Indramayu Sundanese

Indramayu Sundanese
non-h dialect
Basa Sunda Léa Basa Sunda Paréan
An example of a text in Sunda-Léa containing pituah kokolot Léléa (advice from the village elder of Lelea) conveyed in the Ngarot tradition. (Samian, 1992:2)
Pronunciation	sʊnda lɛa sʊnda parɛan
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Indramayu Regency
Ethnicity	Sundanese (sub-ethnic Sunda Léa)
Native speakers	37,956 (peoples in Indramayu): 9,644 (peoples in Lelea) 28,312 (peoples in Kandanghaur) (2020)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Malayo-Sumbawan or Greater North Borneo Sundanese-Baduy Sundanese North-Eastern Sundanese Indramayu Sundanese
Early form	Old Sundanese language
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	indr1249
Sub-districts in Indramayu that speak the Old Sundanese language phase (Parean-Lelea)   Sub-districts in Indramayu that speak the Modern Sundanese language phase (Priangan)

Indramayu Sundanese or Indramayu Sundanese dialect or also Indramayu dialect is a term for a variety of conversation Sundanese language which is locally known as the basa Sunda Léa in Lelea and the basa Sunda Paréan in Kandanghaur in the Indramayu Regency. By phonological, the dialects spoken in these areas are included in the non-h Sundanese dialect type, so that, in his vocabulary, the consonant sound /h/ is not realized in all positions, besides the consonant /h/, this dialect also does not have a vowel sound /eu/ like the Sundanese dialect in general. This dialect is also considered a phase of the old Sundanese language because its vocabulary is somewhat archaic or still retains the lexical forms of its predecessor language, namely Old Sundanese language.

Origins

According to a hypothesis, the origin of indigenous Indramayu comes from valley Mount Ceremai which extends to the Tasikmalaya Regency. If this hypothesis or conjecture is proven true, it can be ascertained that the original indigenous Indramayu are Sundanese people who are cultured and speak Sundanese and have occupied the area for centuries.

In the Wangsakerta Manuscript it is stated that in the area which is now part of Indramayu Regency there once stood a kingdom called the Manukrawa Kingdom. in 5th century which is located in the downstream vicinity of Cimanuk river, then in the 9th century the Indramayu region became the territory of Kingdom of Sumedang Larang. Since 12th century Sumedang Larang became vasal Kingdom of Pajajaran, so that automatically Indramayu became part of the territory of the Kingdom of Pajajaran. At the beginning of its establishment, the territory of the Sumedang Larang Kingdom itself included Sumedang (core area), Karawang, Ciasem, Pamanukan, Indramayu, Sukapura, Bandung, and Parakanmuncang, although in the end some of these areas escaped the influence of Sumedang Larang. With the control of the northern Indramayu region such as Kandanghaur, Lelea, and Haurgeulis by the Sumedang Larang kingdom, making the culture in the region still survive in the Sundanese culture which is inherent until now, including the language spoken.

Based on the origins of the people of Indramayu, it can be argued that the language in Indramayu was originally Sundanese. The Sundanese language used in Indramayu forms the Sundanese dialect of Indramayu or what is often known as Sunda Parean or Sunda Lea.

Location of distribution

Sundanese in Indramayu Regency is generally spoken in the Lelea district, precisely in Lelea sub-district and Tamansari sub-district and in Parean Girang sub-district, Ilir sub-district, and Bulak sub-district in Kandanghaur district. Apart from being mentioned in the above areas, Sundanese in Indramayu Regency is also spoken in the Cikawung sub-district area in Terisi district, several sub-district in Gantar district and Haurgeulis district, and in Mangunjaya sub-district. However, the Sundanese dialect spoken in the region is more or less the same as the Priangan Sundanese which is classified as a Modern Sundanese language phase.

Classification and kinship

In Sundanese language, the Indramayu dialect of Sundanese is classified as part of Cirebon Sundanese or the North-Eastern Sundanese dialect, although the vocabulary is quite divergent when compared to its closest relatives such as Majalengka Sundanese language (Middle-Eastern dialect). The use of this dialect covers the area of the former Cirebon Residency, namely Cirebon Regency, Cirebon City, Indramayu Regency, and Majalengka Regency which is often acronymized as Ciayumajakuning.

The area where the Indramayu dialect is used is the enclave of the Cirebon Sundanese language because the location of its distribution is quite far from other areas of use of the Cirebon Sundanese language. Several types of words in the Indramayu dialect show similarities to Sundanese in the Banten area.

Usages

The traditional Ngarot ceremony which takes place on the first Wednesday in December in Lelea district.

In Lelea sub-district, this dialect which is locally referred to as Sunda-Léa is used in various activities, especially in every adat ceremony, for example in the traditional event Ngarot in Lelea village which is a traditional ceremony to welcome planting season in the area of agrarian. The activity is a process procession of young men and women decorated with various kinds of clothes to the village hall. The whole series of events starting from the welcoming, reading the history of the tradition, to the main event always uses the Sunda-Léa language. An example of the use of Sunda-Léa is in the delivery section Pituah Kokolot Léléa (Older Lelea's Advice) which was conveyed by the village head of Lelea, as follows:

Mikirun budak engkéna kuma’a, senajan boga arta kudu tetep usa’a. Kur ngora ula poya–paya, kamberan kolota ula sengsara. Dlema laki kerja, éwéna usa’a. Néangan pekaya rukun runtut, aturan agama kudu diturut slamet dunya akhérat.

Free translations of the above text in Standard Sundanese and English are:

Standard Sundanese	English language
Mikirkeun budak engkéna kumaha, sanajan boga harta kudu tetep usaha. Keur ngora ulah poya-poya, sangkan kolotna moal sangsara. Salakina digawé, pamajikanna usaha. Néangan pakaya rukun runtut, aturan agama kudu diturut salamet dunya akherat.	Thinking about the fate of the child in the future, even though you have property you have to keep trying. When you are young, don't slack off, so that later in the old age is not miserable. Her husband works, his wife tries. Looking for a harmonious income together, religious rules must be obeyed then safe in this world and the hereafter.

Besides being used in formal activities, Sunda-Léa language is also used in non-formal activities such as recitation, Friday sermon, kenduri, and so on. Even in educational activities, Sunda-Léa is used as a language of instruction lesson.

Most users of the Sundanese dialect of Indramayu in Kandanghaur sub-district work as fishermen because of the geographical location of their residence which is close to sea, thus making some of the Sundanese people there choose to become fishermen as their livelihood, In addition, because the profession allows them to meet other people of different languages, on average they can master 2-3 languages.

Phonologies

In terms of phonologies, the Indramayu dialect has quite a striking difference when compared to the standard Sundanese language. As mentioned earlier, if in standard Sundanese there are 18 phonemes consonants and 7 phonemes vowels, So in this dialect, there are 17 consonant phonemes and only 6 vowel phonemes, so the total number of phonemes is 23.

The phoneme symbol in the examples in this phonology section uses the Sundanese Spelling, the letter é (e in quotation marks above) symbolize e (ɛ or [e]) as in the word "red" or "yes".

Vowels

The 6 vowels phonemes in the Indramayu dialect can be seen in the table below.

Vocals

	Front	Middle	Behind
Closed	i		u
Middle	ɛ	ə	ɔ
Open		a

The phoneme /eu/ which is common in standard Sundanese and other dialects is not used in this dialect. Vocabulary that has the phoneme /eu/ in standard Sundanese will be replaced with the phoneme /e/ or /u/. For example, in the word enggeus 'already' becomes engges, beuteung 'this' becomes butung. Suffix -keun in standard Sundanese also changes to -ken or -kun in this dialect.

The pattern of word development in the Indramayu dialect is of the o-u phonotactic type, this is different from the standard Sundanese language which has the i-u phonotactic, Thus, some vocabulary in standard Sundanese such as ditu ‘there’, incu ‘grandchild’, tilu ‘three’, lintuh ‘fat’, mintul ‘blunt’, dan diuk ‘sit’ will change to dotu ‘there’, oncu ‘grandchild’, tolu ‘three’, lontuh ‘fat’, montul ‘blunt’, dan douk ‘sit’ in the Indramayu dialect.

Vowel phonemes

The following table shows the vowel phonemes in the initial, middle, and final positions.

Fonem	Posisi
	Beginning	Middle	End
1	2	3	4
/i/	/inya/ 'you'	/siring/ 'side'	/toli/ 'then'
/é/	/éjo/ 'green'	/ngéés/ 'sleep'	/cowéné/ 'girl'
/e/	/engges/ 'already'	/keding/ 'also'	/ente/ 'no'
/u/	/uduh/ 'soft'	/buyut/ 'ancestors'	/kuru/ 'thin'
/o/	/oncu/ 'grandchild'	/montul/ 'blunt'	/éto/ 'it (close)'
/a/	/aya/ 'there is'	/cacan/ 'not yet'	/léa/ 'Lelea'

Consonants

There are 17 consonant phonemes in the Indramayu dialect which can be described in the table below.

Consonants

		Bilabial	Dental	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Stop/Affricate	Voiceless	p	t	tʃ	k	ʔ
	Voiced	b	d	dʒ	g
Fricative			s
Liquid			r l
Semivowels		w			j

The loss of the phoneme h in the Indramayu dialect is an internal innovation that occurred in the Kandanghaur and Lelea areas. The absence of the phoneme /h/ in the Indramayu dialect causes this dialect to not realize the phoneme /h/ in all positions (initial, medial, and final word). The sound [h] in standard Sundanese varies with the sound of [Ø] or [ʔ] in this dialect, for example in initial position like [untuʔ] ‘teeth’; [ɛd͡ʒo] 'green'; [idɨŋ] 'black'; [ud͡ʒan] ‘rain', and so on, in the medial position as in the form: [saʔa] 'who’, [poʔo] 'forget’, [kumaʔa] 'how’, and so on, and in the final position as in the form [labuʔ] ‘fall down’, [d͡ʒauʔ] ‘far’, [utaʔ] ‘vomit’.

Consonant phonemes

The following table lists the vowel phonemes in the initial, middle, and final positions.

Phoneme	Position
	Beginning	Middle	End
1	2	3	4
/p/	/paré/ 'paddy'	/sepit/ 'circumcision'	/nanggap/ 'organize'
/b/	/bebera/ 'new rice field'	/tabo/ 'fiber'	/calub/ 'fertile'
/m/	/mawar/ 'rose'	/kami/ 'i am'	/celem/ 'vegetable'
/t/	/téoh/ 'lower'	/catu/ 'rice supply'	/mangkat/ 'leave'
/d/	/dotu/ 'there'	/mudu/ 'must'	/kosod/ 'slip'
/n/	/napé/ 'making peyeum'	/nonun/ 'weave'	/naon/ 'what'
/c/	/caor/ 'the loom'	/boncél/ 'type of fish'
/j/	/jambrong/ 'big prawns'	/ujungan/ 'crab'
/ny/	/nyoru/ 'wink'	/kanyéré/ 'kanyere tree'
/k/	/kukumbang/ 'barrier'	/raksa/ 'keep'	/wuduk/ 'uduk rice'
/g/	/gagé/ 'fast'	/rega/ 'price'	/badog/ 'robber'
/ng/	/ngora/ 'young'	/mungkal/ 'stone'	/kasang/ 'cover cloth'
/s/	/serobodan/ 'each other'	/rusia/ 'fight'	/rérés/ 'done'
/l/	/lading/ 'knife'	/gili/ 'road'	/katil/ 'coffin'
/r/	/rérés/ 'done'	/wirayat/ 'history'	/siar/ 'search'
/w/	/wirayat/ 'history'	/gura/ 'quick'	/cewaw/ 'evaporate'
/y/	/yakin/ 'convinced'	/wayah/ 'time'	/jurey/ 'lots of fish'

Apart from the differences above, several other differences in the sound system between the Indramayu dialect and standard Sundanese are listed below.

1. The phoneme /a/ is sometimes realized as /o/, for example in the word éta 'it' becomes éto (allophone).
2. There is a diphthong /ée/, as in /kapbéeh/, /empéeng/.
3. Diphthongs in standard Sundanese /uy/ become vowels /i/, like /tuluy/ becomes /toli/.
4. After the final vowel phoneme, a hamzah sound (marked by ') is heard, for example /ente'/
5. Vocabulary in standard Sundanese which is inserted with vowel phonemes in the initial syllable turns into consonant clusters, e.g. /salapan/ becomes /slapan/, /ngalakon/ becomes /nglakon/, /paréan/ becomes /préan/, /carita/ becomes /crita/, /sabaraha/ becomes /sebraha/.
6. The phoneme /a/ at the beginning of a syllable becomes /e/, for example, /sajalan/ becomes /sejalan/, /saperti/ becomes /seperti/, /cawéné/ becomes /cewéné/, /kunaon/ becomes /kenaon/, /sanaon/ becomes /senaon/ also /i/ becomes /e/, for example, /mimiti/ becomes /memiti/.
7. There are /w/ and /r/ metatheses, for example, /riwayat/ becomes /wirayat/; /w/ and /h/, for example, /wahangan/ becomes /hawangan/.

Morphology

The Morphology of the Indramayu dialect is not much different from standard Sundanese, but in some cases, this dialect has its own peculiarities, especially in terms of affixation.

Suffixation

There are several suffixes which are only found in the Indramayu dialect, namely the suffix -é becomes asalé 'the origin', -né becomes artiné 'it means', side by side with the suffix -na like in standard Sundanese, then there is also the suffix -a as in the word ngaputa 'sewing'.

In addition, the suffix -un in the Indramayu dialect sometimes has a function grammatical which is similar to the suffix -keun in standard Sundanese, such as ngarosulun 'propose' in the Indramayu dialect which is equivalent to ngarosulkeun in standard Sundanese.

Simulfixation

Simulfixation is the addition of prefix and suffixes, namely affixes which are added at the beginning and end of syllables. In the Indramayu dialect, prefix pa- (functions as a characterizer for adverbs that are 'alone' so they can be treated as subjects) and ba- (functions as a signifier to the word it is attached to as an adverb, nature, condition, or motion) sometimes change to pe- and be-, like pegunungan (standard Sundanese: pagunungan) 'mountains' and betempuran (bahasa Sunda baku: batempuran) 'fight'.

Nasalization

Nasalization in the Indramayu dialect is the same as the nasalization in standard Sundanese. In standard Sundanese, nasalization usually functions to change word class noun to verb or to form an active sentence, in the Indramayu dialect, because there is a symptom of the omission of the phoneme /h/, there are basic words that are nasalized as in the word héés 'sleep' in standard Sundanese, in nasalization it becomes éés → ngéés 'sleep'.

Examples

Comparison of vocabulary typical of the Indramayu dialect with standard Sundanese.

English language	Indramayu Sundanese	Standard Sundanese
egg	tori (archaic)	endog
blunt	kentud	mintul
so that	kamberan	sangkan

Text

Research on the use of the Indramayu dialect has been carried out several times by researchers, such as the example that has been partially done by Abdurrachman, Oyon Sofyan Umsari, and Ruswandi Zarkasih which is presented in a book entitled Struktur Bahasa Sunda Dialek Cirebon published in 1985. In the book, there are transcription recording story in the form of conversation along with translation from an informant speaker of the Indramayu dialect located in Lelea district, Below, some excerpts from the transcription of the recording will be presented to illustrate the characteristics of the Indramayu dialect.

Original text

People (1):	Ari kula ma' ente nya'o wirayat. Nya ari béja ma' sarua baé, kitu. Nya ari béja ma' aya. Béjana ma' kami Sunda. Nya Sunda baé. Upama kanda nya kanda. Cek paribasana kitu. Sunda Léa ma', ari kami éta maksudna saréréa. Lamun aing, kedéwékan, éta asli Sunda Léa, kitu. Baka ning Sunda pegunungan kan abdi. Ari kami karu'un ma' urang Léana.
People (2):	Baka peting mémé' ngéés sok dongéng atawa kanda ka barudak?
People (1):	Nya dongéng gé dongéng kandeg, biasa. Ges budak pada ngéés kabé', ges peting ye'. Baka isukan dak endi, baka isukan rék lelempangan dak endi. Los gura barangsiar. Maksudna barangsiar éta, maksudna ma' barangtéangan, kitu. Usa'a ari maksudna ma', kitu.
People (2):	Ari wirayat-wirayat aya?
People (1):	A' nya aya ma' aya baé. Ngan a', nya te nya'o aya nu apal entena ma'. Ewe'. Kapan ngadéngé dongéng-dongéng éta kudu ka jelema kolot. Ari kami ma', artiné saluran kang éto, asalé ti buyut Suja. Turun ka kolot Nisar. Ti kolot Nisar turun dei ka Sema. La' toli turun dei ka ngaing, kitu kandana ma'. Ari kami boga anak genep. Arana darpan anak, Kartiem. Umur kami séket. lima puluh cek urang Sunda. Pegawéan anak ma' aya nu tani, nu nukang.
People (2):	Ayena jaman kamajuan, nya'o?
People (1):	A', kamajuan kuma'a, ente ngarti-ngarti acan. Ba'ela ma' ker wéwé maké baju kurung. Baka ning jelema laki pangsi. Atawa nya biasa maké potongan sekripan. Nu endogna di jerona toli tutupan, warnana naon baé. Aya berem, aya éjo. Umumna kembang encung, kembang mawar. Éta ker waktu bapa kami ngora.

Translation

People (1):	I don't know history. Yes, but when it comes to news, it's the same and for that, yes, there is also. According to the story, we are Sundanese and words kami in Sundanese here it means 'we all'. If the word aing means 'i am' and that is the original Sundanese language here. According to the mountainous Sundanese, the word aing it's called abdi 'i am'.
People (2):	At night before going to bed, do you like telling stories to children?
People (1):	Yes, although stories are also meaningless stories. After the kids go to bed, after the night, talk about where they plan to go tomorrow. Go out for a living.
People (2):	If there are narrations?
People (1):	Yes, there are, but yes, I don't know or I don't know. But oh no. We hear stories that have to come from parents. Just about the lineage, i am from Buyut Suja. Then down to Ki Nisar, then Ki Nisar son Pak Sema. Well, from Pak Sema this is then what put me down. And I have six children, including Darpan and Kartiem. I am 50 years old, and some of the children's occupations are farming and some are carpentry.
People (2):	Now is the time of progress. Do you know?
People (1):	Ah, how's progress. It also means that you don't know. In the past, the women here wore brackets, and the men wore clothes pangsi or model sekripan the buttons on the inside and closed. Any color clothes. There are red, green. Only generally flowery encung (rose). That was when my father was young.

Lexicologies

Another study on the Indramayu dialect was conducted in Kandanghaur district (locally this dialect is known as the Sunda-Paréan language), presents data from various informants in the form of typical vocabularies and variations in their usage used in the area.

Sundanese variations will be translated into several areas of meaning which include: body parts, Pronoun and greetings; kinship terms; house section; time, natural conditions, and direction; clothing, and jewelry; as well as aroma and taste. Below will be described in full the variations in the use of the Sunda-Paréan language in Kandanghaur district based on linguistic aspects which include phonology, morphology, and lexical.

The term body part

Glossary	Phonology	Morphology	Lexical
Head	–	–	–
Neck	be'eng/beuheng/being/bengeng	–	gulu
Body	–	–	badan/awak
Hand	lengen/leungeun	–	–
Foot	–	–	suku/sikil

Based on the table above, some fields meaning limbs show variation in the Sunda-Paréan' dialect. There are five vocabulary that are used as examples, namely head, neck, body, hand, and foot. The glossary /head/ does not show variations in the form of phonological, morphological, or lexical aspects, while the glossary /neck/ shows the forms of language variations based on phonological aspects. In the phonological aspect, /neck/ Glossary has several sound variants, becomes /be'eng/, /beuheng/, /bieng/, and /bengeng/. If the glossary /leher/ seen from the lexical aspect, it has a vocabulary variant, namely /gulu/. Then, glossary /body/ has a word variant, namely /badan/ and /awak/. Meanwhile, glossary /hand/ shows that there are variations in language seen from the phonological aspect, namely: /lengen/ and /lengeun/, while the glossary /foot/ shows variations of the lexical, namely /suku/ and /sikil/.

Pronouns and Greetings

Glossary	Phonology	Morphology	Lexical
I am	kula-kola	–	aing/kami/aku
You	–	sampéan	inya
We	–	kami-kamian	kami/kola/kita
You are	–	inya-inya'an/kabéan/réa'an	inya
They	–	sekabéan/batur-batur	inya/kabéh

In the glossary /me/ there are variations from the phonological and lexical aspects. In the phonological aspect, variations are found in the forms /kula/ and /kola/, while lexically there are /aing/, /we/, and /aku/. Then, the glossary /kamu/ shows variations from the morphological aspect, namely the word /sampéan/. The word has affix /-an/ from the root of the word /sampé/, while the lexical aspect is the word /inya/. Glossary /kita/ also has the form of language variations from the morphology aspect in the form of word reduplication /kami-kami'an/ while the lexical aspect has three types of words, namely /kami/, /kola/, and /kita/. The glossary /you/ has the form of language variations from morphological and lexical aspects. Morphological aspects include reduplication /inya-inya'an/ and the affixation of the word /kabéan/ and /réa'an/ each of which has the suffix /-an/, while the glossary /they/ has two language variations from the morphological aspect, which includes reduplication /batur-batur/ and affixation /sekabéan/ from the start /se-/ and ending /-an/. Then in the lexical field there are the words /inya/ and /kabéh/.

kinship terms

Glossary	Phonology	Morphology	Lexical
Grandfather	–	bapa endé/bapa gedé	mendé/embah
Grandmother	–	ma uyut/ema gedé	mendé/nini
Mother	ema/emak	–	biang
Father	bapa/bapak	–	–
Grandchild	oncu/incu	–	–

In the glossary /grandfather/ there are variations of language based on morphological and lexical aspects. Morphological variations can be seen from the form of the phrase, namely /bapa endé/ and /bapa gedé/, while in the lexical aspect there is the word /mendé/ and /embah/. Then, the glossary of /grandmother/ shows the form of variation based on morphological and lexical aspects. The morphological aspect is the phrase /ma uyut/ and /ema gedé/, while the lexical aspect includes the word /mendé/ and /nini/. Then, the glossary /mother/ has variations from the phonological aspect, namely /emak/ and /ema/, while the lexical aspect contains the word /biang/. While the glossary /father/ has variations from the phonological aspect, namely /bapa/ and /bapak/, while the glossary /grandchildren/ has a variety of glossary from phonological aspects, such as /oncu/ and /incu/.

Other terms about family in the Indramayu dialect include:

English language	Indramayu Sundanese
Girl	senung
Boy	senang
Older brother	kaka
Girl	cowéné, cuwéné, cawéné
Youth	bujang, perjaka
Man/Husband	laki
Woman	wéwé
Wife	éwé, panotog

The term panotog to express wife or panotog aing to express my wife is a form of euphimism (language refinement) which replaces the term éwé because the term is now considered taboo by some speakers of other Sundanese dialects because it is considered connotation negative although the word éwé itself has long appeared in Old Sundanese.

House parts

Glossary	Phonology	Morphology	Lexical
Home	ima/imah	–	–
Roof tile	gendéng/genténg	–	–
Dinding	–	–	–
Door	–	–	–
Floor	–	–	tékel/buruan/lantai

In the glossary /house/ there are variations from the phonological aspect, that is /ima/ and /imah/ which gets the sound /h/ at the end of the word /ima/. Then, there is a glossary /genting/ which shows the various aspects of phonology, yaitu /gendéng/ and /genténg/ different between the letters /d/ and /t/. In the glossary /wall/ there are variations from the lexical aspect, namely /wall/ and /wall/, while the glossary /door/ does not have language variations. While the glossary /floor/ has variations from the lexical aspect, namely /tekél/, /buruan/, and /floor/.

Time, Nature and Direction

Glossary	Phonology	Morphology	Lexical
Yesterday	kemari/kermari	ker bréto	–
Now	ayeuna/ayena	–	sakiyén
Overcast	ceudem/cedem	–	mendung
Left	–	–	kénca/kiri/ngiwé
Right	nganan/kanan	–	tengen/ketu'u

In the glossary /yesterday/ there are variations from the phonological and morphological aspects. The phonological aspect that appears is the word /kermari/ and /kemari/, while in the morphological aspect, there are variations in the form of /ker bréto/. Then, glossary /now/ has variations in phonological and lexical aspects. In the glossary /now/ there are variants of the word form /ayeuna/ and /ayena/ in the phonological aspect, while in the lexical aspect there are words /sakiyén/. Then, glossary /cloudy/ has various variations in phonological and lexical aspects. Variations in the phonological aspect of the glossary /cloudy/ can be seen from the word /ceudem/ and /cedem/, while based on the lexical, there is the word /mendung/. Meanwhile, glossary /kiri/ only has lexical variations, namely /kenca/, /kiri/, and /ngiwé/. While the glossary /right/ has two variations, namely based on phonological and lexical aspects. The phonological aspect of the glossary /right/ is the word /nganan/ and /kanan/, while the lexical aspect is the word /tengen/ and /ketu’u/.

Clothing and jewelry

Glossary	Phonology	Morphology	Lexical
Clothing	–	–	baju/pakéan
Trousers	soal/sowal	–	celana
Bracelet	–	–	gelang/pinggel
Ring	–	ali-ali	ali/ngerining
Earrings	–	–	anting/cubang

In the glossary /baju/ there are two forms of language variation from the lexical aspect, namely /baju/ and /pakéan/. Then, the glossary /pants/ has language variations from phonological and lexical aspects. In the phonological aspect there are words /soal/ and /sowal/, while the lexical aspect is in the form of word /celana/. In the glossary /bracelet/ there are only language variations from the lexical aspect, namely /gelang/ and /pinggel/. While the glossary /ring/ has a variety of phonological aspects in the form of reduplication, namely /ali-ali/, and the lexical aspect is /ali/ dan /ngerining/. The last glossary /anting/ has language variations from the lexical aspect, namely /anting/ and /cubang/.

Taste and smell

Glossary	Phonology	Morphology	Lexical
Fragrant	sengit/seungit	–	wangi
Rotten	–	–	berek/bari/bau
Sweet	–	–	–
Bitter	pait/pa'it	–	letir
Salty	–	–	–

In the glossary /fragrance/ there are variations from the phonological aspect /sengit/ and /seungit/, while the lexical variation is the word /wangi/. In the glossary /rot/ there are variations of language from the lexical aspect, namely /berek/, /bari/, and /bau/. Then, in the glossary /sweet/ there is no form of language variation whatsoever. Meanwhile, in the glossary /bitter/, there are language variations from phonological and lexical aspects. In the phonological aspect, there is the word /pait/ and /pa'it/ which is distinguished by quotation marks, while in the lexical aspect there is the word /letir/. Then, just like the glossary /sweet/, the glossary /salty/ does not have any form of variation.

Numerals

Below is a table containing cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers in the Indramayu dialect and their equivalents in standard Sundanese and Indonesian.

Number	Indramayu Sundanese		Standard Sundanese		English language		Ref.
	Cardinal number	Ordinal number	Cardinal number	Ordinal number	Cardinal number	Ordinal number
1	siji	kasiji	hiji	kahiji	one	first
2	dua	kadua	dua	kadua	two	second
3	tolu	katolu	tilu	katilu	three	third
4	opat	kaopat	opat	kaopat	four	fourth
5	lima	kalima	lima	kalima	five	fifth
6	genep	kagenep	genep	kagenep	six	sixth
7	tuju	katuju	tujuh	katujuh	seven	seventh
8	delapan	kadelapan	dalapan	kadalapan	eight	eighth
9	salapan, slapan	kasalapan, kaslapan	salapan	kasalapan	nine	ninth
10	sepulu	kasepulu	sapuluh	kasapuluh	ten	tenth

References

List of references

• Abdurrachman; Umsari, O.S.; Zarkasih, R. (1985). Struktur Bahasa Sunda Dialek Cirebon. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. OCLC 14148023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• Badan Bahasa (2019). "Sunda - Persebaran Bahasa Daerah Berdasarkan Provinsi". kemdikbud.go.id. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
• Baehaqi, A.I. (2017). "Sunda Lelea, Bahasa Asli Warga Lelea yang Hampir Punah". tribunnews.com. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
• BPS Kabupaten Indramayu (2021a). Kecamatan Lelea Dalam Angka 2021. BPS - Statistics of Indramayu Regency. ISSN 2807-4548.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• ——— (2021b). Kecamatan Kandanghaur Dalam Angka 2021. BPS - Statistics of Indramayu Regency. ISSN 2807-4424.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• Djajasudarma, T.F. (1987). Bahasa Sunda dialek Cikamurang, wilayah Trisi, Kabupaten Indramayu. Bandung: Universitas Padjadjaran. OCLC 21480881.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022). Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Indramayu Sundanese". Glottolog 4.6. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5772642. Retrieved 25 June 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• Herliyannie, Deasty (2018). Basa Sunda Dialék Indramayu di Kacamatan Léléa : Ulikan Wangun jeung Harti Studi Kasus di Désa Léléa (Bachelor thesis) (in Sundanese). Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
• Juwanda; Mudopar; Rasyad, S. (2017). "Analisis Alih Kode pada Masyarakat Parean Girang Kabupaten Indramayu". Repository FKIP Unswagati.
• Kasim, S. (2011). Menapak Jejak Sejarah Indramayu. Indramayu: Rumah Pustaka. ISBN 9786025557286. OCLC 1017612424.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• Kats, J; Soeriadiraja, M (1982) [1921]. Tata Bahasa dan Ungkapan Bahasa Sunda. Translated by Ayatrohaedi. Jakarta: Djambatan. OCLC 69116948.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• Mascita, D.E.; Sariah; Susilowati, S. (2021). Written at Cirebon. "Strategi Pemertahanan Bahasa Sunda Lea Indramayu". RANAH: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa. Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati: Mahasiswa Pascasarjana Unswagati. 10 (1): 182–195. doi:10.26499/rnh.v10i1.2395. ISSN 2579-8111. OCLC 9455779493.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• Supriatnoko (2017). "Ujaran Syair Tarling Dangdut Pada Masyarakat Indramayu" (Makalah). Politeknik Negeri Jakarta. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Tresnasih, R.I.; Lasmiyati (2016). "Fungsi Ngarot Untuk Masyarakat Lelea". Patanjala - Jurnal Penelitian Sejarah Dan Budaya. 8 (1): 37–52. doi:10.30959/patanjala.v8i1.52. ISSN 2085-9937. OCLC 8615578517.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• Wahya (2017). "Naɔn Ataukah Naön 'Apa' Inovasi Internal Dalam Bahasa Sunda?". Metahumaniora. 7 (1): 14–19. doi:10.24198/mh.v7i1.23320. ISSN 2085-4838. OCLC 8212054433.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• ———; Djajasudarma, F.; Citraresmana, E. (2017). Searching The Mintul Words 'Blunt' as a Geographical Variation Sundanese Language (PDF). International Seminar on Sociolinguistics and Dialectology: “Changes and Development of Language in Social Life” 2017 (Paper). Bandung: Faculty of Humanities University of Padjadjaran. pp. 234–238.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

Further reading

• Wahya (1995). Bahasa Sunda di Kecamatan Kandanghaur dan Kecamatan Lelea Kabupaten Indramayu: Kajian Geografi Dialek (Tesis untuk gelar magister humaniora program pendidikan magister thesis). Bandung: Universitas Padjajaran.

External links

• Improved Sundanese Spelling Guidelines
• Sundanese-Indonesian Dictionary Ministry of Education and Culture Repository
• Sundanese-English Dictionary by F.S. Eringa
• Alphabet to Sundanese script Converter on kairaga.com
• Sundanese script Character Unicode Table on unicode-table.com