Hunminjeongeum

For the Korean alphabet, see Hangul.

Hunminjeongeum
Korean name
Hunminjeongeum	훈민정음 (modern Korean) 훈〮민져ᇰ〮ᅙᅳᆷ (original spelling)
Hanja	訓民正音
Revised Romanization	Hunminjeong(-)eum
McCune–Reischauer	Hunminjŏngŭm

Hunminjeong'eum (Korean: 훈민정음; Hanja: 訓民正音; lit. The Correct/Proper Sounds for the Instruction of the People) is a document describing an entirely new and native script for the Korean language. The script was initially named after the publication but later came to be known as hangul. Originally containing 28 characters, it was created so that the common people illiterate in hanja (Chinese characters) could accurately and easily read and write the Korean language. Four letters among the 28 were discarded over time. The original spelling of the title was 훈〮민져ᇰ〮ᅙᅳᆷ Húnminjyéongʼeum (in North Korean version Húnminjyéonghʼeum).

The Hunminjeongeum was announced in Volume 102 of the Annals of King Sejong, and its formal supposed publication date, October 9, 1446, is now Hangul Day in South Korea. The Annals place its invention to the 25th year of Sejong's reign, corresponding to 1443–1444. UNESCO included the 1446 manuscript publishing the Hunminjeongeum in the Memory of the World Programme.

History

Before Hangul, the Korean alphabet, was created, Koreans used Chinese characters to record their words. Since Chinese language and Korean language share few similarities, borrowing Chinese characters proved to be inefficient to reflect the spoken language. In addition, at the time when King Sejong was inventing Hangul the Ming Dynasty had just come to power in China, which changed the pronunciation of Chinese characters, making it harder for Koreans to learn the new standard pronunciation to record their words. The illiteracy level also stayed high since reading and learning Chinese characters was restricted among the ordinary people. They were generally used in official documents by the ruling class. The ruling class took advantage of this and learning the Chinese characters became a symbol of power and privilege. In order to make written language more accessible for common people, King Sejong started creating Hangul secretly, since the ruling class would be appalled by the news.

Hangul was personally created by Sejong the Great, the fourth king of the Joseon dynasty, and revealed by him in 1443. Although it is widely assumed that King Sejong ordered the Hall of Worthies to invent Hangul, contemporary records such as the Veritable Records of King Sejong and Jeong Inji's preface to the Hunminjeongeum Haerye emphasize that he invented it himself. This is stated in Book 113 of The Annals of King Sejong (Sejongsillok) on the 9th month and the 28th year of reign of King Sejong and at the end of An Illustrated Explanation of Hunminjeongeum (Hunminjeongeum Haeryebon). Afterward, King Sejong wrote the preface to the Hunminjeongeum, explaining the origin and purpose of Hangul and providing brief examples and explanations, and then tasked the Hall of Worthies to write detailed examples and explanations. The head of the Hall of Worthies, Jeong In-ji, was responsible for compiling the Hunminjeongeum. The Hunminjeongeum was published and promulgated to the public in 1446. The writing system is referred to as “Hangul” today but was originally named as Hunminjeongeum by King Sejong. “Hunmin” and “Jeongeum” are respective words that each indicate “to teach the people” and “proper sounds.” Together Hunminjeongeum means “correct sounds for the instruction of the people”

Content

The publication is written in Classical Chinese and contains a preface, the alphabet letters (jamo), and brief descriptions of their corresponding sounds. It is later supplemented by a longer document called Hunminjeongeum Haerye that is designated as a national treasure No. 70. To distinguish it from its supplement, Hunminjeongeum is sometimes called the "Samples and Significance Edition of Hunminjeongeum" (훈민정음예의본; 訓民正音例義本).

The Classical Chinese (漢文/hanmun) of the Hunminjeongeum has been partly translated into Middle Korean. This translation is found together with Worinseokbo, and is called the Hunminjeongeum Eonhaebon.

The first paragraph of the document reveals King Sejong's motivation for creating hangul:

• Classical Chinese (Original):

國之語音
異乎中國
與文字不相流通
故愚民 有所欲言
而終不得伸其情者多矣
予爲此憫然
新制二十八字
欲使人人易習便於日用耳

• Transliteration:
  • 1. Kúik jig yěeog ʼeum.
  • 2. Ōíg hhog dyung kúik.
  • 3. Ōyěog mun jjáwg búlʼ syang lyuw tong.
  • 4. Kóg yeug min yěuw sǒg ōyók yeeon.
  • 5. Zig jyung búlʼ déuk sin kkeuig jjyeong jyǎg dag yěeuig.
  • 6. Ōyeog ōúig chǎwg mǐn zyeon.
  • 7. Sin jyéoig zíg ssíb bálʼ jjáwg.
  • 8. Ōyók sǎwg zin zin ōíg ssíb bbyeon ʼeog zílʼ ōyóng zǐg.
• Mix of hanja (Chinese characters) and Hangul (Eonhaebon):

國_귁〮之_징語_ᅌᅥᆼ〯音_ᅙᅳᆷ이〮
異_잉〮乎_ᅘᅩᆼ中_듀ᇰ國_귁〮ᄒᆞ〮야〮
與_영〯文_문字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮로〮不_부ᇙ〮相_샤ᇰ流_류ᇢ通_토ᇰᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮
故_공〮로〮愚_ᅌᅮᆼ民_민이〮有_ᅌᅮᇢ〯所_송〯欲_욕〮言_ᅌᅥᆫᄒᆞ〮야도〮
而_ᅀᅵᆼ終_쥬ᇰ不_부ᇙ〮得_득〮伸_신其_끵情_쪄ᇰ者_쟝〯ㅣ多_당矣_ᅌᅴᆼ〯라〮
予_영ㅣ爲_윙〮此_ᄎᆞᆼ〯憫_민〯然_ᅀᅧᆫᄒᆞ〮야〮
新_신制_졩〮二_ᅀᅵᆼ〮十_씹〮八_바ᇙ〮字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮ᄒᆞ〮노니〮
欲_욕〮使_ᄉᆞᆼ〯人_ᅀᅵᆫ人_ᅀᅵᆫᄋᆞ〮로〮易_잉〮習_씹〮ᄒᆞ〮야〮便_뼌於_ᅙᅥᆼ日_ᅀᅵᇙ〮用_요ᇰ〮耳_ᅀᅵᆼ〯니라〮

• Transliteration:
  • 1. Kúik jig yěeog ʼeum ōí.
  • 2. Ōíg hhog dyung kúik háw ōyá.
  • 3. Ōyěog mun jjáwg ló búlʼ syang lyuw tong hawl ssáwi.
  • 4. Kóg ló yeug min ōí yěuw sǒg ōyók yeeon háw ōya dó.
  • 5. Zig jyung búlʼ déuk sin kkeuig jjyeong jyǎg i dag yěeuig lá.
  • 6. Ōyeog i ōúig chǎwg mǐn zyeon háw ōyá.
  • 7. Sin jyéoig zíg ssíb bálʼ jjáwg háw no ní.
  • 8. Ōyók sǎwg zin zin ōáw ló ōíg ssíb háw ōyá bbyeon ʼeog zílʼ ōyóng zǐg ni lá.
• Rendered into written Korean (Eonhaebon):

나랏〮말〯ᄊᆞ미〮
中_듀ᇰ國_귁〮에〮달아〮
文_문字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮와〮로〮서르ᄉᆞᄆᆞᆺ디〮아니〮ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮
이〮런젼ᄎᆞ〮로〮어린〮百_ᄇᆡᆨ〮姓_셔ᇰ〮이〮니르고〮져〮호ᇙ〮배〮이셔〮도〮
ᄆᆞᄎᆞᆷ〮내〯제ᄠᅳ〮들〮시러〮펴디〮몯〯ᄒᆞᇙ노〮미〮하니〮라〮
내〮이〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮為_윙〮ᄒᆞ〮야〮어〯엿비〮너겨〮
새〮로〮스〮믈〮여듧〮字_ᄍᆞᆼ〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮노니〮
사〯ᄅᆞᆷ마〯다〮ᄒᆡ〯ᅇᅧ〮수〯ᄫᅵ〮니겨〮날〮로〮ᄡᅮ〮메〮便_뼌安_ᅙᅡᆫ킈〮ᄒᆞ고〮져〮ᄒᆞᇙᄯᆞᄅᆞ미〮니라〮

• Transliteration:
  • 1. Ni lás mǎl ssaw mí.
  • 2. Dyung kúik ōéoi dal ōá.
  • 3. Mun jjáwg ōóa ló seo leu saw maws dí ōa ní hawl ssáwi.
  • 4. Ōí leon jyeon cháw ló ōeo lín báwik syéong ōí ni leu kó jyéo hólʼ bái ōi syéo dó.
  • 5. Maw cháwm nǎi jeoi bdéu déul si léo pyeo dí mǒd hawlʼ nó mí ha ní lá.
  • 6. Nái ōí láwl ōúig háw ōyá ōěo ōyeos bí neo kyéo.
  • 7. Sái ló séu méul ōyeo déulb jjáwg láwl mawing káw no ní.
  • 8. Sǎ lawm mǎ dá hǎwi hngwyéo sǔ ví ni kyéo nál ló bsú méoi bbyeon ʼan khéui haw kó jyéo hawlʼ sdaw law mí ni lá.

• Translation:

  Because the speech of this country is different from that of China, it [the spoken language] does not match the [Chinese] letters. Therefore, even if the ignorant want to communicate, many of them, in the end, cannot successfully express themselves. Saddened by this, I have [had] 28 letters newly made. It is my wish that all the people may easily learn these letters and that [they] be convenient for daily use.

Versions

The manuscript of the original Hunminjeongeum has two versions:

• Seven pages written in Classical Chinese, except where the Hangul letters are mentioned, as can be seen in the image at the top of this article. Three copies are left:
  • The one found at the beginning of the Haerye copy
  • The one included in Sejongsillok (세종실록; 世宗實錄; "The Sejong Chronicles"), Volume 113.
• The Eonhaebon, 36 pages, extensively annotated in hangul, with all hanja transcribed with small hangul to their lower right. The Hangul were written in both ink-brush and geometric styles. Four copies are left:
  • At the beginning of Worinseokbo (월인석보; 月印釋譜), an annotated Buddhist scripture
  • One preserved by Park Seungbin
  • One preserved by Kanazawa, a Japanese person
  • One preserved by Japanese Imperial Household Agency

External links

• Scanned copy of the Eonhae
• UNESCO provides the photos of the book