markkleeberger See is a new lake next to Markkleeberg, a suburb on the south side of Leipzig. A former open-pit coal mine, it was flooded in 1999 with groundwater and developed in 2006 as a tourist area. On its southeastern shore is Germany's only pump-powered artificial whitewater slalom course, Markkleeberg Canoe Park (Kanupark Markkleeberg), a venue which rivals the Eiskanal in Augsburg for training and international canoe/kayak competition.
Leipzig Rugby Club competes in the German Rugby Bundesliga but finished at the bottom of their group in 2013.[103]
Leipzig hosted the Indoor Hockey World Cup in 2015. All matches were played in Leipzig Arena, with the Netherlands coming out victorious in both the men's and women's tournaments.
Education
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Leipzig_-_Universit%C3%A4tsstra%C3%9Fe_-_Uni_%2B_Paulinum_%2B_Neues_Augusteum_-_Schinkeltor_02_ies.jpg/300px-Leipzig_-_Universit%C3%A4tsstra%C3%9Fe_-_Uni_%2B_Paulinum_%2B_Neues_Augusteum_-_Schinkeltor_02_ies.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HGB-LichthofMontage.jpg/210px-HGB-LichthofMontage.jpg)
University
Leipzig University, founded 1409, is one of Europe's oldest universities. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, a philosopher and mathematician, was born in Leipzig in 1646, and attended the university from 1661 to 1666. Nobel Prize laureate Werner Heisenberg worked at the university as a physics professor (from 1927 to 1942), as did Nobel Prize laureates Gustav Ludwig Hertz (physics), Wilhelm Ostwald (chemistry) and Theodor Mommsen (Nobel Prize in literature). The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine went to Svante Pääbo, an honorary professor at the university.
Other former university staff include mineralogist Georg Agricola, writer Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, philosopher Ernst Bloch, founder of psychophysics Gustav Theodor Fechner, and founder of modern psychology, Wilhelm Wundt. The university's notable former students include writers Johann Wolfgang Goethe and Erich Kästner, philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, political activist Karl Liebknecht, and composer Richard Wagner. Angela Merkel, former German chancellor, studied physics at Leipzig University.[104] The university has about 30,000 students.
A part of Leipzig University is the German Institute for Literature which was founded in 1955 under the name "Johannes R. Becher-Institut". Many noted writers have graduated from this school, including Heinz Czechowski, Kurt Drawert, Adolf Endler, Ralph Giordano, Kerstin Hensel, Sarah and Rainer Kirsch, Angela Krauß, Erich Loest, and Fred Wander. After its closure in 1990 the institute was refounded in 1995 with new teachers.
Visual arts and theatre
The Academy of Visual Arts (Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst) was established in 1764. Its 600 students (as of 2018[update]) are enrolled in courses in painting and graphics, book design/graphic design, photography and media art. The school also houses an Institute for Theory.
The University of Music and Theatre offers a broad range of subjects ranging from training in orchestral instruments, voice, interpretation, coaching, piano chamber music, orchestral conducting, choir conducting and musical composition to acting and scriptwriting.
University of Applied Science
The Leipzig University of Applied Sciences (HTWK)[105] has approximately 6,200 students (as of 2007[update]) and is (as of 2007[update]) the second biggest institution of higher education in Leipzig. It was founded in 1992, merging several older schools. As a university of applied sciences (German: Fachhochschule) its status is slightly below that of a university, with more emphasis on the practical parts of education. The HTWK offers many engineering courses, as well as courses in computer science, mathematics, business administration, librarianship, museum studies, and social work. It is mainly located in the south of the city.
Leipzig Graduate School
The private Leipzig Graduate School of Management, (in German Handelshochschule Leipzig (HHL)), is the oldest business school in Germany. According to The Economist, HHL is one of the best schools in the world, ranked at number six overall.[106][107]
Research institutes
Leipzig is currently the home of twelve research institutes and the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
Max Planck Society: Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, and Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Fraunhofer Society institutes: Fraunhofer IZI and Fraunhofer IMW.
Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres: Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research
Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum – DBFZ
Leibniz Association: Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leibniz-Institute IOM, Leibniz-Institute for the History and Culture of Eastern Europe, Leibniz-Institute IfL, Leibniz-Institute Jewish history.
Others
Leipzig is home to one of the world's oldest schools, Thomasschule zu Leipzig (St. Thomas' School, Leipzig), which gained fame for its long association with the Bach family of musicians and composers.
The Lutheran Theological Seminary is a seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Free Church in Leipzig.[108][109] The seminary trains students to become pastors for the Evangelical Lutheran Free Church or for member church bodies of the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference.[110]
Economy
The city is a location for automobile manufacturing by BMW and Porsche in large plants north of the city. In 2011 and 2012 DHL transferred the bulk of its European air operations from Brussels Airport to Leipzig/Halle Airport. Kirow Ardelt AG, the world market leader in breakdown cranes, is based in Leipzig. The city also houses the European Energy Exchange, the leading energy exchange in Central Europe. VNG – Verbundnetz Gas AG, one of Germany's large natural gas suppliers, is headquartered at Leipzig. In addition, inside its larger metropolitan area, Leipzig has developed an important petrochemical center.
Some of the largest employers in the area (outside of manufacturing) include software companies such as Spreadshirt and the various schools and universities in and around the Leipzig/Halle region. The University of Leipzig attracts millions of euros of investment yearly and celebrated its 600th birthday in 2009.
Leipzig also benefits from world-leading medical research (Leipzig Heart Centre) and a growing biotechnology industry.[111]
Many bars, restaurants and stores in the downtown area are patronized by German and foreign tourists. Leipzig Main Train Station is the location of a shopping mall.[112] Leipzig is one of Germany's most visited cities with over 3 million overnight stays in 2017.[113]
In 2010, Leipzig was included in the top 10 cities to visit by The New York Times,[80] and ranked 39th globally out of 289 cities for innovation in the 4th Innovation Cities Index published by Australian agency 2thinknow.[114] In 2015, Leipzig have among the 30 largest German cities the third best prospects for the future.[115] In recent years Leipzig has often been nicknamed the "Boomtown of eastern Germany" or "Hypezig".[32] As of 2013[update] it had the highest rate of population growth of any German city.[33]
Companies with operations in or around Leipzig include:
Porsche Diamond, the customer center building of Porsche Leipzig
BMW production facility in Leipzig
Amazon in Leipzig
Leipzig is the hub of DHL.
Höfe am Brühl shopping mall, situated on the former route of Via Regia, an ancient trade road.
Socio-ecological infrastructure
Leipzig has a dense network of socio-ecological infrastructures. Worth mentioning in the food sector are the Fairteiler of foodsharing[116] and the numerous Community-supported agricultures,[117] in the textile sector the Umsonstladen in Plagwitz,[118] in the bicycle self-help workshops the Radsfatz,[119] in the computer sector the Hackerspace Die Dezentrale[120] and in the repair sector the Café kaputt.[121]
Media
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Leipzig_Ri.-Le.-Str_6.jpg/300px-Leipzig_Ri.-Le.-Str_6.jpg)
- MDR, one of Germany's public broadcasters, has its headquarters and main television studios in the city. It provides programmes to various TV and radio networks and has its own symphony orchestra, choir and a ballet.
- Leipziger Volkszeitung (LVZ) is the city's only daily newspaper. Founded in 1894, it has published under several different forms of government. The monthly magazine Kreuzer specializes in culture, festivities and the arts in Leipzig. Leipzig was also home to the world's first daily newspaper in modern times. The "Einkommende Zeitungen" were first published in 1650.[122]
- Leipzig has one daily or semi-daily English-language publication, The Leipzig Glocal. It is an online-based magazine and blog that caters to an international as well as local audience.[123] Besides publishing pages on jobs, doctors and movies available in English and other languages, the site's team of authors writes articles about lifestyle, arts & culture, politics, entertainment, Leipzig events, etc.[124]
- Once known for its large number of publishing houses, Leipzig had been called Buch-Stadt (book city),[125] the most notable of them being branches of Brockhaus and Insel Verlag. Few are left after the years of economic decline during the German Democratic Republic, during which time Frankfurt developed as a much more important publishing center. Reclam, founded in 1828, was one of the large publishing houses to move away. Leipzig still has a book fair, but Frankfurt's is far bigger.
- The German Library (Deutsche Bücherei) in Leipzig is part of Germany's National Library. Its task is to collect a copy of every book published in German.[126]
Quality of life
In December 2013, according to a study by GfK, Leipzig was ranked as the most livable city in Germany.[17][127]
In 2015/2016, Leipzig was named by the consumer portal verbracherzentral.de as the second-best city for students in Germany (after Munich).[128]
In a 2017 study from the Institut für Handelsforschung Köln, the Leipzig inner city ranked first among all large cities in Germany due to its urban aesthetics, gastronomy, and shopping opportunities.[129][130]
According to HWWI/Berenberg-Städteranking, since 2018 it also has the second-best future prospects of all cities in Germany, second to Munich in 2018 and Berlin in 2019.[131][132]
According to a 2017 Global Least & Most Stressful Cities Ranking by Zipjet, a London-based online laundry service, Leipzig was one of the least stressful cities in the World. It was ranked 25th out of 150 cities worldwide and above Dortmund, Cologne, Frankfurt, and Berlin.[133]
Leipzig was named European City of the Year at the 2019 Urbanism Awards.[134]
According to the 2019 study by Forschungsinstitut Prognos, Leipzig is the most dynamic region in Germany. Within 15 years, the city climbed 230 places and occupied in 2019 rank 104 of all 401 German regions.[135][136]
Leipzig was one of 52 places to go in 2020 by The New York Times and the highest-ranking German destination.[137]
Leipzig Hauptbahnhof has been ranked the best railway station in Germany and the third-best in Europe in a consumer organisation poll, surpassed only by St Pancras railway station and Zürich Hauptbahnhof.[138]
Transport
Founded at the crossing of Via Regia and Via Imperii, Leipzig has been a major interchange of inter-European traffic and commerce since medieval times. After the Reunification of Germany, immense efforts to restore and expand the traffic network have been undertaken and left the city area with an excellent infrastructure.
Railways
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bahnhof_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg/300px-Bahnhof_Leipzig_von_Panorama_Tower_2013.jpg)
Opened in 1915, Leipzig Hauptbahnhof (lit. main station) is the largest overhead railway station in Europe in terms of its built-up area. At the same time, it is an important supra-regional junction in the Intercity-Express (ICE) and Intercity network of the Deutsche Bahn as well as a connection point for S-Bahn and regional traffic in the Halle/Leipzig area.
In Leipzig, the Intercity Express routes (Hamburg-)Berlin-Leipzig-Nuremberg-Munich and Dresden-Leipzig-Erfurt-Frankfurt am Main-(Wiesbaden/Saarbrücken) intersect. Leipzig is also the starting point for the intercity lines Leipzig-Halle (Saale)-Magdeburg-Braunschweig-Hannover-Dortmund-Köln and -Bremen-Oldenburg(-Norddeich Mole). Both lines complement each other at hourly intervals and also stop at Leipzig/Halle Airport. The only international connection is the daily EuroCity Leipzig-Prague.
Most major and medium-sized towns in Saxony and southern Saxony-Anhalt can be reached without changing trains. There are also direct connections via regional express lines to Falkenberg/Elster-Cottbus, Hoyerswerda and Dessau-Magdeburg as well as Chemnitz. Neighbouring Halle (Saale) can be reached via three S-Bahn lines, two of which run via Leipzig/Halle Airport. The surrounding area of Leipzig is served by numerous regional and S-Bahn lines.
The city's railway connections are currently being greatly improved by major construction projects, particularly within the framework of the German Unity transport projects. The line to Berlin has been extended and has been passable at 200 km/h since 2006. On 13 December 2015, the high-speed line from Leipzig to Erfurt, designed for 300 km/h, was put into operation. Its continuation to Nuremberg followed in December 2017. This integration into the high-speed network considerably reduced the journey times of the ICE from Leipzig to Nuremberg, Munich and Frankfurt am Main. The Leipzig-Dresden railway line, which was the first German long-distance railway to go into operation in 1839, is also undergoing expansion for 200 km/h. The most important construction project in regional transport was the four-kilometer-long City Tunnel, which went into operation in December 2013 as the main line of the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland.
There are freight stations in the districts of Wahren and Engelsdorf. In addition, a freight traffic centre has been set up near the Schkeuditzer Kreuz junction for goods handling between road and rail, as well as a freight station on the site of the DHL hub at Leipzig/Halle Airport.
Suburban trains
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland._Talent_2%2C008%2CStation_Leipzig_Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz.jpg/300px-S-Bahn_Mitteldeutschland._Talent_2%2C008%2CStation_Leipzig_Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz.jpg)
Leipzig is the core of the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland line network. Together with the tram, six of the ten lines form the backbone of local public transport and an important link to the region and the neighbouring Halle. The main line of the S-Bahn consists of the underground S-Bahn stations Hauptbahnhof, Markt, Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz and Bayerischer Bahnhof leading through the City Tunnel as well as the above-ground station Leipzig MDR. There are a total of 30 S-Bahn stations in the Leipzig city area. Endpoints of the S-Bahn lines include Wurzen, Zwickau, Dessau and Lutherstadt Wittenberg. Two lines run to Halle, one of them via Leipzig/Halle Airport.
With the timetable change in December 2004, the networks of Leipzig and Halle were combined to form the Leipzig-Halle S-Bahn. However, this network only served as a transitional solution and was replaced by the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland on 15 December 2013. At the same time, the main line tunnel, marketed as the Leipzig City Tunnel, went into operation. The tunnel, which is almost four kilometres long, crosses the entire city centre from the main railway station to the Bavarian railway station. The S-Bahn stations are up to 22 metres underground. This construction was the first to create a continuous north–south axis, which had not existed until now due to the north-facing terminus station. The connection to the south of the city and the federal state will thus be greatly improved.
Tramway and buses
The Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe, existing since 1 January 1917, operate a total of 15 tram lines and 47 bus lines in the city.
The total length of the tram network is 146 km (91 mi), making it the largest in Saxony ahead of Dresden (134.4 km (83.5 mi)) and the second largest in Germany after Berlin (196 km (122 mi)).
The longest line in the Leipzig network is line 11, which connects Schkeuditz with Markkleeberg over 22 kilometres and is the only tram line in Leipzig to run in three tariff zones of the Central German Transport Association.
Night bus lines N1 to N9 and the night tram N17 operate in the night traffic. On Saturdays, Sundays and holidays the tram line N10 and the bus line N60 also operate. The central transfer point between the bus and tram lines as well as to the S-Bahn is Leipzig Central Station.
Bicycle
Like most German cities, Leipzig has a traffic layout designed to be bicycle-friendly. There is an extensive cycle network. In most of the one-way central streets, cyclists are explicitly allowed to cycle both ways. A few cycle paths have been built or declared since 1990.
Since 2004 there is a bicycle-sharing system. Bikes can be borrowed and returned via smartphone app or by telephone. Since 2018, the system has enabled flexible borrowing and returning of bicycles in the inner city; in this zone, bicycles can be handed in and borrowed from almost any street corner. Outside these zones, there are stations where the bikes are waiting. The current locations of the bikes can be seen via the app. There are cooperation offers with the Leipzig public transport companies and car sharing in order to offer as complete a mobility chain as possible.
Road
Several federal motorways pass by Leipzig: the A 14 in the north, the A 9 in the west and the A 38 in the south. The three motorways form a triangular partial ring of the double ring Mitteldeutsche Schleife around Halle and Leipzig. To the south towards Chemnitz, the A 72 is also partly under construction.
The federal roads B 2, B 6, B 87, B 181 and B 184 lead through the city area.
The ring road (Innenstadtring), which corresponds to the course of the old city fortification, surrounds the city centre of Leipzig, which today is largely traffic-calmed.
Leipzig has a dense network of carsharing stations. Additionally, since 2018 there is also a stationless car sharing system in Leipzig. Here the cars can be parked and booked anywhere in the inner city without having to define a specific car or period in advance. Finding and booking is done via a smartphone app.
Leipzig is one of the few cities in Germany with vehicle for hire services that can be booked via a mobile app. In contrast to taxicab services, the start and destination must be defined beforehand and other passengers can be taken along at the same time if they share a route.
Long-distance buses
Since March 2018 there has been a central bus station directly east of Leipzig Central Station.
In addition to a large number of national lines, several international lines also serve Leipzig. The cities of Bregenz, Budapest, Milan, Prague, Sofia and Zurich, among others, can be reached without having to change trains. Around 30,000 journeys and 1.5 million passengers a year are expected at the new bus station.
Some lines also use Leipzig/Halle Airport, located at the A 9/A 14 motorway junction, and Leipziger Messe for a stop. Passengers can take the S-Bahn from there to the city centre.
Air
Leipzig/Halle Airport is the international commercial airport of the region. It is located at the Schkeuditzer Kreuz junction northwest of Leipzig, halfway between the two major cities. The easternmost section of the new Erfurt-Leipzig/Halle line under construction gave the airport a long-distance railway station, which was also integrated into the ICE network when the railway line was completed in 2015.
Passenger flights are operated to the major German hub airports, European metropolises and holiday destinations, especially in the Mediterranean region and North Africa. The airport is of international importance in the cargo sector. In Germany, it ranks second behind Frankfurt am Main, fifth in Europe and 26th worldwide (as of 2011). DHL uses the airport as its central European hub. It is also the home base of the freight airlines Aerologic and European Air Transport Leipzig.
The former military airport near Altenburg, Thuringia called Leipzig-Altenburg Airport about a half-hour drive from Leipzig was served by Ryanair until 2010.
Water
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Leipzig_-_Elsterflutbett_%2B_Palmengartenwehr_01_ies.jpg/300px-Leipzig_-_Elsterflutbett_%2B_Palmengartenwehr_01_ies.jpg)
In the first half of the 20th century, the construction of the Elster-Saale canal, White Elster and Saale was started in Leipzig in order to connect to the network of waterways. The outbreak of the Second World War stopped most of the work, though some may have continued through the use of forced labor. The Lindenauer port was almost completed but not yet connected to the Elster-Saale and Karl-Heine canal respectively. The Leipzig rivers (White Elster, New Luppe, Pleiße, and Parthe) in the city have largely artificial river beds and are supplemented by some channels. These waterways are suitable only for small leisure boat traffic.
Through the renovation and reconstruction of existing mill races and watercourses in the south of the city and flooded disused open cast mines, the city's navigable water network is being expanded. A link between Karl Heine Canal and the disused Lindenauer port was opened in 2015. Still more work was scheduled to complete the Elster-Saale canal. Such a move would allow small boats to reach the Elbe from Leipzig. The intended completion date has been postponed because of an unacceptable cost-benefit ratio.
Tram of Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe
Leipzig City Tunnel, part of Leipzig's new S-Bahn network
Quotations
Mein Leipzig lob' ich mir! Es ist ein klein Paris und bildet seine Leute. (I praise my Leipzig! It is a small Paris and educates its people.) – Frosch, a university student in Goethe's Faust, Part One
Ich komme nach Leipzig, an den Ort, wo man die ganze Welt im Kleinen sehen kann. (I'm coming to Leipzig, to the place where one can see the whole world in miniature.) – Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
Extra Lipsiam vivere est miserrime vivere. (To live outside Leipzig is to live miserably.) – Benedikt Carpzov the Younger
Das angenehme Pleis-Athen, Behält den Ruhm vor allen, Auch allen zu gefallen, Denn es ist wunderschön. (The pleasurable Pleiss-Athens, earns its fame above all, appealing to every one, too, for it is mightily beauteous.) – Johann Sigismund Scholze
Twin towns – sister cities
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (2004)
Birmingham, United Kingdom (1992)
Bologna, Italy (1962, renewed in 1997)
Brno, Czech Republic (1973, renewed in 1999)
Frankfurt, Germany (1990)
Hanover, Germany (1987)
Herzliya, Israel (2010)
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (2021)
Houston, United States (1993)
Kraków, Poland (1973, renewed in 1995)
Kyiv, Ukraine (1961, renewed in 1992)
Lyon, France (1981)
Nanjing, China (1988)
Thessaloniki, Greece (1984)
Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina (2003)
Notable people
Politicians
- Nikolaus Krell (1551–1601) chancellor of the elector of Saxony.[140]
- Friedrich Karl Biedermann (1812–1901), a professor, politician, and publisher.[141]
- Louise Otto-Peters (1819–1895), suffragette, founded the German Women's Association
- August Bebel (1840–1913), socialist politician, co-founder of Germany's SDP.[142]
- Karl Liebknecht (1871–1919), socialist, co-founded the Communist Party of Germany
- Carl Friedrich Goerdeler (1884–1945), mayor, a lead conservative resistance against Hitler
- Paul Frölich (1884–1953), politician, KPD co-founder, biographer of Rosa Luxemburg
- Walter Ulbricht (1893–1973), Communist politician, GDR Chairman of the Council of State, 1960–1973
- Ruth Fischer (1895–1961), communist politician and journalist, co-founder of the CPA
- Annemarie Renger (1919–2008), politician, President of the Bundestag, 1972 to 1976
Philosophers and Theologians
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), philosopher and scientist, mathematician, diplomat.[143]
- Johann Friedrich Mayer (1650–1712), Lutheran theologian
- Christian Thomasius (1655–1728), a jurist and philosopher.[144]
- Wilhelm Abraham Teller (1734–1804), a Protestant theologian with a rational approach.[145]
- Franz Delitzsch (1813–1890), a Lutheran theologian and Hebraist.[146]
- Christian Daniel Beck (1757–1832), a philologist, historian, theologian and antiquarian.[147]
- Georg Benedikt Winer (1789–1858), a Protestant theologian, known for linguistic studies of the New Testament.[148]
- Christian Hermann Weisse (1801–1866), Protestant theologian and philosopher.[149]
Writing & Arts
- Johann Albert Fabricius (1668–1736), a classical scholar and bibliographer.[150]
- Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750), composer.[151]
- Johann Gottfried Donati (1706–1782), composer
- Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714–1788) a Classical period musician and composer.[152]
- Johann Christian Bach (1735–1782), composer, youngest son of Johann Sebastian Bach
- Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus (1772–1823), publisher, originated the Brockhaus encyclopedia.[153]
- Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann (1772–1848), a classical scholar and philologist.[154]
- Karl Wilhelm Dindorf (1802–1883), a classical scholar.[155]
- Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847), composer, pianist, organist and conductor.[156]
- Robert Schumann (1810–1856), composer and music critic.[157]
- Roderich Benedix (1811–1873), a dramatist and librettist.[158]
- Theodor Bergk (1812–1881), a philologist, an authority on classical Greek poetry.[159]
- Richard Wagner (1813–1883), composer, theatre director and conductor.[160]
- Clara Schumann (1819–1896), pianist and composer.[161]
- Carl Johann Lasch (1822–1888), painter
- Carl Reinecke (1824–1910), composer, conductor, and pianist.[162]
- Max Beckmann (1884–1950), expressionist painter, professor at art academies and schools
- Wilhelm Backhaus (1884–1969), pianist
- Karl Alfred Pabst (1884–1971), painter, graphic artist and lithographer
- Hanns Eisler (1898–1962), composer of the national anthem of the GDR
- Bruno Apitz (1900–1979), writer
- Wolfgang Weber (1902–1985), photojournalist
- Hans Mayer (1907–2001), literary scholar
- Kurt Masur (1927–2015), conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra
- Herbert Blomstedt (born 1927), conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra
- Werner Tübke (1929–2004), painter
- Hans-Joachim Schulze (born 1934), Bach scholar
- Riccardo Chailly (born 1953), conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra
- Neo Rauch (born 1960), painter
- Till Lindemann (born 1963), vocalist
- Simone Thomalla (born 1965), actress
- Matthias Weischer (born 1973), painter
- Oskar Lenz (1848–1925), explorer and travel writer
- Hans Meyer (1858–1929), geographer, Africanist and mountaineer
- Martin Broszat (1926–1989), historian, head of Institut für Zeitgeschichte in Munich
- Ruth Pfau (1929–2017), nun, physician and writer
- Christian Gottfried Körner (1756–1831), jurist and writer
Science & Business
- Michael Ettmüller (1644–1683), a physician.[163]
- Augustus Quirinus Rivinus (1652–1723), physician and botanist
- Carl Gustav Carus (1789–1869), doctor, painter and natural philosopher.[164]
- Wilhelm Hofmeister (1824–1877), a biologist and botanist.[165]
- Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy (1841–1880), chemist
- Karl Wittgenstein (1847–1913), entrepreneur
- Sibylle Kemmler-Sack (1934-1999), chemist
War figures
- Elfriede Rinkel (1922–2018), warden of a concentration camp during the Nazi dictatorship
- Karl Eberhard Schöngarth (1903–1946), SS officer and war criminal, executed in Hamelin
- Wilhelm Souchon (1864–1946), admiral in World War I
Sport
- Marvin Kirchhöfer (born 1994), racing driver
- René Müller (born 1959), footballer
- Kristin Otto (born 1966), swimmer, six-time Olympic gold medalist, sports journalist
- Rita Wilden (born 1947), sprinter
See also
- Battle of Breitenfeld (1642)
- Hugo Schneider AG
- Leipzig Human Rights Award
- Leipzig Jewish community
- Leipzig University Library
- List of mayors of Leipzig
- Ubiquity Theatre Company – English speaking theatre projects in Leipzig
References
- ^ Wahlergebnisse 2020, Freistaat Sachsen, accessed 10 July 2021.
- ^ a b "Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - functional urban areas". Eurostat. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ^ "Bevölkerung des Freistaates Sachsen nach Gemeinden am 31. Dezember 2020". Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen (in German). June 2021.
- ^ "Leipzig". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
- ^ "Leipzig". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020.
- ^ "Leipzig". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
- ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). "Leipzig". Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
- ^ OECD (2012). Redefining Urban: a new way to measure metropolitan areas. OECD. p. 19. ISBN 9789264174054 – via wirtschaftsregion-leipzig-halle.de/index.php/download-publikationen-37.html.
Germany Leipzig Metropolitan area DE008 843,619
- ^ "Leipzig hat jetzt 605.407 Einwohner". www.radioleipzig.de (in German). Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- ^ "Leipzig wächst weiter". www.leipzig.de (in German). Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ "Leipzig überholt bei Einwohnerzahl Dortmund – jetzt Platz 8 in Deutschland". LVZ - Leipziger Volkszeitung (in German). Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ^ Sachsen, Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates. "Statistik – Gebiet, Bevölkerung". www.statistik.sachsen.de.
- ^ "Shopping Tipps Leipzig :: Passagen :: Innenstadt :: Hauptbahnhof :: Informationen ::Infos :: Hinweise :: Beiträge :: Tipps :: Einkaufen". City-tourist.de. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ a b "The Frankfurt Fair". idehist.uu.se. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
- ^ "Infrastruktur". leipzig.de.
- ^ a b c d e Power, Anne and Elineen Herden (May 2016). "Leipzig City Story" (PDF). LSE Housing and Communities.
- ^ a b FOCUS Online (11 December 2013). "Deutschlands beliebteste Städte: Sicher, sauber, grün: Diese Stadt läuft sogar München den Rang ab". FOCUS Online.
- ^ "Zoo Leipzig: Auf Entdeckungsreise im Zoo der Zukunft". Zoo-leipzig.de. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ mdr.de (13 October 2015). "Zoo Leipzig: Zweiter Platz im europäischen Zooranking – MDR.DE". Archived from the original on 10 December 2015.
- ^ eCommerce, Deutsche Bahn AG, Unternehmensbereich Personenverkehr, Marketing. "Die S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland stellt sich vor". www.s-bahn-mitteldeutschland.de. Archived from the original on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^ "The World According to GaWC 2020". GaWC - Research Network. Globalization and World Cities. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ a b Michael Fabricius (27 May 2015). "Leipzig ist die Boom-Stadt Deutschlands". DIE WELT.
- ^ Admin. "Leipzig wins European City of the Year at 2019 Urbanism Awards | The Academy of Urbanism". Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ^ "Leipzig zur "European City of the Year 2019" gewählt". TAG24 (in German). Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ^ Hanswilhelm Haefs. Das 2. Handbuch des nutzlosen Wissens. ISBN 3-8311-3754-4 (in German)
- ^ "Lexicum nominum geographicorum latinorum". 14 July 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012.
- ^ "Происхождение названий" [Origin of names]. bibliotekar.ru.
- ^ a b Rolf Jehke. "Stadtkreis Leipzig". territorial.de.
- ^ "Heldenstadt Leipzig". Chronik der Wende. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
- ^ Reinhardt, Dirk (29 August 2012). "Heldenstadt-Blogger". Die Zeit. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
- ^ "Kann Leipzig Hypezig überleben?" [Can Leipzig live up to the Hypezig?]. Die Zeit (in German). 1 October 2013.
- ^ a b "Hypezig – Leipzig mutiert zur Szenemetropole" [Hypezig – Leipzig mutates into a fashionable metropolis]. Handelsblatt (in German). 3 October 2013.
- ^ a b Wiemann, Mareike (5 January 2014). "Mehr Geburten als Sterbefälle: Leipzig boomt entgegen dem Deutschlandtrend" [More births than deaths: Leipzig is booming against the German trend] (in German). Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
- ^ Marcel Burkhardt (4 February 2020). "Leipzig vs Berlin: "Natürlich ist Leipzig das bessere Berlin"" [Leipzig vs Berlin: Naturally Leipzig is the better Berlin]. Berliner Zeitung.
- ^ "Pleißemühlgraben: Geschichte der Fischerei". Neue-ufer.de. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ Katherine Aaslestad, "Cities and War: Modern Military Urbanism in Hamburg and Leipzig during the Napoleonic Era." German History 35.3 (2017): 381-402.
- ^ Müller-Stahl, Karoline. "The heady early days". spinnerei.de (in German). Archived from the original on 12 June 2019.
- ^ Center, German Resistance Memorial. "German Resistance Memorial Center - Biographie". www.gdw-berlin.de. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Willingham, Robert, and Crew, David F. Jews in Leipzig: Nationality and Community in the 20th Century, 2005, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. Pgs. 1-148
- ^ "Nazi Germany", Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook, XLII 1997, 167. Fred Grubel and Frank Mecklenburg "Leipzig: Profile of a Jewish Community during the first years of Nazi Germany", Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook, XLII 1997, 167
- ^ "Holocaust Survivors and Victims Database -- Leipzig Jewish Community Collection". www.ushmm.org. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ^ "Leipzig | Germany". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ^ Diamont, Adolph. Chronik der Juden in Dresden. pp. 104–106, 109.
- ^ "History". english.leipzig.de. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
- ^ Stanton, Shelby, World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946 (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books, p. 78, 139.
- ^ Ausschuß der Deutschen Statisker, P 136-142. In Lothar Mertens, Davidstern unter Hammer und Zirkel: Die Jüdischen Gemeinden in der SBZ-DDR und ihre Behandlung durch Partei und Staat 1945- 1990. (Haskala, 18) Hildesheim, 1997.
- ^ Naimark, Norman M. (1995). The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 149.
- ^ a b "Leipzig: Back to Growth, but Not for Everyone". TheProtoCity.com. 25 August 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- ^ David Brebis (ed.), Michelin guide to Germany, Greenville (2006), p. 324.
- ^ "The day I outflanked the Stasi". BBC. 9 October 2009. + video.
- ^ ""Hypezig": Leipzig mutiert zur Szenemetropole" (in German). Handelsblatt. 3 October 2013. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
- ^ LVZ-Online. "Mehr Beschäftigte – Über 18 000 neue Jobs in Sachsen – Leipzig boomt am meisten – LVZ – Leipziger Volkszeitung". www.lvz.de. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016.
- ^ Burkhardt, Marcel. "Leipzig vs. Berlin: "Natürlich ist Leipzig das bessere Berlin"". Berliner Zeitung.
- ^ LVZ-Online. "Wachstum – Prognose zur Bevölkerung: Warum Leipzig früher als gedacht 600.000 Einwohner haben wird – LVZ – Leipziger Volkszeitung". www.lvz.de. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
- ^ "City-Tunnel eröffnet: Leipzig rast durch die Röhre". BILD.de.
- ^ Haase, Dagmar; Rosenberg, Matthias; Mikutta, Robert (1 December 2002). "Untersuchung zum Landschaftswandel im Südraum Leipzig". Standort (in German). 26 (4): 159–165. doi:10.1007/s00548-002-0103-3. ISSN 0174-3635. S2CID 68472430.
- ^ Bevölkerungsbestand, Stadt Leipzig, accessed 12 October 2021.
- ^ Gesamtfläche, Stadt Leipzig, accessed 12 October 2021.
- ^ Hauptsatzung der Stadt Leipzig, § 26, February 2021.
- ^ "Climatological maps of Germany". DWD: Deutscher Wetterdienst. Deutscher Wetterdienst (German Weather Service). Retrieved 25 February 2019.
- ^ "Klima Leipzig, Deutschland" (in German). Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
- ^ de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Leipzig#Von 1945 bis 1989
- ^ "Leipzig wächst: Einwohner-Entwicklung übertrifft selbst optimistischste Prognosen". leipzig.de (in German). 2 March 2015. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018.
- ^ "Überschuss der Zu- bzw. Fortzüge im Freistaat Sachsen 1990 bis 2018 nach Kreisfreien Städten und Landkreisen" (PDF). statistik.sachsen.de (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ^ "Geburten je Frau im Freistaat Sachsen 1990 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ "Überschuss der Lebendgeborenen bzw. Gestorbenen im Freistaat Sachsen 1990 bis 2018 nach Kreisfreien Städten und Landkreisen" (PDF). statistik.sachsen.de (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ^ "Leipzig-Informationssystem". Statistik.leipzig.de. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ "Leipzig – statistik.arbeitsagentur.de". arbeitsagentur.de.
- ^ LVZ-Online. "Arbeitsmarkt – Sommerflaute vorbei – Arbeitslosenquote in Leipzig erreicht Tiefststand – LVZ – Leipziger Volkszeitung". www.lvz.de.
- ^ "Zensus 2011 - Bevölkerung Bundesrepublik Deutschland am 9. Mai 2011" (PDF). destatis.de (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ^ Stadt Leipzig. "Leipzig-Informationssystem > Kleinräumige Daten > Bevölkerungsbestand > Einwohner mit Migrationshintergund". leipzig.de.
- ^ "Statistisches Jahrbuch – Aktuelle Jahrbuch-Ausgabe". Stadt Leipzig. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
- ^ a b "Warum Leipzig der beste Ort für kreative Experimente ist". 13 August 2019.
- ^ "From leipzig to hypezig: Germany's new creative capital". 6 February 2016.
- ^ de:Liste der Plattenbausiedlungen in Sachsen#Leipzig
- ^ de:Plattenbauten in Leipzig
- ^ "Leipzig-Grünau". leipzig.de.
- ^ Neue Leipziger Schule (German Justapedia entry)
- ^ Lubow, Arthur (8 January 2006). "The New Leipzig School". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
- ^ a b "The 31 Places to Go in 2010". The New York Times. 10 January 2010.
- ^ "Leipziger Baumwollspinnerei - From Cotton to Culture". Retrieved 21 September 2019.
- ^ "Museen at Grassi" (in German). grassimuseum.de. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015.
- ^ "Institut für Klassische Archäologie und Antikenmuseum" (in German).
- ^ "G2 Kunsthalle". www.bmw-art-guide.com. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ^ "G2 Leipzig". g2-leipzig.de. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ^ Leipzig Archived 9 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Welcome to our University of Music & Theatre". Archived from the original on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ "Schulkonzerte". musikschule-leipzig.de. Archived from the original on 16 July 2009.
- ^ "Pop Up official website".
- ^ "Moritzbastei homepage".
- ^ "Tonelli's homepage" (in German). Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ "AMI – Auto Mobil International, Leipziger Messe". Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ "AMITEC – Fachmesse für Fahrzeugteile, Werkstatt und Service, Leipziger Messe". Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ "Jazzclug-leipzig.de homepage".
- ^ "Ladyfest Leipzigerinnen homepage".
- ^ "Oper Unplugger – Musik Tanz Theater" (in German). Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ "Leipzig Pop Up independent music trade fair and festival". Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ "Das Leipziger Sportangebot aktuell" (in German). leipzig.de. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ Ruf, Christoph (19 June 2009). "Buying Its Way to the Bundesliga – Red Bull Wants to Caffeinate Small football Club". Spiegel Online International. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ Fritz Rudolph. "Was einst mit dem Krummstab begann ... Zur Geschichte des Eishockeysports in der Region Leipzig". sportmuseum-leipzig.de. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ "Football-Comeback des Jahres: Hamburg Sea Devils und Frankfurt Galaxy starten in der ELF". ran.de (in German). 9 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "Neues Hamburger Footballteam spielt im Stadion Hoheluft" (in German). Hamburger Abendblatt. 17 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- ^ "Rugby Club Leipzig e.V." leipzig-rugby.de.
- ^ "Leipzig University homepage". Archived from the original on 12 September 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2006.
- ^ "?". Archived from the original on 21 March 2015.
- ^ LVZ-Online. "Management Master – Leipziger HHL-Absolventen erhalten weltweit zweithöchstes Einstiegsgehalt – LVZ – Leipziger Volkszeitung". www.lvz.de. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
- ^ "Masters in Management 2017". The Economist.
- ^ "Lutherisches Theologisches Seminar". Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
- ^ "Lutherisches Theologisches Seminar Leipzig".
- ^ "Evangelical Lutheran Free Church – Germany". Archived from the original on 7 February 2016.
- ^ Stephan Gasteyger. "Discover Leipzig". Berlin Things to Do. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014.
- ^ "Promenaden Hauptbahnhof Leipzig". Archived from the original on 6 April 2008.
- ^ "Tourismusboom in Leipzig – erstmals drei Millionen Übernachtungen". Leipziger Volkszeitung. 22 February 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
- ^ Date: 1 September 2010 (1 September 2010). "Innovation Cities Global Index 2010 " Innovation Cities Program & Index: Creating Innovative Cities: USA, Canada, Europe, Latin America, Asia, Australia". Innovation-cities.com. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ Berliner Zeitung (4 February 2020). "Lebensqualität in der Hauptstadt: Berlin erobert Platz 2 im Städteranking". Berliner Zeitung.
- ^ foodsharing. "Lebensmittel teilen, statt wegwerfen - foodsharing Deutschland". foodsharing.de (in German). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ "Solawis :: Netzwerk Solidarische Landwirtschaft". www.solidarische-landwirtschaft.org. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ "Was ist ein Umsonstladen?". umsonstladen-leipzigs jimdo page! (in German). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ "Radsfatz". www.radsfatz.org. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ "dezentrale – Hackspace Leipzig" (in German). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ "Café Kaputt Leipzig | Offene Reparatur Werkstatt" (in German). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ de:Einkommende Zeitungen
- ^ ""ABOUT US." The Leipzig Glocal". leipglo.com. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
- ^ "Leipzig: ein Paradies für kreative Blogs" (in German). Mephisto 97.6. Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
- ^ "Homepage of the City of Leipzig/Buchstadt". Archived from the original on 23 May 2013.
- ^ German National Library
- ^ "Deutschlands beliebteste Städte: Leipzig im Ranking ganz vorne – N24.de". N24.de. 9 December 2013.
- ^ Heidenfelder, Eva (17 August 2016). "Beliebte Studentenstädte: Wo es sich am besten leben, lernen und feiern lässt". Faz.net (in German). FAZ.
- ^ Trümper, Erik (30 January 2017). "Platz 1 bei bundesweiter Innenstadtumfrage – 5 Gründe, warum Leipzigs City die beste ist" (in German). BILD. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ^ "Bundesweite Städte-Umfrage: Leipzig, Erfurt und Quedlinburg am attraktivsten" (in German). MDR. 31 January 2017. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
- ^ "Städteranking: Leipzig landet auf Platz zwei". LVZ - Leipziger Volkszeitung. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- ^ "Leipzig behauptet 2. Platz im Städteranking für Zukunftsfähigkeit". leipzig.de (in German). 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ^ "2017 Stressful Cities Ranking | Zipjet". www.zipjet.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ^ Admin. "Leipzig wins European City of the Year at 2019 Urbanism Awards | The Academy of Urbanism". Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ^ "Zukunftsatlas: Leipzig ist dynamischste Region Deutschlands". LVZ - Leipziger Volkszeitung (in German). Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ^ "Zukunftsatlas 2019: Das sind die deutschen Regionen mit den besten Zukunftsaussichten". www.handelsblatt.com (in German). Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ^ "52 Places to Go in 2020". The New York Times. 8 January 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ^ Otterbach, Niklas (20 February 2020). "Hauptbahnhof Leipzig ist Deutschlands bester Bahnhof" (in German). MDR. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ^ "Leipzigs Partnerstädte". leipzig.de (in German). Leipzig. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 402–403. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 920. .
- ^ Headlam, James Wycliffe (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). p. 601.
- ^ Sorley, William Ritchie Sorley (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 385–390.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 868. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 576. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 964. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 607–608. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 729. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 499. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 119. .
- ^ Tovey, Donald Francis (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 124–130.
- ^ Hadow, William Henry (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 130–131.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 624. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 367. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 275. .
- ^ Rockstro, William Smyth; Tovey, Donald Francis (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). p. 123.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 383–385. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 725. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 773–774. .
- ^ Rockstro, William Smyth; Tovey, Donald Francis (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 236–243.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 383–385, see page 385.
...Clara Schumann (1819-1896).....had a brilliant career as a pianist...
. - ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 55. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 863. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 436. .
- ^ Bower, Frederick Orpen (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 564–565.
Further reading
- Leipzig: One Thousand Years of German History. Bach, Luther, Faust: The City of Books and Music Archived 3 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine. By Sebastian Ringel. Berlinica, 2015
External links
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](/images/thumb/c/ce/JP-blk-logo-lft-margin-wider3.svg/40px-JP-blk-logo-lft-margin-wider3.svg.png)
![](/images/thumb/c/ce/JP-blk-logo-lft-margin-wider3.svg/40px-JP-blk-logo-lft-margin-wider3.svg.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png)
- The city's official website
- Leipzig at Curlie
- Leipzig as virtual city 408 Points of Interest – English Archived 8 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- The Leipzig Glocal, English language webzine and blog publishing regularly
- Ubiquity Theatre Company Archived 2 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine – English language theatre projects in Leipzig
- Leipzig Zeitgeist, an English magazine about Leipzig
- This is Leipzig, an English web site for Leipzig
- LostInLeipzig, Get lost in Germany's best city
- Events in Leipzig—Music festivals in Leipzig
- The American Cyclopædia. 1879. .
- Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments
- CS1 German-language sources (de)
- Articles with German-language sources (de)
- Webarchive template wayback links
- Articles with short description
- Use dmy dates from August 2020
- Articles containing Upper Saxon-language text
- Coordinates not on Wikidata
- Cities in Saxony
- Articles with hAudio microformats
- Articles with text in Slavic languages
- Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text
- Articles containing Latin-language text
- Articles containing Russian-language text
- Articles containing Latvian-language text
- Articles containing German-language text
- Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2022
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015
- All articles containing potentially dated statements
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013
- Commons link is defined as the pagename
- Articles with Curlie links
- AC with 0 elements
- Leipzig