Green-bellied hummingbird

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Green-bellied hummingbird
MonographTrochi5Goul 0131.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Trochilidae
Genus: Saucerottia
Species:
S. viridigaster
Binomial name
Saucerottia viridigaster
(Bourcier, 1843)
Amazilia viridigaster map.svg
Synonyms[3]

Amazilia viridigaster
Amazilia cupreicauda

The green-bellied hummingbird (Saucerottia viridigaster) is a species of hummingbird in the "emeralds", tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae.[4][3] It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, and as a vagrant in French Guiana.[5]

Taxonomy and systematics

The green-bellied hummingbird was formerly placed in the genus Amazilia. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that the genus Amazilia was polyphyletic. In the revised classification to create monophyletic genera, the green-bellied hummingbird was moved by most taxonomic systems to the resurrected genus Saucerottia.[6][7][4][8][9] These systems assign it the following six subspecies:

However, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) into the green-bellied and copper-tailed hummingbirds and retains them in genus Amazilia. It assigns viridigaster and iodura to the green-bellied species (A. viridigaster) and the other four subspecies to the copper-tailed (A. cupreicauda).[3] Clements splits the species into the green-bellied and copper-tailed hummingbirds and retains them in the genus Saucerottia.

This article follows the six-subspecies model.

Description

The green-bellied hummingbird is 8 to 10.5 cm (3.1 to 4.1 in) long and weighs 3.1 to 4.5 g (0.11 to 0.16 oz). Both sexes of all subspecies have a straight, medium length, blackish bill with a pink to reddish base to the mandible. Adult males of the nominate subspecies S. v. viridigaster have a golden-green head and back and olive green to brownish rump and uppertail coverts; the last sometimes have a purplish tinge. Their underparts are a darker shining green and their tail is deep blue to violet-blue. Adult females are similar with white fringes on the throat feathers and bronze or brownish edges to the tail feathers. Juveniles resemble females but have grayish brown or brownish gray underparts. Subspecies S. v. iodura has a coppery to purple tail and is otherwise like the nominate.[10]

Subspecies S. v. cupreicauda differs significantly from the nominate. The male's crown, nape, and upper back are golden-green to bronze-green that goes through coppery green to the dark cinnamon rump and uppertail coverts. The inner four pairs of tail feathers are dark cinnamon with dark iridescent bronze-purple tips and the outermost pair cinnamon with reddish bronze to rufous tips. Its forehead, face, chin, throat, and breast are emerald green, its lower belly and vent grayish brown, and its undertail coverts pale cinnamon. Females are like the male with the addition of white bases to the chin feathers and bronze rather than rufous tips to the outermost tail feathers.[10]

Subspecies S. v. duidae is roughly intermediate between viridigaster and cupreicauda. Compared to the nominate, its lower back and rump are more coppery and its tail rich bronze, with no rufous or cinnamon as in cupreicauda. Subspecies S. v. laireti is similar to cupreicauda but is slightly darker green. Its uppertail coverts and tail are golden-bronze to copper. Subspecies S. v. pacaraimae is also darker than cupreicauda and its back has a stronger copper wash. Its rump and uppertail coverts have a purple sheen, and like laireti no rufous or cinnamon on the tail.[10]

Distribution and habitat

The subspecies of green-bellied hummingbird are found thus:[4][10]

  • S. v. viridigaster, north-central Colombia on the east slope of the Eastern Andes
  • S. v. iodura, Andes of western Venezuela
  • S. v. duidae, Cerro Duida in southern Venezuela
  • S. v. cupreicauda, tepuis where southeastern Venezuela, western Guyana, and exteme northern Brazil meet
  • S. v. laireti, tepuis of Sierra de Unturán and Cerro de la Neblina in southern Venezuela
  • S. v. pacaraimae, Sierra de Pacaraima in southern Venezuela

The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society includes Suriname in the range of S. v. cupreicauda and also notes its occurrence as a vagrant in French Guiana.[5]

The green-bellied hummingbird inhabits a variety of semi-open to open subtropical landscapes including the edges of gallery forest, plantations, scrub- and brushlands, river islands, and low secondary forest. It mostly occurs on the lower to middle slopes of the Andes and tepuis at elevations between 400 and 1,700 m (1,300 and 5,600 ft). S. v. cupreicauda has been found as low as 60 m (200 ft) and S. v. duidae as low as 180 m (590 ft).[10]

Behavior

Movement

The green-bellied hummingbird is basically sedentary but makes local movements to follow the availability of nectar sources. In addition some populations make erratic seasonal movements.[10]

Feeding

The green-bellied hummingbird's foraging strategy and details of its diet are not well documented. It is known to take nectar from the flowers of Quararibea, Inga, and Erythrina. It has been observed in large groups at the last two trees. In addition to necatar it feeds on small arthropods.[10]

Breeding

The green-bellied hummingbird's breeding seasons vary geographically. Those of the two western subspecies viridigaster and iodura appear to span at least from October to January. Those of the four eastern subspecies include at least January to May. The species' incubation period and time to fledging are not known.[10] The only fully described nest is of S. v. cupreicauda. It was an open cup made of seed down with moss and lichen on the outside, on thin twigs of a small tree 3 m (10 ft) above the ground.[11]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to green-bellied hummingbird on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The green-bellied hummingbird's song has been variously described as "a repeated rhythmic phrase of c. 4 buzzy or squeaky notes, tee-djew-tee-djew" and "a waif-like ta-da titi-da". Its calls include "a high-pitched, descending twitter, tsi notes, and a buzzy dzeee that is sometimes given in long series.[10]

Status

The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so has assessed the "green-bellied" and "copper-tailed" hummingbirds separately. Both are judged as being of Least Concern, though their population sizes are not known and both are believed to be decreasing due to habitat destruction. No specific threats have been identified for either population.[1][2] The species' abundance varies geographically. S. v. viridigaster is considered uncommon to fairly common. The two subspecies found in the tepuis are also thought uncommon to fairly common but tend to be isolated on each mountain. East of its main range in the tepuis, S. v. cupreicauda is known from only three sites in Suriname and one in French Guiana. S. v. duidae is "relatively common". S. v. laireti is known from only two localities but appears locally abundant in them.[10] Like almost all hummingbirds, the green-bellied is included in CITES Appendix II.[12]

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Green-bellied Hummingbird Amazilia viridigaster". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T61201742A95166485. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T61201742A95166485.en. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  2. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Copper-tailed Hummingbird Amazilia cupreicauda". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T61201753A95166706. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T61201753A95166706.en. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  3. ^ a b c HBW and BirdLife International (2021) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip retrieved August 7, 2022
  4. ^ a b c Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Hummingbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  5. ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
  6. ^ McGuire, J.; Witt, C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, A.; Rabosky, D.; Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016.
  7. ^ Stiles, F.G.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Mcguire, J.A. (2017). "The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny". Zootaxa. 4353 (3): 401–424. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3.
  8. ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
  9. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Weller, A.A., P. F. D. Boesman, and H. F. Greeney (2021). Green-bellied Hummingbird (Saucerottia viridigaster), version 1.1. In Birds of the World (H. F. Greeney, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.grbhum1.01.1 retrieved September 7, 2022
  11. ^ Snow, B.K.; Snow, D.W. (1974). "Breeding of the Green-bellied Hummingbird". Auk. 91 (3): 626.
  12. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.

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