Foreign relations of Spain

Nations with which Spain has diplomatic relations.

The foreign relations of Spain could be constructed upon the foreign relations of the Hispanic Crown. The personal union of Castile and Aragon that ensued with the joint rule of the Catholic Monarchs was followed by the annexation of the Kingdom of Granada and the Kingdom of Navarre. The crown also built a large colonial empire in the Americas after the arrival of Columbus to the New World in 1492.

The Spanish Habsburg monarchs had large holdings across the European continent stemming from the inherited dominions of the Habsburg monarchy and from the Aragonese holdings in the Italian Peninsula. The Habsburg dynasty fought against the Protestant Reformation in the continent and achieved a dynastic unification of the realms of the Iberian Peninsula with their enthronement as Portuguese monarchs after 1580. The American colonies shipped bullion, but resources were spent in wars waged against France in Italy and elsewhere as well as in conflicts against the Ottoman Empire, England or revolts in the Spanish Netherlands, Portugal (lost after 1640) and Catalonia. Mainland Spain was the main theatre of the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714), after which the Bourbon dynasty consolidated rule, while handing in holdings in Italy and the Netherlands. The successive Bourbon Family Compacts underpinned a close alignment with the Kingdom of France throughout the 18th century. During the Napoleonic Wars, Mainland Spain was occupied by the French Empire (which installed a puppet ruler), and became after an 1808 uprising the main theatre of the Peninsular War. Nearly all its colonies fought for and won independence in the early 19th century. From then on it kept Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines, otherwise lost in 1898 after the Spanish–American War, and, in line with far-reaching efforts by other European powers, Spain began to sustain a colonial presence in the African continent, most notably in Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea. It also intervened in Nguyễn Vietnam alongside France and involved in the affairs of former colony Santo Domingo, which briefly returned to Spanish control. In the wake of the creation of a Spanish protectorate in Northern Morocco, the early 20th century saw a draining conflict against Riffian anti-colonial resistance. Spain stuck to a status of neutrality during World War I.

The Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939 became a proxy war between the axis powers Germany and Italy and the Soviet Union (which lost). The war ensued with the installment of a dictatorship under Francisco Franco lasting until 1975. In the aftermath of World War 2, the series of multilateral agreements and institutions configuring what it is known today as Western Europe were made apart from Francoist Spain. The 1953 military agreements with the United States entailed the acceptance of unprecedented conditions vis-à-vis the (peacetime) military installment of a foreign power on Spanish soil. Spain joined the UN in 1955 and the IMF in 1958. In the last rales of the dictator, the mismanaged decolonisation of Spanish Sahara ensued with the Moroccan invasion of the territory in 1975 and the purported partition of it between Morocco and Mauritania, spawning a protracted conflict pitting the Sahrawi national liberation Polisario Front against Morocco and (briefly) Mauritania lasting to this day. Spain joined NATO (1982) and entered the European Communities (1986).

On a wide range of issues, Spain often prefers to coordinate its efforts with its EU partners through the European political cooperation mechanisms.

History

In 218 BC the Romans invaded the Iberian peninsula, which later became the Roman province of Hispania. The Romans introduced the Latin language, the ancestor of both modern-day Spanish and Italian. The Iberian peninsula remained under Roman rule for over 600 years, until the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.

In the Early modern period, until the 18th century, southern and insular Italy came under Spanish control, having been previously a domain of the Crown of Aragon.

Dominions of the Habsburgs in 1556

Charles V

Main article: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (1500–1558) inherited vast lands across Western Europe and the Americas, and expanded them by frequent wars. Among other domains he was King of Spain from 1516, and Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519. As head of the rising House of Habsburg during the first half of the 16th century, his dominions in Europe extending from Germany to northern Italy with direct rule over the Austrian hereditary lands and the Burgundian Low Countries, and a unified Spain with its southern Italian kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. His great enemy on land was France, on the Mediterranean Sea it was the Ottoman Empire, which at times was allied with France. England and the Papacy were sometimes part of the coalition against him. Much of his attention focused on wars in Italy. At the Diet of Augsburg (1547) he secured recognition that the Netherlands belonged to the Hapsburg domain. However Charles was intensely Catholic and the northern Netherlands was Protestant. He and his Spanish heirs fought for a century against Dutch independence; despite the enormous cost they failed.

Philip II, 1556–1598

Main article: Philip II of Spain § Foreign policy

Philip III, 1598–1621

Main article: Philip III of Spain § Foreign policy

The Somerset House Conference between English and Spanish diplomats that brought an end to the Anglo–Spanish War (1585–1604).

Philip III has a poor reputation in terms of both domestic and foreign policy. He inherited two major conflicts from his father. The first of these, the long-running Dutch revolt, represented a serious challenge to Spanish power from the Protestant United Provinces in a crucial part of the Spanish Empire. The second, the Anglo–Spanish War was a newer, and less critical conflict with Protestant England, marked by a Spanish failure to successfully bring its huge military resources to bear on the smaller English military.

Philip's own foreign policy can be divided into three phases. For the first nine years of his reign, he pursued a highly aggressive set of policies, aiming to deliver a 'great victory'. His instructions to his most important advisor Duke Lerma to wage a war of "blood and iron" on his rebellious subjects in the Netherlands reflects this. After 1609, when it became evident that Spain was financially exhausted and Philip sought a truce with the Dutch, there followed a period of retrenchment; in the background, tensions continued to grow, however, and by 1618 the policies of Philip's 'proconsols' were increasingly at odds with de Lerma's policy from Madrid.

Europe in 1701 at the beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession

War of the Spanish Succession and after 1701–1759

Main articles: War of the Spanish Succession and Philip V of Spain

The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) saw Spain in a nearly helpless position as multiple European powers battled for control over which of three rivals would be king. At first most of the warfare took place outside of Spain. However, in 1704 Spain was invaded by the Germans (officially by the Holy Roman Empire including Habsburg Austria and Prussia, as well as other minor German states), Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, the Duchy of Savoy and Portugal. The invaders wanted to make the Habsburg candidate king instead of the incumbent Philip V who the grandson of France's powerful king Louis XIV and candidate of the House of Bourbon. Spain had no real army, but it defense was a high priority for Louis XIV who sent in his French armies and after a devastating civil war eventually drove out the invaders from Spain.

After years of warfare and changing coalitions, the final result was that Philip V remained king. In practice his wife Elisabeth Farnese ruled Spain from 1714 until 1746, and was more interested in Italy than Spain. Spain was not even invited to the peace treaties (Peace of Utrecht); they forbade any future possibility of unifying the French and Spanish crowns. Britain was the main winner; it blocked France from becoming too powerful. Britain acquired Minorca and Gibraltar from Spain, as well as the right to sell slaves to Spanish colonies. Britain also gained Newfoundland and Nova Scotia from France. Spain kept its American colonies but lost its European holdings in Italy and the Spanish Netherlands (modern Belgium), mostly to Austria. Spain briefly regained some Italian holdings until the British sank its fleet in 1718. Elisabeth Farnese succeeded in recapturing Naples and Sicily. She put her son on the throne there. He abdicated in 1759 to return to Madrid as King Charles III of Spain.

American Revolutionary War: 1775–1783

Main article: Spain and the American Revolutionary War

Eager to gain revenge on the British for its defeat during the Seven Years' War, France offered support to rebel American colonists seeking independence from Britain during the American War of Independence and in 1778 entered the war on their side. They then urged Spain to do the same, hoping the combined force would be strong enough to overcome the British Royal Navy and be able to invade England. In 1779 Spain joined the war, hoping to take advantage of a substantially weakened Britain. Distrustful of republics, Spain did not officially recognize the new United States of America.

A well-organised force under Bernardo de Galvez operating out of Spanish Louisiana launched repeated attacks on British colonies in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. They were easy winners against weak British garrisons, and were planning an expedition against Jamaica when peace was declared in 1783.

Spain's highest priority was to recapture Gibraltar from Britain using the Great Siege of Gibraltar. Despite a prolonged besiegement, the British garrison there was able to hold out until relieved and it remained in British hands following the Treaty of Paris. Unlike their French allies (for whom the war proved largely to be a disaster, financially and militarily) the Spanish made a number of territorial gains, recovering Florida and Menorca.

20th century

A neutral country during World War I, Spain was not invited to take part in the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, owing to the country's relative low profile in international affairs. It was however invited to join the League of Nations as a non-permanent member and it formally did so on 14 August 1919. During the so-called Wilsonian moment in international relations, forces adversarial to the Spanish State such as the Rifis vying for international recognition of their proto-republic and the Catalan separatist movement emboldened.

Regional relations

Latin America

The Ibero-American vision

Spain has maintained its special identification with its fellow Spanish-speaking countries. Its policy emphasizes the concept of an Ibero-American community, essentially the renewal of the historically liberal concept of "Hispano-Americanismo" (or Hispanic as it is often referred to in English), which has sought to link the Iberian peninsula to the Spanish-speaking countries in Central and South America through language, commerce, history and culture. Spain has been an effective example of transition from dictatorship to democracy, as shown in the many trips that Spain's King and prime ministers have made to the region.

Trends in diplomatic relations

Spain maintains economic and technical cooperation programs and cultural exchanges with Latin American countries, both bilaterally and within the EU. During José María Aznar's government, Spanish relations worsened with countries like Mexico, Venezuela and Cuba, but were exceptionally good with others, like Colombia, the Dominican Republic and several Central American republics. José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero's victory in the 2004 general elections changed this setting. Despite long-standing close linguistic, economic and cultural relations with most of Latin America, some aspects of Spanish foreign policy during this time, such as its support for the Iraq War, were not supported or widely favored.

Sub-Saharan Africa

Spain has gradually begun to broaden its contacts with Sub-Saharan Africa. It has a particular interest in its former colony of Equatorial Guinea, where it maintains a large aid program. More recently, it has sought closer relation with Senegal, Mauritania, Mali and others to find solutions for the issue of illegal immigration to the Canary Islands.

Middle East

In the Middle East, Spain is known as a broker between powers. In its relations with the Arab world, Spain frequently supports Arab positions on Middle East issues. The Arab countries are a priority interest for Spain because of oil and gas imports and because several Arab nations have substantial investments in Spain.

Europe

Spain has been successful in managing its relations with its three immediate European neighbours, France, Andorra, and Portugal. The accession of Spain and Portugal to the EU in 1986 has helped ease some of their periodic trade frictions by putting these into an EU context. Franco-Spanish bilateral cooperation has been enhanced by joint action against recurring violence by separatist Basque group ETA since the 1960s. Ties with the United Kingdom are generally good, although the question of Gibraltar remains a sensitive issue, especially since the UK vote on Brexit.

Asia

Today, Spain is trying to expand its still narrow relations with East Asian nations, with China, Japan and South Korea as its main points of interest in the region. Thailand and Indonesia are Spain's main allies in the ASEAN region, having a considerable number of agreements and a very good relationship. In the recent years Spain has also been boosting its contacts, relations and investment in other Asian countries, most notably Vietnam and Malaysia. Relations with the Philippines are, despite a very long colonial past, considerably weaker than the ones Spain has with other countries in the area, dealing mostly with cultural aspects and humanitarian assistance programs.

Disputes

Territorial disputes

Whilst the disputed on Gibraltar with Great Britain is the best known territorial dispute of Spain, the country also has disputes with Portugal and Morocco.

With Great Britain

Main article: Disputed status of Gibraltar

Ever since it was captured in 1704 by Anglo-Dutch forces during the War of the Spanish Succession, Gibraltar has been the subject of a dispute between Britain and Spain. Situated at the southern tip of the Iberian peninsula, overseeing the Strait of Gibraltar which connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Mediterranean Sea, the territory has great strategic importance. Today, Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory and houses an important base for the British Armed Forces.

With Morocco

The strategic position of the Strait of Gibraltar has left a legacy of a number of sovereignty disputes. These include the "five places of sovereignty" (plazas de soberanía) on and off the coast of Morocco: the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, which Morocco contests, as well as the islands of Peñon de Alhucemas, Peñon de Vélez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas. Spain maintains sovereignty over Ceuta, Melilla, Peñon de Velez de la Gomera, Alhucemas and the Chafarinas Islands (captured following the Christian reconquest of Spain) based upon historical grounds, security reasons and on the basis of the UN principle of territorial integrity. Spain also maintains that the majority of residents are Spanish. Morocco claims these territories on the basis of the UN principles of decolonisation, territorial integrity and that Spanish arguments for the recovery of Gibraltar substantiate Morocco's claim.

With Portugal

Olivenza (Spanish) or Olivença (Portuguese) is a town and seat of a municipality, on a disputed section of the border between Portugal and Spain, which is claimed de jure by both countries and administered de facto as part of the Spanish autonomous community of Extremadura. The population is 80% ethnic Portuguese and 30% of Portuguese language. Olivenza/Olivença was under continuous Portuguese sovereignty since 1297 until it was occupied by the Spanish in 1801 and formally ceded by Portugal later that year by the Treaty of Badajoz. Spain claims the de jure (legal) sovereignty over Olivenza/Olivença on the grounds that the Treaty of Badajoz still stands and has never been revoked. Thus, the border between the two countries in the region of Olivenza/Olivença should be as demarcated by that treaty. Portugal claims the de jure sovereignty over Olivenza/Olivença on the grounds that the Treaty of Badajoz was revoked by its own terms (the breach of any of its articles would lead to its cancellation) when Spain invaded Portugal in the Peninsular War of 1807.

Portugal further bases its case on Article 105 of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815, which Spain signed in 1817, that states that the winning countries are to "endeavour with the mightiest conciliatory effort to return Olivenza/Olivença to Portuguese authority". Thus, the border between the two countries in the region of Olivenza/Olivença should be as demarcated by the Treaty of Alcanizes of 1297. Spain interprets Article 105 as not being mandatory on demanding Spain to return Olivenza/Olivença to Portugal, thus not revoking the Treaty of Badajoz. Portugal has never made a formal claim to the territory after the Treaty of Vienna, but has equally never directly acknowledged the Spanish sovereignty over Olivenza/Olivença. Portugal continues to claim Olivenza/Olivença, asserting that under the Vienna Treaty of 1815, Spain recognized the Portuguese claims as "legitimate". The historic disputes with Portugal over the Savage Islands in the Atlantic Ocean were resolved in recent times.

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country	Date formal relations began	Notes
Algeria		See Algeria–Spain relations Algeria has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Alicante and Barcelona. Spain has an embassy in Algiers and a consulate-general in Oran.
Angola	19 October 1977	See Angola–Spain relations Angola has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Luanda.
Burkina Faso		See Burkina Faso–Spain relations
Cameroon		See Cameroon–Spain relations Cameroon has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Yaoundé.
Chad		See Chad–Spain relations Chad is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France. Spain is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Côte d'Ivoire		See Ivory Coast–Spain relations Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Abidjan.
Democratic Republic of the Congo		See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Spain relations DR Congo has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Kinshasa.
Egypt		See Egypt–Spain relations Egypt has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Cairo.
Equatorial Guinea	12 October 1968	See Equatorial Guinea–Spain relations Equatorial Guinea has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate in Las Palmas. Spain has an embassy in Malabo and a consulate-general in Bata. See also: Spanish Equatoguineans
Ethiopia		See Ethiopia–Spain relations Ethiopia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France. Spain has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
Gambia		See Gambia–Spain relations Gambia has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy office in Banjul.
Gabon		See Gabon–Spain relations Gabon has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Libreville.
Ghana		See Ghana–Spain relations Ghana has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Accra.
Guinea		See Guinea–Spain relations Guinea has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Conakry.
Guinea-Bissau		See Guinea-Bissau–Spain relations Guinea-Bissau has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Bissau.
Kenya		See Kenya–Spain relations Kenya has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Nairobi.
Liberia		See Liberia–Spain relations
Libya		See Libya–Spain relations Libya has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Tripoli.
Madagascar		Madagascar is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France. Spain is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
Mali		See Mali–Spain relations Mali has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Bamako.
Mauritania		See Mauritania–Spain relations Mauritania has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Las Palmas. Spain has an embassy in Nouakchott and a consulate-general in Nouadhibou.
Morocco		See Morocco–Spain relations Spain has several interests in Morocco. This is dictated by geographic proximity and long historical contacts, as well as by the two Spanish enclave cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the northern coast of Africa. While Spain's departure from its former colony of Western Sahara ended direct Spanish participation in Morocco, it maintains an interest in the peaceful resolution of the conflict brought about there by decolonization. These issues were highlighted by a crisis in 2002, when Spanish forces evicted a small contingent of Moroccans from a tiny islet off Morocco's coast following that nation's attempt to assert sovereignty over the Spanish island. Morocco has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Algeciras, Almería, Barcelona, Bilbao, Las Palmas, Seville, Tarragona and Valencia. Spain has an embassy in Rabat and consulates-general in Agadir, Casablanca, Nador, Tanger and Tetuan and a consulate in Larache. See also: Moroccans in Spain
Mozambique		See Mozambique–Spain relations Mozambique has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Maputo.
Namibia		See Namibia–Spain relations Namibia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France. Spain has an embassy in Windhoek.
Niger		See Niger–Spain relations Niger is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France. Spain has an embassy in Niamey.
Nigeria		See Nigeria–Spain relations Nigeria has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Abuja and a consulate-general in Lagos.
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic		See Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic–Spain relations Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has a delegation office in Madrid and a delegation office in Barcelona.
Senegal		See Senegal–Spain relations Senegal has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Dakar.
South Africa		See South Africa–Spain relations South Africa has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Cape Town.
Sudan		See Spain–Sudan relations Spain has an embassy in Khartoum. Sudan has an embassy in Madrid.
Tanzania		Spain has an embassy in Dar es Salaam. Tanzania is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
Tunisia		See Spain–Tunisia relations Spain has an embassy in Tunis. Tunisia has an embassy in Madrid.
Zambia		Spain has no embassy in Zambia, but has an honorary consulate in Lusaka, and is accredited to the country from its embassy in Paris, France. Zambia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe.
Zimbabwe		Spain has an embassy in Harare. Zimbabwe is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.

Americas

Country	Date formal relations began	Notes
Antigua and Barbuda		See Antigua and Barbuda–Spain relations Antigua and Barbuda has an embassy in Madrid. Spain is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda from its embassy in Kingston, Jamaica.
Argentina	1863	See Argentina–Spain relations Argentina has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona and Vigo and consulates in Cadiz, Palma de Mallorca and Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Spain has an embassy in Buenos Aires and consulates-general in Bahía Blanca, Córdoba, Mendoza and in Rosario. Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs on bilateral and trade relations between Spain and Argentina (in Spanish) See also: Spanish Argentine and Argentines in Spain.
Bahamas		See Bahamas–Spain relations
Barbados		See Barbados–Spain relations
Belize	13 January 1989	See Belize–Spain relations Belize is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium. Spain is accredited to Belize from its embassy in Guatemala City, Guatemala.
Bolivia	1847	See Bolivia–Spain relations A diplomatic crisis with Bolivia in 2005 due to a misunderstanding was quickly resolved by Zapatero and Spain became the first European country visited by Evo Morales on January 4, 2006. However, there remain problems surrounding the exploitation of oil and gas fields in the country by Spanish corporations like Repsol. Bolivian President Evo Morales met King Juan Carlos and held talks with Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero during a visit to Spain in September 2009 with the intention of resolving issues concerning the nationalisation of the Bolivian energy sector. The move has the potential to hurt some Spanish companies however relations were said to be "positive" between the Bolivian state and Spanish private sector energy companies. Evo Morales said that Bolivia is ready to accept outside investment in its energy and natural resource industries as long as foreign firms do not act as owners and that Bolivia is "looking for investment, be it from private or state sector. We want partners, not owners of our natural resources." It was suggested that Bolivia would also negotiate with Spanish companies to produce car parts and lithium batteries in the future. Bolivia has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona and consulates in Bilbao, Murcia, Seville and Valencia and a vice-consulate in Palma. Spain has an embassy in La Paz and a consulate-general in Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
Brazil	1834	See Brazil–Spain relations Brazil has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona. Spain has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador and São Paulo. See also: Brazilians of Spanish descent and Spanish immigration to Brazil.
Canada	July 1935	See Canada–Spain relations Canada has an embassy in Madrid and consulates in Barcelona and Málaga. Spain has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto. See also: Spanish Canadian
Chile	1844	See Chile–Spain relations Chile has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona. Spain has an embassy in Santiago. Both nations are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. See also: Spanish Chilean
Colombia	1881	See Colombia–Spain relations Colombia has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona and Seville and consulates in Bilbao, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Palma de Mallorca and Valencia. Spain has an embassy in Bogotá. See also: Colombians in Spain and Spanish Colombian.
Costa Rica	10 May 1850	See Costa Rica–Spain relations Costa Rica has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in San José. See also: Spanish Costa Rican
Cuba	1902	See Cuba–Spain relations Cuba has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Santiago de Compostela and Seville. Spain has an embassy in Havana. See also: Spanish immigration to Cuba
Dominican Republic	1855	See Dominican Republic–Spain relations Dominican Republic has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona and Santa Cruz de Tenerife and consulates in Seville and Valencia. Spain has an embassy in Santo Domingo.
Ecuador	1840	See Ecuador–Spain relations Ecuador has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Alicante, Barcelona, Málaga, Murcia, Palma de Mallorca and Valencia. Spain has an embassy in Quito and a consulate-general in Guayaquil. Both countries are members of the Organization of Ibero-American States. See also: Ecuadorians in Spain
El Salvador	24 June 1865	See El Salvador–Spain relations El Salvador has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona and Seville. Spain has an embassy in San Salvador.
Guatemala	1838	See Guatemala–Spain relations Guatemala has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Guatemala City. See also: Spaniards in Guatemala
Haiti	1 April 1939	See Haiti–Spain relations Haiti has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
Honduras	17 November 1894	See Honduras–Spain relations Honduras has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona. Spain has an embassy in Tegucigalpa.
Jamaica		See Jamaica–Spain relations Jamaica is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium. Spain has an embassy in Kingston.
Mexico	26 December 1836	See Mexico–Spain relations Mexico has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate in Barcelona. Spain has an embassy in Mexico City and consulates-general in Guadalajara and in Monterrey. Both countries are members of the Organization of Ibero-American States and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. During the Spanish Civil War, Mexican volunteers joined the Republican side to fight Francisco Franco. Though the Republicans had lost the war, this helped improve the relationship between the two countries. Also, many Spanish immigrants immigrated to Mexico to escape the Spanish Civil War. Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs on bilateral relations between Mexico and Spain (in Spanish) Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs on bilateral and trade relations between Spain and Mexico (in Spanish) See also: Spanish immigration to Mexico and Mexicans in Spain.
Nicaragua	20 March 1851	See Nicaragua–Spain relations Nicaragua has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Managua.
Panama	May 1904	See Panama–Spain relations Panama has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in A Coruña, Barcelona, Las Palmas and Valencia. Spain has an embassy in Panama City.
Paraguay	10 September 1880	See Paraguay–Spain relations Paraguay has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona and a consulate in Málaga. Spain has an embassy in Asunción. Both countries are full members of the Latin Union, of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, and of the Organization of Ibero-American States. Spanish Ministry of Foreign about the relation with Paraguay (in Spanish) See also: Paraguayans in Spain
Peru	1879	See Peru–Spain relations Peru has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona, Bilbao, Seville and Valencia. Spain has an embassy in Lima. Both countries are full members of the Association of Spanish Language Academies and the Organization of Ibero-American States See also: Spanish Peruvian and Peruvians to Spain.
Trinidad and Tobago		See Spain–Trinidad and Tobago relations Spain has an embassy in Port of Spain. Trinidad and Tobago is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
United States		See Spain–United States relations Under the government of José María Aznar, Spain developed exceptionally good relations with the US, in great part due to the personal empathy between Aznar and George W. Bush. Following Zapatero's decision to withdraw Spanish troops from Iraq immediately after the 2004 general elections, relations predictably soured, although important commercial links remained intact. When elected, President Barack Obama expressed his wish to enhance cooperation between both countries, especially in policies like the Green Energy plan from Zapatero, introducing the AVE (the Spanish High Speed Train) in United States and aiding US by receiving in Spanish prisons Guantanamo Prison detainees Spain has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and consulates-general in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco and in San Juan. United States has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona. See also: Spanish American
Uruguay	19 July 1870	See Spain–Uruguay relations Uruguay has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Santiago de Compostela, and Valencia. Spain has an embassy in Montevideo. Both countries are full members of the Latin Union, of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, and of the Organization of Ibero-American States. Spanish Ministry of Foreign on bilateral relations with Uruguay (in Spanish) See also: Spanish Uruguayan and Uruguayans in Spain.
Venezuela	1846	See Spain–Venezuela relations Venezuela has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona, Bilbao,Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and Vigo. Spain has an embassy in Caracas. See also: Spanish Venezuelan and Venezuelans in Spain.

Asia

Country	Date formal relations began	Notes
Afghanistan		See Afghanistan–Spain relations Afghanistan has an embassy in Madrid. Spain closed its embassy in Kabul in August 2021.
Armenia		See Armenia–Spain relations Armenia has an embassy in Madrid. Spain is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia and maintains an honorary consulate in Yerevan. There are around 42,000 people of Armenian descent living in Spain, especially in Valencia and Barcelona. See also: Armenians in Spain Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperations about the relation with Armenia (in Spanish only)
Azerbaijan		See Azerbaijan–Spain relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy office in Baku.
Bahrain		See Bahrain–Spain relations
Bangladesh		See Bangladesh–Spain relations
Bhutan		See Bhutan–Spain relations
China		See China–Spain relations China has an embassy in Madrid, and a consulate-general in Barcelona. Spain has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Shanghai.
East Timor		East Timor is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal. Spain is accredited to East Timor from its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Georgia		See Georgia–Spain relations Georgia has an embassy in Madrid. Spain is accredited to Georgia from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
India	1956	See India–Spain relations India has an embassy in Madrid and two honorary consulate generals in Barcelona and Las Palmas. Spain has an embassy in New Delhi and a consulate-general in Mumbai.
Indonesia		See Indonesia–Spain relations Indonesia has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Jakarta.
Iran		See Iran–Spain relations Iran has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Tehran.
Iraq		See Iraq–Spain relations Iraq has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Baghdad.
Israel	1975	See Israel–Spain relations Israel has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Tel Aviv and a consulate-general in Jerusalem. Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean. Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Israel (in Spanish)
Japan	12 November 1868	See Japan–Spain relations Japan has an embassy in Madrid, a consulate-general in Barcelona and a consulate in Las Palmas. Spain has an embassy in Tokyo.
Jordan		See Jordan–Spain relations Jordan has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Amman.
Kazakhstan	11 February 1992	See Kazakhstan–Spain relations Kazakhstan has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Nur-Sultan.
Kuwait		See Kuwait–Spain relations Kuwait has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Kuwait City.
Kyrgyzstan		Spain is accredited to Kyrgyzstan from its embassy in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Kyrgyzstan does not have an accreditation to Spain.
Lebanon		See Lebanon–Spain relations Lebanon has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Beirut.
Malaysia	12 May 1967	See Malaysia–Spain relations Malaysia has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
Mongolia		Mongolia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France. Spain is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Beijing, China.
North Korea	7 February 2001	See North Korea–Spain relations North Korea has an embassy in Madrid. Spain is accredited to North Korea from its embassy in Beijing, China.
Pakistan		See Pakistan–Spain relations Pakistan and Spain enjoy extremely cordial and friendly ties. Relations were established in the late 1950s. Pakistanis form the largest Asian immigrant community in Spain. Pakistan has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona. Spain has an embassy in Islamabad and honorary consulates in Karachi and Lahore.
Philippines		See Philippines–Spain relations Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo concluded her second state visit in Spain in July 2006, bringing back millions of dollars of Spanish investments, particularly in Tourism and Information Technology. The Spanish king, Juan Carlos I, also reiterated in Mrs. Arroyo's visit, his support for her project in the Philippines to re-establish Spanish as an official language in the country. He and his wife, Queen Sofia attended the 1998 centennial celebrations in Manila, commemorating 100 years of independence from Spain. The mediation of King Juan Carlos I is said to have produced the pardon and liberation of two Filipina domestic workers sentenced to death in Kuwait and the UAE. Philippines has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Manila.
Qatar		See Qatar–Spain relations Qatar has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Doha.
Saudi Arabia		See Saudi Arabia–Spain relations Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Málaga. Spain has an embassy in Riyadh.
South Korea	7 March 1950	See South Korea–Spain relations The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Kingdom of Spain began on 7 March 1950. With the normalization of diplomatic relations with the Republic of South Korea on 7 March 1950 Spain completed the process of universalizing its diplomatic relations. First Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Cho Tae-yong met with his Spanish counterpart Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Ignacio Ybáñez Rubio in Madrid on June 1 for the tenth Republic of Korea-Spain high-level policy consultation. In the meeting, the two sides discussed ways to step up bilateral cooperation. Both countries signed a working holiday visa program agreement in 2017-12-18. South Korea has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Seoul. Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with South Korea (in Spanish only) Archived 2019-11-21 at the Wayback Machine South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Spain (in Korean only)
Taiwan		See Spain–Taiwan relations Spain has a Chamber of Commerce in Taipei. Taiwan has a Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Madrid.
Tajikistan	4 August 1992	Spain is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. Tajikistan is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Geneva, Switzerland.
Thailand		See Spain–Thailand relations Spain has an embassy in Bangkok. Thailand has an embassy in Madrid.
Turkey		See Spain–Turkey relations Both countries are full members of NATO and the Union for the Mediterranean. Also, Spain is an EU member and Turkey is a candidate. Spain has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona. Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Spain
United Arab Emirates		See Spain–United Arab Emirates relations Spain has an embassy in Abu Dhabi. United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Madrid.
Uzbekistan		See Spain–Uzbekistan relations Spain is accredited to Uzbekistan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia. Uzbekistan has an embassy in Madrid.
Vietnam		See Spain–Vietnam relations Spain has an embassy in Hanoi. Vietnam has an embassy in Madrid.
Yemen		See Spain–Yemen relations

Europe

Country	Date formal relations began	Notes
Albania	12 September 1986	See Albania-Spain relations Albania has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Tirana.
Andorra		See Andorra–Spain relations Andorra has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Andorra la Vella
Austria		See Austria–Spain relations Austria has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Vienna. Both countries are full members of the European Union.
Belarus	13 February 1992	See Belarus–Spain relations Belarus has an embassy in Madrid. Spain is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia. Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation about relations with Belarus (in Spanish only) Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation: Spanish representations in Belarus
Belgium		See Belgium–Spain relations Belgium has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Brussels. Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the NATO.
Bosnia and Herzegovina		See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Spain relations Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Sarajevo.
Bulgaria	8 May 1810	See also Bulgaria–Spain relations Relations were severed in 1946 and were restored in 1970 at the level of consular office and trade mission. Since January 27, 1970, the diplomatic relations were elevated to embassy-level. Bulgaria has an embassy in Madrid and an honorary consulate in Barcelona. Spain has an embassy in Sofia. Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the NATO. Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Bulgaria (in Spanish)
Croatia	9 March 1992	See Croatia–Spain relations Croatia has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Zagreb Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration: list of bilateral treaties with Spain Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Croatia (in Spanish only) Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the NATO.
Cyprus		See Cyprus–Spain relations Cyprus has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Nicosia. Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the Union for the Mediterranean.
Czech Republic		See Czech Republic–Spain relations Czech Republic has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Prague. Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the NATO.
Denmark		See Denmark–Spain relations Denmark has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Copenhagen. Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the NATO.
Estonia		See Estonia–Spain relations Estonia has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Tallinn. Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the NATO.
Finland	16 August 1918	See Finland–Spain relations Finland has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Helsinki. Both countries are full members of the European Union. Spain supports Finland's NATO membership.
France		See France–Spain relations France has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona, Bilbao and Seville. Spain has an embassy in Paris and consulates-general in Bayonne, Bordeaux, Lyon, Montpellier, Marseille, Pau, Perpignan, Strasbourg and Toulouse. See also: Spaniards in France Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the NATO.
Germany		See Germany–Spain relations Germany has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona and Seville. Spain has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich and Stuttgart. See also: Spaniards in Germany Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the NATO.
Greece		See Greece–Spain relations Both countries maintain enhanced cooperation on the serious problem of illegal migration, which they have in common. The need for effective confrontation of the illegal migration pressures on both states in the Mediterranean basin have led to close cooperation both bilaterally and within the framework of the European Union. Greece has an embassy in Madrid and 9 honorary consulates in Barcelona, Bilbao, Huelva, La Coruña, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Málaga, Palma de Mallorca, Seville and Valencia. Spain has an embassy in Athens and an honorary consulate in Thessaloniki. Both countries are full members of the European Union, NATO and of the Union for the Mediterranean.
Holy See	1530	See Holy See–Spain relations The Holy See has a nunciature in Madrid. Spain has an embassy to the Holy See based in Rome.
Hungary		See Hungary–Spain relations Hungary has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona. Spain has an embassy in Budapest. Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the NATO.
Iceland		See Iceland–Spain relations Iceland is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France. Spain is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway and maintains an honorary consulate in Reykjavík. Both countries are full members of the NATO.
Ireland	1924	See Ireland–Spain relations Ireland has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Dublin. Both countries are full members of the European Union.
Italy		See Italy–Spain relations Both countries established diplomatic relations after the unification of Italy. Relations between Italy and Spain have remained strong and affable for centuries owing to various political, cultural, and historical connections between the two nations. In the Early modern period, southern and insular Italy came under Spanish control, having been previously a domain of the Crown of Aragon. This extended period of foreign domination left marked influences in the modern southern Italian dialects. During the Spanish civil war, the Corps of Volunteer Troops, a fascist expeditionary force from Italy, supported the Nationalist forces led by Francisco Franco. It's estimated that around 75,000 Italians fought in the war. Italy has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona. Spain has an embassy in Rome and consulates-general in Genoa, Milan and Naples. Both countries are full members of the European Union, NATO and of the Union for the Mediterranean.
Latvia		See Latvia–Spain relations Latvia has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Riga. Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the NATO.
Lithuania		See Lithuania–Spain relations Lithuania has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Vilnius. Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the NATO.
Luxembourg		See Luxembourg–Spain relations Luxembourg has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Luxembourg City. Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the NATO.
Malta	1977	See Malta–Spain relations Malta has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Valletta. Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the Union for the Mediterranean.
Moldova	30 January 1992	See Moldova–Spain relations Moldova has an embassy in Madrid. Spain is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. In 2008, the Spanish government indicated that 12,582 Moldovan citizens were legally working there. Spain is a significant investor in Moldova through Unión Fenosa which owns three of Moldova's five energy distribution companies.
Monaco		See Monaco–Spain relations Monaco has an embassy in Madrid. Spain is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France.
Montenegro		See Montenegro–Spain relations
Netherlands		See Netherlands–Spain relations Netherlands has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in The Hague. Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the NATO.
North Macedonia		See North Macedonia–Spain relations North Macedonia has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Skopje. Both countries are full members of the NATO.
Norway		See Norway–Spain relations Norway has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Oslo. Both countries are full members of the NATO.
Poland		See Poland–Spain relations Poland has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona. Spain has an embassy in Warsaw. Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the NATO.
Portugal		See Portugal–Spain relations Portugal's copy of the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided the New World between Portugal and Castile. During the 15th century, Portugal built increasingly large fleets of ships and began to explore the world beyond Europe, sending explorers to Africa and Asia. Castile followed suit decades later. Following the first Spanish voyage of Christopher Columbus to the Caribbean in 1492, both states began acquiring territory in the New World. As a result of the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, Portugal acquired its most potentially important colony, Brazil (much of the South American continent), as well as a number of possessions in Africa and Asia, while Castile took the rest of South America and much of the North American continent as well as a number of possessions in Africa, Oceanía and Asia as the important colony of the Philippines. This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde Islands (already Portuguese) and the islands claimed for Castile by Columbus on his first voyage. Although the Treaty of Tordesillas attempted to clarify their empires, many subsequent treaties were needed to establish the modern boundaries of Brazil and the 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza was needed to demarcate their Asian possessions. Henry of Portugal, reigned until his death (31 January 1580). He lacked heirs and his death triggered a succession crisis, where the main claimants to the throne were Philip II of Spain and Anthony, Prior of Crato. After the Spanish victory in the War of Portuguese Succession Philip of Spain was crowned king of Portugal in 1581, beginning a personal union between the two nations known as the Iberian Union generating a decline of the Portuguese Empire during the period of Union. The Iberian Union lasted for almost sixty years until 1640, when the Portuguese Restoration War was initiated against Spain and Portugal reestablished the Portuguese dynasty under the Bragança. Relations between Portugal and Spain are also good. They cooperate in the fight against drug trafficking and tackling forest fires (common in the Iberian Peninsula in summers), for example. These close relations are facilitated by similar governments: the government of conservative Spanish PM José María Aznar coincided with the government of also conservative José Manuel Durão Barroso in Portugal; today, both José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero of Spain and José Sócrates of Portugal are socialists. Portugal also holds claim to the disputed territory of Olivença in the Portuguese-Spanish border. Portugal has an embassy in Madrid, consulates-general in Barcelona and Seville, and a vice-consulate in Vigo. Spain has an embassy in Lisbon and a consulate-general in Porto. Both countries are full members of the European Union, NATO and of the Union for the Mediterranean.
Romania	5 January 1967	See Romania–Spain relations Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1967; 21 years after they were broken. Romania has an embassy in Madrid and consulates-general in Barcelona, Bilbao and Seville. Spain has an embassy in Bucharest. Both countries are full members of the European Union, of the NATO and of the Latin Union. There are around 730,000 people of Romanian descent living in Spain.
Russia	1520	See Russia–Spain relations Spain and the Grand Duchy of Moscow first exchanged envoys in the 1520s; regular embassies were established in 1722. Soviet-Spanish relations, once terminated after the Spanish Civil War, were gradually reestablished since 1963 and fully established in 1977. Trade between two countries amounts to two billion Euros (2008); in March 2009 two countries signed an energy agreement providing national energy companies access to other party's domestic markets. Russia has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona. Spain has an embassy in Moscow and a consulate-general in Saint Petersburg. See also: Russians in Spain
Serbia	14 October 1916	See Serbia–Spain relations In light of the February 2008 unilateral declaration of independence by the Kosovo authorities, Spain has become a staunch supporter of Serbia's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and relations have thrived in recent years as a result. Serbia has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia is an EU candidate and Spain is an EU member. Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Spain Archived 2009-08-14 at the Wayback Machine Spanish Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Serbia (in Spanish only)
Slovakia		See Slovakia–Spain relations Slovakia has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Bratislava. Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the NATO.
Slovenia		See Slovenia–Spain relations Slovenia has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Ljubljana. Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the NATO.
Sweden		See Spain–Sweden relations Spain has an embassy in Stockholm. Sweden has an embassy in Madrid. Both countries are full members of the European Union. Spain supports Sweden's NATO membership.
Switzerland		See Spain–Switzerland relations Spain has an embassy in Bern. Switzerland has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.
Ukraine	30 January 1992	See Spain–Ukraine relations Spain recognized Ukraine's independence in 1991. Spain has an embassy in Kyiv. Ukraine has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona and a consulate in Málaga. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. Since 1991, many Ukrainians have emigrated to Spain to work. Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ukraine (in Spanish only)
United Kingdom		See Spain–United Kingdom relations During the 16th century (1500–1599), there were complex political, commercial, and cultural connections that linked the large powerful Spanish Empire under the Habsburgs with a small but ambitious England. The Habsburgs sought allies against France. Both countries were constantly in turmoil and it was a love-hate relationship. The marriage of sovereigns –Philip II and Mary Tudor– in 1554 was the high point in a century of negotiations, wars and treaties. Philip and Mary got along personally, but there were no children and their retainers displayed mistrust and the marriage lacked in ceremonies and entertainments. The death of Queen Mary brought Queen Elizabeth to the throne, and the two friendly nations became hostile enemies. The 2001 UK Census recorded 54,482 Spanish-born people living in the UK. In comparison, it is estimated that 100,000 British-born people live in Spain. Spain has an embassy in London and a consulate-general in Edinburgh. United Kingdom has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona. See also: Spaniards in the United Kingdom Both countries are full members of the NATO.

Oceania

Country	Date formal relations began	Notes
Australia	26 October 1967	See Australia–Spain relations Australia has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Canberra and consulates-general in Melbourne and Sydney.
Federated States of Micronesia		The FS of Micronesia were once part of the Spanish East Indies. The FS of Micronesia do not have an accreditation to Spain. Spain is accredited to the FS of Micronesia from its embassy in Manila, Philippines.
Fiji		Fiji is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium. Spain is accredited to Fiji from its embassy in Wellington, New Zealand.
Kiribati		See Kiribati–Spain relations
Marshall Islands		See Marshall Islands–Spain relations The Marshall Islands were once part of the Spanish East Indies. Marshall Islands do not have an accreditation to Spain. Spain is accredited to the Marshall Islands from its embassy in Manila, Philippines.
New Zealand	28 March 1969	See New Zealand–Spain relations New Zealand has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Wellington.
Palau		See Palau–Spain relations Palau was once part of the Spanish East Indies. Palau does not have an accreditation to Spain. Spain is accredited to Palau from its embassy in Manila, Philippines.
Papua New Guinea		Papua New Guinea is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium. Spain is accredited to Papua New Guinea from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
Samoa	5 November 1980	Samoa is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium. Spain is accredited to Samoa from its embassy in Wellington, New Zealand.
Solomon Islands		See Solomon Islands–Spain relations
Tonga		Spain is accredited to Tonga from its embassy in Wellington, New Zealand. Tonga does not have an accreditation to Spain.

See also

• History of Spain
  • Peninsular War (1807–1814), Napoleon versus Great Britain
  • Spanish American wars of independence
  • History of Spain (1810–1873)
  • Spain during World War I
• France–Spain relations
  • History of French foreign relations
• Italy–Spain relations
• Portugal–Spain relations
• Russia–Spain relations
• Spain–Turkey relations
• Spain–United Kingdom relations
  • History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom
• Spain–United States relations
• List of diplomatic missions in Madrid
• List of diplomatic missions in Spain
  • List of diplomatic missions of Spain
• Spanish Institute for Foreign Trade

Further reading

• Aznar, José María. Eight Years as Prime Minister: A Personal Vision of Spain 1996-2004 (Barcelona: Planeta, 2005).
• Basora, Adrian A. "US-Spain relations from the perspective of 2009." CIDOB International yearbook (2009): 90–95. online
• Chari, Raj S., and Paul M. Heywood. "Institutions, European Integration, and the Policy Process in Contemporary Spain." in Democracy and Institutional Development (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2008) pp. 178–202.
• Closa, Carlos, and Paul M. Heywood, eds. Spain and the European Union (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).
• Esteban, Mario. "Spain's Relations with China: Friends but not Partners." Chinese Political Science Review 1.2 (2016): 373–386 online.
• Garcia Cantalapiedra, David, and Ramon Pacheco Pardo, Contemporary Spanish Foreign Policy (Routledge, 2014). text
• Gillespie, Richard (April 2007). "Spanish foreign policy: party alternatives or the pursuit of consensus?". Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans. 9 (1): 29–45. doi:10.1080/14613190701216995. S2CID 154250864.
• Gold, Peter. "Sovereignty negotiations and Gibraltar's military facilities: How two “red-line” issues became three." Diplomacy and Statecraft 15.2 (2004): 375-384. Covers 2001 to 2003.

• Heywood, Paul M. "Desperately seeking influence: Spain and the war in Iraq." European Political science 3.1 (2003): 35–40.
• Iglesias-Cavicchioli, Manuel (Summer–Fall 2007). "A Period of Turbulent Change: Spanish-US Relations Since 2002" (PDF). Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations. 8 (2): 113–129. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-30. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
• Woodworth, Paddy. "Spain Changes Course: Aznar's Legacy, Zapatero's Prospects." World Policy Journal (Summer 2004): 8–26.

Historical

• Black, Jeremy. The Rise of the European Powers, 1679–1793 (1990) excerpt and text search, 220pp
• Byrnes, Mark. "Unfinished business: The United States and Franco's Spain, 1944–47." Diplomacy and Statecraft 11.1 (2000): 129–162.

• Carrió-Invernizzi, Diana. "A new diplomatic history and the networks of Spanish diplomacy in the Baroque Era." International History Review 36.4 (2014): 603–618.

• Cortada, James W. Spain in the Nineteenth-Century World: Essays on Spanish Diplomacy, 1789–1898 (1994)
• Cortada, James W. Spain in the Twentieth-Century World: Essays on Spanish Diplomacy, 1898–1978 (1980)
• Cortada, James W. Two Nations Over Time : Spain and the United States, 1776–1977 (1977) online
• Cortada, James W. A Bibliographic Guide to Spanish Diplomatic History, 1460–1977 (Greenwood Press, 1977) 390 pages
• Dadson, Trevor J. Britain, Spain and the Treaty of Utrecht 1713–2013 (2014).

• del Campo, Luis Martínez. Cultural Diplomacy: A Hundred Years of the British-Spanish Society (2016).
• Edwards, Jill. The British Government and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 (2014).

• Elliott, J. H. Imperial Spain: 1469–1716 (2002) excerpt and text search
• Elliott, J. H. Spain, Europe and the Wider World 1500–1800 (2009) excerpt and text search
• Finucane, Adrian. The Temptations of Trade: Britain, Spain, and the Struggle for Empire (2016).
• Gipson, Lawrence Henry. "British diplomacy in the light of Anglo-Spanish New World issues, 1750–1757." American Historical Review 51.4 (1946): 627–648. online
• Gold, Peter. Gibraltar: British or Spanish? (2005).
• Hayes, Paul. Modern British Foreign Policy: The Nineteenth Century 1814–80 (1975) pp. 133–54.
• Kamen, Henry. Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763 (2004).
• Kamen, Henry. "Vicissitudes of a world power 1500–1900" in Raymond Carr, ed, Spain: A History (2000) pp. 152–72.
• Kern, Robert W. and Meredith D. Dodge, eds. Historical dictionary of modern Spain, 1700–1988 (1990)

• Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973), very detailed outline
• Liedtke, Boris N. Embracing a dictatorship: US Relations with Spain, 1945–53 (Macmillan, 1998).
• Lovett, Gabriel H. Napoleon and the Birth of Modern Spain (1965) online
• Lozano, Cristina Bravo. Spain and the Irish Mission, 1609–1707 (Routledge, 2018).
• Mckay, Derek and H.M. Scott. The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815 (1983) online
• Merriman, R. B. The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New (4 vols, 1918) online free vol 1-2-4
• Mowat, R. B. A History of European Diplomacy, 1451–1789 (1928), basic introduction online
• New Cambridge Modern History vol III. The Counter-Reformation and price revolution, 1559–1610 (1968) ed by R. B. Wernham; ch 6, 9, 17
• New Cambridge Modern History vol IV. The Decline of Spain and the Thirty Years War 1609–48/59 (1970) ed, by J. P. Cooper, ch 9, 15,23
• Parker, Geoffrey. Philip II (4th ed. 2002) excerpt and text search
• Parker, Geoffrey. Emperor: A New Life of Charles V (2019) excerpt
• Parker, Geoffrey. The Grand Strategy of Philip II (2000) online
• Payne, Stanley G. The Franco Regime, 1936–1975 (1987) online
• Payne, Stanley G. A History of Spain and Portugal (2 vol 1973) vol 1 to 1699 online
• Petrie, Charles. Earlier Diplomatic History 1492–1713 (1949) of Europe
• Sanz, Porfirio. "England and Spanish foreign policy during the 1640s." European History Quarterly 28.3 (1998): 291–310.
• Slape, Emily, ed. The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia (2 vol ABC-CLIO, 2016).
• Whealey, Robert H. Hitler and Spain: The Nazi Role in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 (University Press of Kentucky, 2004).