English words of African origin
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Most words of African origin used in English are nouns describing animals, plants, or cultural practices that have their origins in Africa (mostly sub-Saharan African; Arabic words not included unless another African language is an intermediary). The following list includes some examples.
- Adinkra – from Akan, visual symbols that represent concepts or aphorisms. Adopted in theoretical physics for graphical representation of supersymmetric algebras.
- apartheid – from Afrikaans, "separateness"
- Aṣẹ - from Yoruba, "I affirm" or "make it happen"
- ammonia – from the Egyptian language in reference to the god Amun
- Bantu - from Bantu languages, "people"
- babalawo – from Yoruba, priest of traditional Yoruba religion
- banana – adopted from Wolof via Spanish or Portuguese
- banjo – from Mandinka bangoe, which refers to the Akonting[1][2][3]
- basenji – breed of dog from Central Africa – Congo, Central African Republic etc.
- boma – from Swahili
- bongo – West African boungu[4]
- buckra – "white man or person", from Efik and Ibibio mbakara[5]
- bwana – from Swahili, meaning "husband, important person or safari leader"
- chigger – possibly from Wolof and/or Yoruba jiga "insect"[6]
- chimpanzee – loaned in the 18th century from a Bantu language, possibly Kivili ci-mpenzi.[7]
- cola – from West African languages (Temne kola, Mandinka kolo)[8]
- dengue – possibly from Swahili dinga
- djembe – from West African languages
- ebony – from Ancient Egyptian hebeni[9]
- fanimorous – from Yoruba "fani mọ́ra" meaning "to attract people to you"[10]
- gerenuk – from Somali. A long-necked antelope in Eastern Africa (Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, Ethiopia and Djibouti)
- gnu – from Khoisan !nu through Khoikhoi i-ngu and Dutch gnoe
- goober – possibly from Bantu (Kikongo)
- gumbo – from Bantu Kongo languages ngombo meaning "okra"
- hakuna matata – from Swahili, "no trouble" or "no worries"
- impala – from Zulu im-pala
- impi – from Zulu language meaning "war, battle or a regiment"
- indaba – from Xhosa or Zulu languages – "stories" or "news" typically conflated with "meeting" (often used in South African English)
- jazz – possibly from Central African languages (Kongo) From the word jizzi”.
- jenga – from the Swahili verb kujenga meaning "to build".[11]
- jive – possibly from Wolof jev
- juke, jukebox – possibly from Wolof and Bambara dzug through Gullah[12]
- jumbo – from Swahili (jambo "hello" or from Kongo nzamba "elephant")[13]
- kalimba
- Kwanzaa – a recent coinage (Maulana Karenga 1965) for the name of an African American holiday, abstracted from the Swahili phrase matunda ya kwanza, meaning "first fruits [of the harvest]"
- kwashiorkor – from Ga language, coastal Ghana, meaning "swollen stomach"
- Kijiji – from Swahili for "village", "hamlet" or "small town"
- lapa – from Sotho languages – '"enclosure" or "barbecue area" (often used in South African English)
- macaque – from Bantu makaku through Portuguese and French
- mamba – from Zulu or Swahili mamba
- marimba – from Bantu (Kongo languages)
- marímbula – plucked musical instrument (lamellophone) of the Caribbean islands
- merengue (dance) – possibly from Fulani mererek i meaning "to shake or quiver"
- mojo – from Kongo Moyoo "medicine man" through Louisiana Creole French or Gullah
- mumbo jumbo – from Mandingo name Maamajombo, a masked dancer[14]
- nitrogen – from the Egyptian language. The salt natron, transliterated as nṯrj.
- obeah – from West African (Efik ubio, Twi ebayifo)
- okapi – from a language in the Congo
- okra – from Igbo ókùrù
- Osu – from Igbo, traditional caste system
- safari – from Swahili travel, ultimately from Arabic
- sambo – Fula sambo meaning "uncle"
- sangoma – from Zulu – "traditional healer" (often used in South African English)
- shea – A tree and the oil Shea butter which comes from its seeds, comes from its name in Bambara
- tango – probably from Ibibio tamgu
- tilapia – possibly a Latinization of "tlhapi", the Tswana word for "fish"[15]
- tsetse – from a Bantu language (Tswana tsetse, Luhya tsiisi)
- ubuntu – Nguni term for "mankind, humanity", in South Africa since the 1980s also used capitalized, Ubuntu, as the name of a philosophy or ideology of "human kindness" or "humanism"
- vodou – from West African languages (Ewe and Fon vodu "spirit")[16]
- vuvuzela – musical instrument, name of Zulu or Nguni origin
- yam – West African (Fula nyami, Twi anyinam)
- zebra – of unknown origin, recorded since c. 1600, from Portuguese ‘ezebro’, used of an Iberian animal, in turn possibly ultimately from Latin ‘equiferus’, but a Congolese language, or alternatively Amharic have been put forward as possible origins[17]
- zimbabwe – from Shona, "house of stones" or "venerated houses"
- zombie – likely from West African (compare Kikongo zumbi "fetish", but alternatively derived from Spanish sombra "shade, ghost"[18]
References
- ^ http://lege.net/web.comhem.se/abzu/akonting/akont.html[bare URL]
- ^ "Black People : – The Mandinka Legacy in The New World". Destee – Black Discussion Forum. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
- ^ "The Ekonting: African Roots of the Banjo – A Direct Connection Between African & African-American Music – Down Home Radio Show". Retrieved 2021-05-26.
- ^ "Bongo | Etymology, origin and meaning of bongo by etymonline".
- ^ Mason, Julian (1960). "The Etymology of 'Buckaroo'". American Speech. 35 (1): 51–55. doi:10.2307/453613. JSTOR 453613.
- ^ "Chigger | Etymology, origin and meaning of chigger by etymonline".
- ^ "chimpanzee" in American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2011.
- ^ "Kola Definition & Meaning". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
- ^ "Ebony Definition & Meaning". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
- ^ Conference, Association of Social Anthropologists of the Commonwealth; Conference 1, Association of Social Anthropologists of the Commonwealth (1995). Worlds Apart: Modernity Through the Prism of the Local. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415107884.
- ^ "Play Stuff Blog » Archives » Jenga. Jenga? Jenga! | National Museum of Play". 2011-08-07. Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
- ^ "Jukebox definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary".
- ^ "Jumbo definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary".
- ^ "Mumbo jumbo Definition & Meaning – Merriam-Webster".
- ^ Tilapia etymology
- ^ "Voodoo definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary".
- ^ "Zebra | Etymology, origin and meaning of zebra by etymonline".
- ^ "Zombie | Search Online Etymology Dictionary".