Elihu Yale

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Elihu Yale
Elihu Yale by Enoch Seeman the younger 1717.jpeg
President of Fort St. George
In office
25 July 1687 – 3 October 1692
Preceded byWilliam Gyfford
Succeeded byNathaniel Higginson
In office
8 August 1684 – 26 January 1685
Preceded byWilliam Gyfford (Agent)
Succeeded byWilliam Gyfford
Personal details
Born(1649-04-05)5 April 1649
Boston, Colony of Massachusetts, British America
Died8 July 1721(1721-07-08) (aged 72)
London, England
SignatureElihu Yale's signature
Coat of arms of the Yales, from the House of Fitzgerald, granted by the Prince of North Wales, Llywelyn the Great, during the 13th century [1][2]

Elihu Yale (5 April 1649 – 8 July 1721) was a British-American colonial administrator and philanthropist. Although born in Boston, Massachusetts, he only lived in America as a child, spending the rest of his life in England, Wales and India. Starting as a clerk, he eventually rose up to the rank of President of the British East India Company settlement in Fort St George, Madras. He later lost that position under charges of corruption for self-dealing and had to pay a fine.[3] In 1699, he returned to Britain with a considerable fortune, around £200,000, mostly made by selling diamonds, and spent his time and wealth toward philanthropy and art collecting.[4] He is best remembered as the primary benefactor of Yale College (now Yale University), which was named in his honor, following a sizable donation of books, portrait and textiles under the request of Rev. Cotton Mather, a Harvard graduate. No direct descendants of his has survived to this day.[5]

Early life

Plas yn Iâl, seat of the Yales, c.1795

Born in Boston, Massachusetts, to David Yale (1613–1690), a wealthy Boston merchant and attorney to Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick, and Ursula Knight; he was the grandson of Ann Yale (born Lloyd), daughter of Bishop George Lloyd, who, after the death of her first husband, Thomas Yale, Sr, (1587–1619), married Governor Theophilus Eaton (1590–1658). Governor Eaton was the co-founder of two of the Thirteen British Colonies, who are represented on the Flag of the United States, mainly through the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the New Haven Colony, and was the brother of Nathaniel Eaton, Harvard's first Headmaster and President designate, at the founding of Harvard in 1636. His son, Samuel Eaton, the uncle of Elihu, was implied in the foundation of Harvard as well, being one of the seven founders of the Harvard Corporation, the governing board and charter that incorporated Harvard in 1650. It was they, along with Elihu's uncle and aunt, Thomas Yale, Jr, and Anne Yale, Jr, who brought the reconstituted Eaton/Yale family to America, while other members of the family stayed in England.

Elihu 's father, David Yale, would later come from London to New Haven Colony with his stepfather, Theophilus Eaton, in 1639. He moved to Boston in 1641 and met & married Elihu Yale's mother, Ursula, in 1643.[6] In 1652 at the age of three, Elihu Yale left New England, never to return, as David Yale took his family back to London. While scarce, a letter suggests that David Yale remained a successful merchant and settled his family in the Hanseatic merchant district "Steelyard Court". In 1662 at the age of thirteen, Elihu Yale entered the private school of William Dugard, but Dugard died a few months after Elihu Yale enrolled.[7] Elihu Yale likely lived through the Great Plague of London, though no one in his family died; and the Great Fire of London.[8]

East India Company

In 1670, at the age of 21, Elihu Yale became a clerk for the East India Company and served an apprenticeship in London in the Leadenhall Street office. It is possible that Elihu Yale had business training in his father's countinghouse, and his father's connections helped him get the job. The following year in 1671, Yale was one of twenty men chosen as "Writers" in India. Elihu Yale was bonded for £500 with the help of his father and his brother David.[9]

For 20 years Yale served the East India Company. In 1684, he became the first president of Fort St George, the company's post at Madras (now Chennai), India. He succeeded a number of agents from Andrew Cogan to William Gyfford. Yale was instrumental in the development of the Government General Hospital, housed at Fort St George.[10]

Yale amassed a fortune while working for the company, largely through secret contracts with Madras merchants, against the East India Company's directive. By 1692, his repeated flouting of East India Company regulations and growing embarrassment at his illegal profiteering resulted in his being relieved of the post of governor.[11]

Tenure as President of Madras

Elihu Yale Memorial, St Mary's Church, Madras

Elihu Yale was re-appointed as president of the administration of Fort St George on 26 July 1687. He then implemented an order dated 14 January 1685 which required the English at Fort St George to make all attempts at procurement of the town of Santhome on lease. To this effect, Chinna Venkatadri was sent to negotiate with the local governor on 4 August 1687. The mission was successful and Venkatadri assumed sovereignty over Santhome for a period of three years. Notwithstanding the vehement protests of the Portuguese inhabitants of Santhome, the English gained absolute control over all lands up to St Thomas Mount for a period of three years.[citation needed]

In September 1688, the Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb took Golconda after a prolonged battle. The Mughals took the Sultan of Golconda prisoner and annexed the state. The newly designated Mughal Subedar of the province immediately sent a letter to the British authorities at Fort St George demanding that the English at Madras acknowledge the overlordship of the Mughal Emperor. The English complied willingly. Aurangazeb guaranteed the independence of Madras, but in return demanded that the English supply troops in the event of a war against the Marathas. It was around this time that Yale's three-year-old son David Yale died and was interred in the Madras cemetery.[citation needed]

The records of this period mention a flourishing slave trade in Madras. After English merchants began to kidnap young children and deport them to distant parts of the world, the administration of Fort St George stepped in and introduced laws to curb the practice. On 2 February 1688, Elihu Yale decreed that slaves should be examined by the judges of the choultry before being transported. Transportation of young children, in particular, was made unlawful.[12] Beyond this, the nature of Yale's involvement in the slave trade remains disputed. A blog post by a Yale history Ph.D. candidate and manager of the Yale Slavery and Abolition Portal notes that he permitted a law that at least ten slaves should be carried on every ship bound for Europe and in his capacity as judge he also on several occasions sentenced so-called "black criminals" to whipping and enslavement.[13] On the other hand, according to Steven Pincus, a former Yale professor of history and current professor at the University of Chicago, Yale was never a slave trader and never owned slaves – and in fact opposed the slave trade during his time as President of Madras.[14]

During Yale's presidency, a plan for setting up a corporation in Madras was conceived by Josiah Child, the Governor of the East India Company, in a letter addressed to the factors at Madras on 28 September 1687. Three months later, Child and his deputy had an audience with King James II, and as per the ensuing discussions, a charter was issued by the King on 30 December 1687 which established the Corporation of Madras. The charter came into effect on 29 September 1688, and a Corporation was established comprising a Mayor, 12 Aldermen, 60-100 Burgesses and sergeants. Nathaniel Higginson, who was then the second member of the Council of Fort St George, took office as the Mayor of Madras.[citation needed]

In August 1689, a French fleet appeared near the coast of Ceylon compelling the Governor of Pulicat Lawrence Pitt who was on high seas to seek protection within the bastions of Fort St George. Throughout the year 1690, French naval ships from Pondicherry ravaged the coast in order to drive the English and the Dutch out of the East Indies but were unsuccessful. They eventually withdrew from their enterprise when faced with heavy losses. It was also during this time that the English purchased the town of Tegnapatnam from the Marathas.[citation needed]

Scandal

After Jacques de Paiva's[15] death in 1687, Elihu Yale fell in love with his widow Hieronima de Paiva and brought her to live with him, causing quite a scandal within Madras’s colonial society. Elihu Yale and Hieromima de Paiva had a son. The son died in South Africa.[15]

Accusations of corruption and removal

Fort St George, Chennai

As president of Fort St George, Yale purchased territory for private purposes with East India Company funds, including a fort at Devanampattinam (now Cuddalore). Yale imposed high taxes for the maintenance of the colonial garrison and town, resulting in an unpopular regime and several revolts by Indians, brutally quelled by garrison soldiers. Yale was also notorious for arresting and trying Indians on his own private authority, including the hanging of a stable boy who had absconded with a Company horse.[11]

Charges of corruption were brought against Elihu Yale in the last years of his presidency. He was eventually removed in 1692 and replaced with Nathaniel Higginson as the President of Madras.

Return to Britain

Plas Grono, Yale family mansion

Yale returned to Britain in 1699, with a fortune that amounted to £200,000, mostly made by selling diamonds from the Golconda mines and the Kollur mines, in Southern India.[4] Along with Jean Chardin and Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, he was among the most important European diamond traders in the world, as nearly all diamonds came from India during that period.[16] In relation to GDP, his fortune amounted to 1/4 % of the United Kingdom's GDP at the time, which translates to nearly 6 billion British pounds in 2021 money.[17][18] He kept doing business with his friends Governor Thomas Pitt and Sir Charles Cotterell, during the era where London became the international trading centre of diamonds, dislodging Portugal and the Netherlands.[19][20]

He spent the rest of his life at Plas Grono on the Erddig estate, a mansion in Wrexham bought by his father, and at his main London residence in Queen's Square. He had four houses in London as well as several coach houses and stables to store his vast art collection of more than 10,000 items consisting of paintings, jewels, pictures, books, watches, swords, and other items.[21] A famous object of his collection was one of the Jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots as well as a painting from Dutch painter Adriaen van der Werff.[22] He also leased Latimer House from his son-in-law, Lord James Cavendish, son of the 1st Duke of Devonshire, to accommodate his daughter Ursula.[23]

Elihu was later elected High Sheriff of Denbighshire in Wales, and became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1717.[24] Around 1719, he was a subject in the painting Elihu Yale with Members of his Family and an Enslaved Child.

Marriage and children

Chatsworth House, of the Cavendish family

Elihu Yale married Catherine Hynmers in 1680, widow of Joseph Hynmers, second-in-command of Fort St George, India as Deputy Governor for the East India Company.[25] The wedding took place at St Mary's Church, at Fort St George, where Yale was a vestryman and treasurer. The marriage was the first registered at the church.[26]

They had 4 children together.[27]

David Yale (died 1687) died young.[28]

Katherine Yale (died 1715) married Dudley North of Glemham Hall, son of Sir Dudley North of Camden Place, and Anne Cann, daughter of Sir Robert Cann, 1st Baronet of Compton Greenfield, Gloucestershire. He was a cousin of Francis North, 1st Earl of Guilford of Wroxton Abbey and a grandson of Anne Montagu of Boughton House, member of the House of Montagu. Their daughter Anne North would marry Nicholas Herbert, member of the House of Herbert, son of the 8th Earl of Pembroke, Thomas Herbert of Wilton House and his first wife, Margaret Sawyer of Highclere Castle while one of their sons, William Dudley North, would marry Lady Barbara Herbert, daughter of Thomas and his second wife, Barbara Herbert, Countess of Pembroke. Nicholas's only daughter, Barbara, would marry the 2nd Earl of Aldborough, Edward Stratford, member of the House of Stratford.[29]

Anne Yale (died 1734), married Lord James Cavendish of Staveley Hall, member of the House of Cavendish, son of William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire of Chatsworth House and Lady Mary Butler, member of the House of Butler and daughter of James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde of Kilkenny Castle. James was also a grandson of Countess Elizabeth Cecil of Hatfield House, member of the Salisbury's House of Cecil, a great-grandson of Countess Catherine Howard of Audley End House, member of the House of Howard, and a nephew of John Cecil, 5th Earl of Exeter of Burghley House, member of the Exeter's House of Cecil.

Ursula Yale (died 1721), died childless at Latimer House, the house was rented by Elihu Yale from his son-in-law Lord James Cavendish, husband of Anne Yale, and is buried in the small church on the estate, St Mary Magdalene.[28]

Death

Yale's grave in the grounds of St Giles' Church

Yale died on 8 July 1721 in London. His body was buried in the churchyard of the parish church of St Giles' Church, Wrexham, Wales.[30] His tomb is inscribed with these lines:

Born in America, in Europe bred
In Africa travell'd and in Asia wed
Where long he liv'd and thriv'd; In London dead
Much good, some ill, he did; so hope all's even
And that his soul thro' mercy's gone to Heaven
You that survive and read this tale, take care
For this most certain exit to prepare
Where blest in peace, the actions of the just
Smell sweet and blossom in the silent dust.

In Boston, Massachusetts, a tablet to Yale was erected in 1927 at Scollay Square, near the site of Yale's birth. Yale president Arthur Twining Hadley penned the inscription, which reads: "On Pemberton Hill, 255 Feet North of This Spot, Was Born on April Fifth 1649 Elihu Yale, Governor of Madras, Whose Permanent Memorial in His Native Land is the College That Bears His Name."[31]

Plaque at St Mary's Church in Fort St George in Chennai

Yale University

In 1718, Cotton Mather contacted Yale and asked for his help. Mather represented a small institution of learning that had been founded in 1701 in Old Saybrook, Connecticut, as the Collegiate School of Connecticut, which needed money for a new building. Yale sent Mather 417 books, a portrait of King George I, and nine bales of goods. These last were sold by the school for £800.[32] In gratitude, officials named the new building Yale; eventually the entire institution became Yale College.[33]

Yale was also a vestryman and treasurer of St Mary's Church at Fort St George. On 6 October 1968, the 250th anniversary of the naming of Yale College for Elihu Yale, the classmates of Chester Bowles, then the American ambassador to India and a graduate of Yale (1924), donated money for lasting improvements to the church and erected a plaque to commemorate the occasion. In 1970, a portrait of him, Elihu Yale seated at table with the Second Duke of Devonshire and Lord James Cavendish was donated to the Yale Center for British Art from Chatsworth House.[citation needed]

On 5 April 1999, Yale University recognised the 350th anniversary of Yale's birthday.[33] An article that year in American Heritage magazine rated Elihu Yale the "most overrated philanthropist" in American history, arguing that the college that became Yale University was successful largely because of the generosity of a man named Jeremiah Dummer, but that the trustees of the school did not want it known by the name "Dummer College".[34]

In her article for The Atlantic about Skull and Bones, a secret society at Yale University, Alexandra Robbins alleges that Yale's headstone was stolen years ago from its proper setting in Wrexham. She further alleges that the tombstone is now displayed in a glass case in a room with purple walls.[35]

Slave Trade

Elihu Yale (at center, behind the table), the Second Duke of Devonshire, and Lord James Cavendish, attended by a child slave.

One of Elihu Yale's responsibilities as president of Fort St George was overseeing its slave trade, though he was never a slave trader, never owned slaves, opposed the slave trade, and imposed several restrictions on it during his tenure.[36] Dave Collins argues that there is no evidence for Yale ever having enslaved anyone himself but adds that relatives in New Haven likely did.[37]

Nonetheless, critics argue that he benefited from the trade by having it as one of his responsibilities as President, despite not owning any of the enslaved people or profiting from their sales.[38][39] Elizabeth Kuebler-Wolf in the Journal of Global History argues that Yale enslaved at least one person (maybe two) as a household slave, as indicated by Hiram Bingham's book Elihu Yale.[40] In a 2020 piece for the New Haven Independent, Sean O'Brien notes that some Fort St George archival material indicates that Yale punished Indians with enslavement.[41]

Ancestry

The ancestry of the Yales can be traced back from Chancellor Thomas Yale, born 1525, to many Royal and Noble houses of Britain as descendants of the Royal House of Mathrafal, the Royal House of Aberffraw, the Royal House of Plantagenet, the Princely House of Powys Fadog, the Tudors of Penmynydd and many others.[42] For the House of Mathrafal, and Powys Fadog, it was through Tudur ap Gruffudd, Lord of Gwyddelwern and brother of the last native Prince of Wales, Owain Glyndŵr, while for the House of Aberffraw, and the Tudors of Penmynydd, it was through Elen Ferch Tomos, the mother of Owain. From these families they inherited Lordships and estates, such as Plas yn Iâl (Yale).[43][44][45][46][47][48]

The Coat of arms of the Yales came originally in the family from Osborn Fitzgerald, Lord of Ynys-m-Maengwyn and Corsygedol, of which they were the direct descendants, and was used to create the coat of arms of Yale College.[49][50][51] Osborn Fitzgerald was a member of the House of Fitzgerald through the Earls of Desmond.[52] He made the trip from Ireland to Wales during the thirteenth century with Gruffydd ab Ednyved Vychan, son of Seneschal Ednyfed Fychan, and was granted Lordships by the Prince of North Wales, Llywelyn the Great.[53] He was the progenitor of many houses in Wales, including the House of Yale, paternally extinct, when Sarah Yale died in 1821 without heir.[54][55][56] The House of Yale is, on the paternal side, a cadet branch of the Royal House of Mathrafal, through the Princes of Powys Fadog, and on the maternal side, a cadet branch of the Fitzgerald Dynasty, through the Merioneth House of Corsygedol.[45][57][58][59][60]

The family estate at Plas yn Iâl ("Iâl" is anglicised as "Yale"), North Wales, of which the family took the name, was inherited from Baron Elissau ab Gruffydd, a member of the Royal House of Mathrafal and descendant of the Royal House of Plantagenet, when he married Margaret, the heiress of Plas yn Yale, in the Lordship of Bromfield and Yale.[45][61] Her ancestor, Lord Mostyn, was granted the estate by the Prince of Wales, Owain Gwynedd, for his services at the Battle of Crogen in 1165.[62] Elissau ab Gruffydd was the grandfather of Chancellor Thomas Yale, who was the first to adopt definitively the Yale surname, and had, as his ancestor, Prince Gruffudd Fychan I, the Lord of Yale. The estate was originally called Allt Llwyn Dragon, which means Dragon's Grove Hill.[45][63][64][65]

Cultural references

Notes

  1. ^ "The general armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time". 1884.
  2. ^ Burke, John; Burke, Bernard (1844). "Encyclopædia of Heraldry: Or General Armory of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Comprising a Registry of All Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time, Including the Late Grants by the College of Arms".
  3. ^ ""Elihu Yale, English merchant and philanthropist". By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica • Last Updated: Jul 4, 2022".
  4. ^ a b Romita, Ray (2012). "Going Global, Staying Local: Elihu Yale the Art Collector". Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin: 35 – via JSTOR.
  5. ^ Bingham, Hiram (1937). Elihu Yale : governor, collector and benefactor. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. p.144
  6. ^
    • For Elihu Yale's birthday, see Bingham (1939), p. 7.
    • For David Yale's move to New Haven Colony, see Bingham (1939), p. 3.
    • For David Yale's move to Boston, see Bingham (1939), p. 5.
    • For David Yale's marriage to Ursula around 1643, see Bingham (1939), p. 5.
  7. ^
    • For leaving Boston for England, see Bingham (1939) p. 7.
    • For David Yale's merchant business and address, see Bingham (1939) p. 8.
    • For entering the school of Willlian Dugard, see Bingham (1939) pp. 9-10.
  8. ^ Bingham (1939) pp. 12-14.
  9. ^ Bingham (1939) pp. 14-15.
  10. ^ Madras Medical College History Archived 24 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ a b "Yale, India, and the failure of the 'global university'". The Hindu. 4 May 2005. Archived from the original on 7 May 2005. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
  12. ^ Bingham, Hiram (1939). Elihu Yale, The American Nabob of Queen Square. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
  13. ^ "Elihu Yale Was a Slave Trader". Digital Histories at Yale. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  14. ^ Pavilonis, Valerie (28 June 2020). ""Cancel Yale"? Not likely". yaledailynews.com. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  15. ^ a b "The Portuguese Jewish Community of Madras, India, in the Seventeenth Century". 11 April 2010.
  16. ^ "Section One, Diamonds of the Deccan". metmuseum.org. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  17. ^ "Measuring Worth, inflation rates, relative value, worth of a pound, purchasing power, GDP, history of wages, real wage, growth calculator". MeasuringWorth.com. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  18. ^ "What Was the U.K. GDP Then? Annual Observations in Table and Graphical Format 1700 to the Present". MeasuringWorth.com. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  19. ^ Bingham, Hiram (1937). Elihu Yale : governor, collector and benefactor. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. p.124
  20. ^ "Boola Moola: Glittering Details of an Investment Banker's Wealth (continued)". Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  21. ^ Bingham, Hiram (1937). Elihu Yale : governor, collector and benefactor. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. p.135
  22. ^ Bingham, Hiram (1937). Elihu Yale : governor, collector and benefactor. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. p.136
  23. ^ Bingham, Hiram (1937). Elihu Yale : governor, collector and benefactor. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. p.123
  24. ^ Bingham, Hiram (1937). Elihu Yale : governor, collector and benefactor. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. p.130
  25. ^ Love, Henry Davison (1913). "Vestiges of Old Madras, 1640-1800: Traced from the East India Company's Records Preserved at Fort St. George and the India Office, and from Other Sources".
  26. ^ "The Hindu, paragraph 10". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013.
  27. ^ "Yale Center for British Art".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ^ a b "Elihu Yale: his family and enslaved child". Yale Center for British Art. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  29. ^ 'Memoirs of the North and Long families, Gentleman’s Magazine Vol 145 p207
  30. ^
    • For date of death, Bingham (1939) p. 336 cites Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer on Saturday, 8 July 2021 that Yale "lies at the point of death". Death is announced the following Tuesday 12 July 1721 in Post-Boy.
    • For place of burial, see Bingham (1939) pp. 336-337.
  31. ^ "Boston Erects Tablet in Honor of Elihu Yale". The Harvard Crimson. 25 January 1927. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
  32. ^ www.yale.edu/about/history.html
  33. ^ a b "Elihu Yale (English merchant and philanthropist)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 August 2009. English merchant, official of the British East India Company, and benefactor of Yale University.
  34. ^ Gordon, John Steele (1999). "Most Overrated Philanthropist". American Heritage. 50 (3): 68. ISSN 0002-8738.
  35. ^ Robbins, Alexandra (May 2000). "George W., Knight of Eulogia". The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  36. ^ Valerie Pavilonis (28 June 2020). ""Cancel Yale"? Not likely". yaledailynews.com. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  37. ^ Collins, Dave (27 October 2021). "Painting of Yale namesake and enslaved child back on display". AP NEWS. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  38. ^ Yannielli, Joseph (1 November 2014). "Elihu Yale Was a Slave Trader". Digital Histories @ Yale. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  39. ^ Doctor, Geeta. "The Indian history of the racist, slave-trading Yale University founder". Scroll.in. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  40. ^ Keubler-Wolf, Elizabeth (11 October 2016). "'Born in America, in Europe bred, in Africa travell'd and in Asia wed': Elihu Yale, material culture, and actor networks from the seventeenth century to the twenty-first". Journal of Global History. 11 (3): 320–43. doi:10.1017/S1740022816000176 – via Cambridge Core.
  41. ^ Sean, O'Brien (26 June 2020). "Opinion: Yale Must Change Its Name". New Haven Independent. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  42. ^ Burke, Bernard (1852). "A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the landed gentry of Great Britain & Ireland for 1852".
  43. ^ "Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry". 1847.
  44. ^ Griffith, John Edwards (1914). Pedigrees of Anglesey and Carnarvonshire Families, with Their Collateral Branches in Denbighshire, Merionethshire, and Other Parts. ISBN 9780950828558.
  45. ^ a b c d "Yale genealogy and history of Wales : the British kings and princes, life of Owen Glyndwr, biographies of Governor Elihu Yale, for whom Yale University was named, Linus Yale, Sr. ... and other noted persons (eBook, 1908)". [WorldCat.org]. 4 January 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  46. ^ "Owain Glyndwr". Historic UK.
  47. ^ Nicholas, Thomas (1872). "Annals and Antiquities of the Counties and County Families of Wales: Containing a Record of All Ranks of the Gentry, Their Lineage, Alliances, Appointments, Armorial Ensigns, and Residences, with Many Ancient Pedigrees and Memorialsof Old and Extinct Families".
  48. ^ Lloyd, Jacob Youde William (1887). "The History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher, and the Ancient Nobility of Powys Fadog, and the Ancient Lords of Arwystli, Cedewen, and Meirionydd".
  49. ^ Burke, Bernard (1886). "A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland".
  50. ^ Burke, John Bernard (1844). "Heraldic illustrations, by J. And J. B. Burke".
  51. ^ Nicholas, Thomas (1872). "Annals and Antiquities of the Counties and County Families of Wales: Containing a Record of All Ranks of the Gentry, Their Lineage, Alliances, Appointments, Armorial Ensigns, and Residences, with Many Ancient Pedigrees and Memorialsof Old and Extinct Families".
  52. ^ "RHYS ap TEWDWR (died 1093), king of Deheubarth | Dictionary of Welsh Biography". biography.wales. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  53. ^ "Llywelyn ab Iorwerth".
  54. ^ Burke, Bernard (1886). "A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland".
  55. ^ Burke, Bernard (1852). "A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the landed gentry of Great Britain & Ireland for 1852".
  56. ^ "Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry". 1847.
  57. ^ Burke, John; Burke, Sir Bernard (1850). "A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland".
  58. ^ Llancarvan, Caradoc of (1832). "The History of Wales".
  59. ^ Burke, Bernard (1882). "A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland".
  60. ^ "Bye-gones, Relating to Wales and the Border Counties". 1883.
  61. ^ Love, Henry Davidson. Indian Records Series Vestiges of Old Madras 1640-1800. Mittal Publications.
  62. ^ "Bye-gones, Relating to Wales and the Border Counties". 1883.
  63. ^ Burke, John; Burke, Bernard (1846). "A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland: M to Z".
  64. ^ Lloyd, Jacob Youde William (1887). "The History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher, and the Ancient Nobility of Powys Fadog: And the Ancient Lords of Arwystli, Cedewen, and Meirionydd".
  65. ^ Griffith, John Edwards (1914). Pedigrees of Anglesey and Carnarvonshire Families, with Their Collateral Branches in Denbighshire, Merionethshire, and Other Parts. ISBN 9780950828558.

References

  • Bingham, Hiram (1939). Elihu Yale: The American Nabob of Queen Square. New York, NY: Dodd, Mead & Company.
  • Scarisbrick, Diana and Zucker, Benjamin (2014). Elihu Yale: Merchant, Collector & Patron. London. Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 9780500517260.
  • Yale, Rodney Horace (1908). Yale Genealogy and History of Wales. Beatrice, Nebraska, U.S.A. Milburn & Scott Company. Listed in Worldcat and archived at the Internet Archive.

External links

Media related to Elihu Yale at Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by President of Madras
8 August 1684 – 26 January 1685 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Madras
25 July 1687 – 3 October 1692 		Succeeded by
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