Emlen T. Littell

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Emien T. Littell
Born
Emien Trenchard Littell

February 12, 1838
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedMarch 4, 1891
New York City, New York, U.S.
Alma materUniversity of Pennsylvania
OccupationArchitect
BuildingsChurch of the Incarnation

Emlen Trenchard Littell (February 12, 1838 – March 4, 1891) was an American architect known for designing Gothic Revival style churches.[1]

Early life

Littell was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[2][3] He was the son of Mary Graff Emien and Dr. Squire L. Littelll.[4][1]

He attended the University of Pennsylvania, graduating with a B.A. in 1846 and an M.A. in 1859.[5][1] While there, he was a member of the Fraternity of Delta Psi (aka St. Anthony Hall).[5]

Career

Church of the Incarnation

Littell moved to New York City where he established an architectural practice of Congdon and Littell with Columbia University graduate Henry Martyn. Congdon in 1859.[2][6] They advertised that they were successors to John W. Priest, a founding member of the American Institute of Architects who died in 1859; Congdon had previously served as Priest's assistant.[7] Their office was located at 335 Broadway.[7] They offered designs and working drawings for churches, church furniture, cottages, parsonages, monuments, schools, stained glass, and country and farm houses.[7] Although both architects became noted for designing churches, their partnership only lasted through 1860, with Little establishing an independent practice in 1861.[6][1]

After the Civil War, Charles Coolidge Haight worked with Littell to receive training and experience, before leaving to start his successful practice in 1867.[8][9] In 1867, he formed a practice with Henry Hobson Richardson in the Trinity Building at 111 Broadway in Manhattan.[10][11] However, Richardson left after a few months to form another partnership.[10] Littell remained in the same office.[11]

By 1884, his office was at 48 Exchange Place in New York City.[3][12] There, he had a partnership, Littell & Smith, with Douglas Smyth from around 1884 to 1886.[1][12]

Churches

Littell specialized in church designs in a style characterized as parish Gothic: nave plan, chancel, pointed windows, and other Gothic elements. He was so enamored with this style that he said, "It is hardly to be presumed that in the selection of the true style to form a basis for our church architecture many will seriously maintain that we have a choice other than English Gothic."[13]

At the Fourth Church Conference in New York City on October 30, 1877, he presented a paper "The Church Architecture that We Need."[14] During his presentation, he noted, "The building should declare its nature at first sight, not only showing that it is intended for a place of worship, it should distinctly impress upon the minds of beholders that it is a church, belonging to the lineage of the Anglican Church, and could by no possibility have been designed for any other use. …And it should be a landmark, so set and built that even in the midst of a crowded city it cannot be passed by unwittingly. In the city or undulating country, the lofty spires should mark its location, breaking the skyline with their sharp, cross-surmounted peaks."[14]

He also noted that church architecture must be symbolic and truthful with no imitation or cheap materials.[14] Comfort was also important for both physical and practical reasons; he said, "The uneasiness of the body necessarily distracts the mind from worship, and every ancient or modern appliance which provides fresh air, full light, gentle heat, et cetera, should be faithfully used to the end that the congregation shall not undergo unwilling penance. Then, as a natural sequence of true comfort, our churches will be healthful, and hereafter darkness, dampness, and foul air will not depress the vital powers and sow the seeds of disease."[14]

In New York City, his work includes the Church of the Incarnation in Manhattan, the St. John the Baptist House on 17th Street, and the rectory of the Zion Church on Madison Avenue.[15][2][16] The Church of the Incarnation is "a significant example of Gothic Revival architecture".[17] The Zion Church rectory was also a Gothic Revival structure that feature blocks of bluestone that were eighteen by twenty inches, bay windows decorated with brown stone, and porch shafts of Nova Scotia stone.[11]

In New York state, he designed St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Poughkeepsie, St. John's Episcopal Church in Canandaigua, and Zion Episcopal Church in Palmyra. He also designed St. John's Episcopal Church in Ogdensburg, New York.[18] Planned as a cathedral for a northern diocese, St. John's featured local limestone, a Vermont slate roof, and Tiffany stained glass windows.[18]

In Philadelphia, he designed the Church of St. James and its school building, the House of Prayer Episcopal Church, St. Stephen's Episcopal Church Manayunk, and St. Timothy's Episcopal Church, Roxborough.[15][19][20] The latter project was in association with Philadelphia architect Charles Marquedent Burns who served as the decorator.[1][21]

He also designed the parish house and Sunday school building for the Cathedral Church of St. John in Wilmington, Delaware.[22][23] His Christ Episcopal Church in Blacksburg, Virginiawas the first church in the United States "to reject the simple nave plan in favor of a side entry, chancel, and pointed windows."[24] In 1880, he designed a memorial tower and spire to add to St. John's Episcopal Church in Hagerstown, Maryland.[25]

Residential

In April 1880, Littell designed an apartment building and four houses for 54th Street, between 6th and 7th Avenue in New York City.[26] This $60,000 project incorporated brick, stone, and terra cotta.[26] In February 1884, he renovated numerous residences for John S. Davidson at 16, 18, and 20 Stone Street and 33 and 35 Bridge Street in New York City, adding two-story and four-story brick extensions with gravel roofs for a cost of $30,000.[27]

Commercial

In May 1881, he designed a three-story brick stable at 41st Street in New York for Francis H. Weeks. The $35,000 stable project also included a tennis court.[28] His other commercial projects include the Jefferson Market in New York City.[3]

Government

Little designed the Battle of Monmouth Monument for Freehold, New Jersey, with New Yorkers Douglas Smythe and sculptor James E. Kelly.[29][30] Construction of this ninety-foot tall monument started at the 100 anniversary of the battle on June 28, 1878, but construction would continue for six years, with its dedication on November 13, 1884.[31][29] The monument cost $40,000—provided by the United States government and the State of New Jersey.[30] The granite and bronze monument is topped by a statue called both "Columbia Triumphant" and "Liberty Triumphant", along with five bas-relief sculptures depicting scenes from the battle along the base.[31][30]

Professional affiliations

In 1859, he was elected as a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.[32]

May 1, 1860, Littell was elected a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (AIA).[33][34] He served as secretary of AIA in 1862 and 1863, served on the committee on education, and was also an ex officio vice president of AIA following his service as chapter president.[15][35][36] In 1876, he presented the paper, "Club Chambers and Apartment Houses" at the eight annual convention of AIA.[33] His presentation was on "The Use and Abuse of Brick in Decoration" at the twelfth annual AIA convention on November 13, 1878.[37]

He was also a founding member of the New York Chapter of AIA in 1867 and served as the group's president for three terms, from 1879 to 1884 and from 1890 to his death in 1891.[2][38][39] He donated books to the group's library, including a complete set of Canina.[38] In 1889, he served on an chapter committee to select and purchase plaster reproductions of architectural details and works for the Metropolitan Museum, such as a model of the Parthenon.[40]

He also served on the Willard Architectural Commission.[34]

Personal life

Littell married but did not have any children. In 1891.[38] Although he lived in New York City, he spent summers in Narragansett, Rhode Island.[34] He was a member of the University Club of New York.[41]

Littell died at his home at 40 East 44th Street in New York City at the age of 53.[2][4] His funeral service was held at the Church of the Annunciation in New York.[4] He was buried at the Church of St. James the Less in Philadelphia.[4]

Select projects

Date Building Location Status Ref
1884 Battle of Monmouth Monument Freehold, New Jersey [29]
1885 Cathedral Church of St. John parish house 10 Concord Avenue, Wilmington, Delaware church closed in 2012 [22][23]
1886 Cathedral Church of St. John Sunday school building 10 Concord Avenue, Wilmington, Delaware church closed in 2012 [22][23]
1874 Christ Episcopal Church 120 Church Street N.E., Blacksburg, Virginia [24]
Church of St. James Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Church of St. James school building Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1864 Church of the Incarnation 205 & 209 Madison Avenue, Manhattan, New York NYC Individual Landmark, National Register Historic Places [17]
1863 House of Prayer Episcopal Church Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Lawn-Tennis Building New York City, New York [3]
St. James Church Titusville, Pennsylvania [42]
1871 St. James Church and School Philadelphia, Pennsylvania demolished [3][43]
Jefferson Market and Court House New York City, New York [34]
1872 St. John's Episcopal Church Canandaigua, New York
1871 St. John's Church and School Ogdensburg, New York [3][18][44]
1880 St. John's Episcopal Church memorial tower and spire Hagerstown, Maryland [25]
1877 St. John the Baptist House and Novitiate 231-233 East 17th Street, Manhattan, New York now condominiums [45]
St. Paul's Church Englewood, New Jersey [46]
1873 St. Paul's Episcopal Church Poughkeepsie, New York National Register of Historic Places
1881 St. Stephen's Episcopal Church Terrace Street, Manayunk, Pennsylvania [20]
1863 St. Timothy's Episcopal Church 5720 Ridge Avenue, Roxborough, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [47][21]
1876 St. Timothy's Episcopal Church parish building and naive expanded, clerestory tower 5720 Ridge Avenue, Roxborough, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [47][21]
1876 Zion Church Rectory Madison Avenue [11]
1872 Zion Episcopal Church. Palmyra, New York Palmyra Village Historic District, National Register of Historic Places

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Tatman., Sandra L. "Littell, Emlen Trenchard (1838 - 1891)". Philadelphia Architects and Buildings. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  2. ^ a b c d e "To the Brief Notice". The American Architect and Building News. 31 (794): 162. March 14, 1891 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "A Group of American Architects". The American Architect and Building News. 15 (421): 75. February 16, 1884 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ a b c d "Littell". The World (New York, New York). March 5, 1891. p. 5. Retrieved August 13, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ a b "Catalogue of the members of the fraternity of Delta Psi - 1912". www.familysearch.org. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
  6. ^ a b Tatman, Sandra L. "Congdon & Littell (fl. 1859-1860)". Philadelphia Architects and Buildings. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  7. ^ a b c "Congdon & Littell, Architects". The Living Age (813): 768. December 24, 1859 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ Withey, Henry F; Withey, Elsie Rathburn (1956). "Haight, Charles Coolidge". Biographical dictionary of American architects (deceased). Los Angeles: New Age Pub. Co. p. 255.
  9. ^ "Charles C. Haight". Bronx Architecture | Lehman College Art Gallery. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  10. ^ a b Withey, Henry F; Withey, Elsie Rathburn (1956). "Richardson, Henry Hobson". Biographical dictionary of American architects (deceased). Los Angeles: New Age Pub. Co. p. 509.
  11. ^ a b c d "The Illustrations". The American Architect and Building News. 1: 40. January 29, 1876. hdl:2027/uc1.c032468952 – via Hathi Trust.
  12. ^ a b Tatman, Sandra L. "Littell & Smyth (fl. 1885 - 1886)". Philadelphia Architects and Buildings. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  13. ^ "Modern Church Architecture". The American Architect and Building News. 3 (121): 139. April 20, 1878 – via Internet Archive.
  14. ^ a b c d Littell, Emlen T. (January 12, 1878). "The Church Architecture We Need". The American Architect and Building News. 3 (107): 10–12 – via Internet Archive.
  15. ^ a b c Withey, Henry F; Withey, Elsie Rathburn (1956). "Littel, Emlyn T.". Biographical dictionary of American architects (deceased). Los Angeles: New Age Pub. Co. p. 374. hdl:2027/uc1.31822027353820.
  16. ^ "Landmark Building". Church of the Incarnation. Retrieved 2022-08-12.
  17. ^ a b "Church of the Incarnation and Rectory | HDC". NYC Historic Districts Council. 2018-06-21. Retrieved 2022-08-12.
  18. ^ a b c "City historian has new video about St. John's Church". NNY360. April 27, 2020. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  19. ^ John C. Manton, A Splendid Legacy: St. Timothy's, Roxborough, 1859-1984 (Parish history, 1984)
  20. ^ a b Thomas, George E. (2018-07-17). "St. John the Baptist Roman Catholic Church". SAH Archipedia. Society of Architectural Historians. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  21. ^ a b c "St. Timothy Church & Parish House". Philadelphia Architects and Buildings. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  22. ^ a b c "Cathedral Church of St. John". Philadelphia Architects and Buildings. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  23. ^ a b c Shinn, George Wolfe (1889). King's Handbook of Notable Episcopal Churches in the United States. Moses King. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-7905-8077-7.
  24. ^ a b Garcia, Angelica (February 28, 2017). "Christ Episcopal Church". Clio. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  25. ^ a b "Hagerstown, MD". The American Architect and Building News. 7 (233): 266. June 12, 1880. hdl:2027/uc1.e0000236737 – via Internet Archive.
  26. ^ a b "New York". The American Architect and Building News. 7 (226): 182. April 24, 1880 – via Hathi Trust.
  27. ^ "Stone St". The American Architect and Building News. 15 (426): 96. February 23, 1894 – via Google Books.
  28. ^ "New York". The American Architect and Building News. 9 (281): 239. May 14, 1881. hdl:2027/uva.x001788848 – via Hathi Trust.
  29. ^ a b c Salter, Edwin (1890). A history of Monmouth and Ocean Counties: embracing a genealogical record of earliest settlers in Monmouth and Ocean Counties and their descendants; the Indians, their language, manners, and customs; important historical events: the Revolutionary War, Battle of Monmouth, the war of the rebellion. Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection. Bayonne, N.J.: E. Gardner & Son.
  30. ^ a b c "Adopted Design of Monument for Monmouth Battle Field, New Jersey". The American Architect and Building News. 14 (397): 54. August 4, 1883 – via Google Books.
  31. ^ a b "Freehold, New Jersey Revolutionary War Sites | Freehold Historic Sites". www.revolutionarywarnewjersey.com. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  32. ^ “Elections in 1859.” Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 11 (1859): 354–55. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4059277.
  33. ^ a b Littell, E. T. (February 10, 1876). "Club Chambers and Apartment Houses". The American Architect and Building News. 1: 59–60. hdl:2027/uc1.c032468952 – via Hathi Trust.
  34. ^ a b c d Mason, George Champlin (1907). Architects and Their Environment, 1850-1907: Together with Notes and Reminiscences of the Fathers of the Profession, Their Clients and Assistants. Rubblestone. p. 71.
  35. ^ "Officers and Conventions: The American Institute of Architects" (PDF). American Institute of Architects. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  36. ^ Kennion, John W. (1868). The Architects' and Builders' Guide: An Elaborate Description of All the Public, Commercial, Philanthropic, Literary, & Ecclesiastical Buildings Already Constructed, and about to be Erected Next Spring in New York and Its Environs, with Their Cost Respectively, and the Names of the Architects and Builders. Fitzpatrick & Hunter. p. xxiv.
  37. ^ "Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Convention of the American Architects, Held November 13, 1878". The American Architect and Building News. 5 (171): 106–107. April 5, 1879 – via Internet Archive.
  38. ^ a b c "New York Chapter, A.I.A." The American Architect and Building News. 32 (808): 106. May 16, 1891 – via Google Books.
  39. ^ Year Book New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects 1913. New York: New York Chapter of AIA. 1913. p. 7.
  40. ^ "New York". The American Architect and Building News. 25 (686): 81. February 16, 1889 – via Internet Archive.
  41. ^ Alexander, James Waddel (1915). A History of the University Club of New York, 1865-1915. University Club. p. 377.
  42. ^ "St. James Church". Philadelphia Architects and Buildings. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  43. ^ Thomas, George E. (2018-07-13). "North of Rittenhouse Square". SAH Archipedia. Society of Architectural Historians. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  44. ^ Shinn, George Wolfe (1889). King's Handbook of Notable Episcopal Churches in the United States. Moses King. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-7905-8077-7.
  45. ^ Miller, Tom (2013-11-06). "The St. John Baptist House -- Nos. 231-233 East 17th Street". Daytonian in Manhattan. Retrieved 2022-08-12.
  46. ^ Kennion, John W. (1868). The Architects' and Builders' Guide: An Elaborate Description of All the Public, Commercial, Philanthropic, Literary, & Ecclesiastical Buildings Already Constructed, and about to be Erected Next Spring in New York and Its Environs, with Their Cost Respectively, and the Names of the Architects and Builders. Fitzpatrick & Hunter. p. 6.
  47. ^ a b "Parish Building of St. Timothy's Church". American Architecture and Building News. 1: 141.1. April 29, 1876. hdl:2027/uc1.c032468952 – via Hathi Trust.
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